American Corporations Research Articles

Ireland, intellectual property and the political economy of information monopolies

Ireland's policies towards US-owned global digital intermediaries (Big Tech) have emerged as an international political issue and received global media attention. So far, political and media focus has been on the impact of Ireland's tax policies on the revenue-raising ability of other European states and perceptions of light touch regulation of those corporations based in the Republic. The current paper will focus on how Ireland's switch to a focus on capital allowances for the sizeable American tech corporations has enabled the latter to sustain their dominance in the digital transition through incentivizing and subsidizing their switch to assetization as a means of deriving investment. Assetization enables investment and profits based on present and future rents from intellectual property. We argue here that the assets and intellectual property of the tech giants are emblematic of a broader process of political–economic restructuring and information monopoly building. The evidence for this resides in Ireland's bumper rise in corporate tax from 2015. Ireland's facilitation of assetization is the end process of some broader institutional transformations that structure economic power.

Management team categories, social network characteristics, and corporate credit risk

We investigate the association between the social networks of management team (AMT) and corporate credit risk using American corporate bond market data. We find that the social network size of AMT is significantly and positively related to corporate bond yield spreads, consistent with the risk-taking mechanism. In addition, the relative social networks of AMT to CEO and subordinate executives to CEO are significantly and positively related to bond yield spreads while that of middle managers to CEO have the opposite association. This implies that relatively greater social networks of subordinate executives could potentially influence the CEO to undertake greater risks, whereas relatively greater social networks of middle managers reduce corporate credit risk mainly through the information-sharing mechanism rather than the risk-taking effect since MM has no direct decision-making authority. Moreover, the variations in social networks among AMT are positively associated with corporate bond yield spreads, suggesting that an inequitable distribution of power among AMT members increases corporate credit risk. Additionally, we find that non-invesment-grade bonds, managerial entrenchment, information asymmetry, and overinvestment all intensify the positive association between AMT social networks and credit risk, namely enhancing the bondholders’ perceptions about the risk-taking mechanism of AMT social networks. Finally, our findings are robust after considering endogeneity concerns and alternative model settings.

임원배상책임보험의 통지조항 - 기업보험성 및 설명의무와 관련하여

D&O insurance goes beyond covering the risk of lawsuits against directors’ personal property and has become an essential element for the sustainable management of companies. The D&O insurance subscription rate of listed companies in Korea has increased to about 75% as of 2023, but the number of claims in 2022 is 122 and the loss ratio is only 9.6%. The reason why D&O insurance is not activated in Korea is due to the problem of corporate governance in which diectors are not effectively held accountable, as well as the English terms and conditions of the United States, which are based on American corporate law, which is different from Korea’s. The terms and conditions have been written, and the Korean terms and the US English terms and conditions are used as is, resulting in unclear or unreasonable interpretations. In particular, the notice provision, which is the essence of claims-made policy, is the most confusing part in practice and rulings. The notice provision makes immediate notification of a claim a condition precedent for policy and includes the obligation to consent in advance to settlement or defense costs. Since D&O insurance is a corporate insurance, the principle of prohibition of disadvantageous changes in Article 663 of the Commercial Act does not apply, and the duty to explain should be exempted or relieved. If the obligation to notify the occurrence of an insurance accident is not complied with and prior consent for defense costs is not obtained, the insurance shall not be paid. Even if the insurer is in breach of the duty to explain, it should be solved by the interpretation of terms and conditions, and the insurer’s reponsibility for damages.

EGAL MEDIATION: INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

In the article, the concept of legal mediation is described from a comprehensive social, legal, and political perspective, the prerequisites for the emergence of mediation and the mediation process in European countries (USA, England, France, Netherlands, Germany, Austria , Italy, Switzerland) are based on comparative analyzes through international experiences. We have analyzed the future mediation of the arbitration court, which is carried out by involving a neutra l third party -an arbitrator to resolve disputed issues, for example: land, house property, divorc e process, conflicts.The article also extensively reviews the European Code of Mediators by the European Commission, the guidelines of the European Parliament and the Council "On some aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters", and discusses how mediation is currently proceeding on a scientific basis. American corporations and more than 250 law firms report that 75-85% of disputes go to a mediator before they attempt to reach a settlement and find a positive resolution.The relevance of the article is not only the mediation process in European countries, but also the course of this process in Kazakhstan. In comparison, if in foreign countries this is a systematic legal process and is used in practice, in our country, although it is used in practice, there is still a need for improvement.The article also mentions theSiberian Conflictology Center (Kostanai), Kokshetau Mediation Center (Kokshetau), Mediation and Conciliation Center (Almaty), "Mediation and Law Center" (Karagandy), which is engaged in educational and educational services for the purpose of training mediators through a system of mediation training and seminars. The works of foreign, Russian and domestic scholars on legal mediation are also analyzed.

From Complementarity to Rivalry: The Political Economy of United States-China Relations

This paper analyzes this shift in the relationship between China and the United States, focusing in particular on the role of American corporations in shaping US geopolitical strategies with regard to China. Once aggressive promoters of economic integration with China, these firms now defend policies designed to block the growth of Chinese firms in Western markets and protect America’s lead in critical emerging technologies. The current tension between the US and China, we argue, reflects, in part, a dispute for control over technical progress in these key areas.

The Pashtun Borderlands, 1944–1947

In the 1940s the Afghan dynasty in Kabul and newly independent rulers in Pakistan did not meet the challenges of building enduring representative political institutions and sustainable national economies. The dynamics of post-war globalized political and economic relationships undermined perceived elements of colonial-era stability. Borderland individuals and communities buffeted by post-war uncertainties and traumas from the Partition of British-India in August 1947 often ignored or resisted state-building efforts too often seen as lacking political legitimacy or local benefit. State institutional failures of governance in the 1970s that preceded subsequent decades of regional instability were foreshadowed in the 1940s. By 1950, the working of global capital, including in the form of American corporate interests, complicated any state notions that foreign funded economic development schemes might substitute for substantial structural political and social reforms.

A Multidimensional Analysis of Leaders’ Messages in Chinese and American Corporate Social Responsibility Reports

A Multidimensional Analysis of Leaders’ Messages in Chinese and American Corporate Social Responsibility Reports

Gender, Race, and Intersectionality in the Political Donations of America’s Corporate Elite

ABSTRACT Women and racial minorities have made significant inroads into senior managerial and, especially, board of director positions over the past half-century. Despite this, there is little research on gender and racial differences in the political behavior of corporate elites. In this study, we investigate whether and how gender, race, and their intersection shape the political donation strategies of elite actors. Relying on a novel longitudinal corporate elites’ political donation database, we provide the first systematic elite-level analysis of political donations to U.S. Congressional campaigns during the 1980-2014 election cycles. Overall, we find that, compared to men, women elites are less likely to donate, but are more Democrat-leaning and give to more ideologically extreme candidates. We also find evidence of intersectionality between gender and race in political donations among corporate elites. While elites of color favor the Democratic Party overall, our results suggest minority men concentrate their donations on more centrist candidates relative to women. Notably, white men are the only reliably Republican constituency within this elite group. Our results portend potentially far-reaching consequences for the party system as the composition of the American corporate elite grows more racially and gender diverse.

MULTI-WORD EXPRESSIONS IN ANNUAL REPORTS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH CORPORATIONS: A CORPUS-BASED DIACHRONIC STUDY

The aim of the paper was to do diachronic linguistic research in Corporate English by doing a lexical analysis of American and British annual reports for fiscal years 2002 and 2021. Corporations, as entities of creative disruption, stay at the heart of capitalism and act as the engine of technological development in the world. However, the language of their communication with their owners (shareholders) and other stakeholders interested in their performance, such as employees, suppliers, lenders, and prospective owners, has not been empirically analysed. The article provides the results of diachronic corpus-based research of multi-word expressions (MWEs) in Corporate English. The annual reports of ten American and ten British corporations for fiscal years 2001 and 2021 were analysed separately to get information about the lexical changes that occurred in these financial documents in two variants of English over two decades. The results of the research revealed both differences and diachronic changes at the lexical level in American and British Corporate English and the same can be used in BE classes to make BE students aware of two varieties of English by presenting and practicing real empirically proved vocabulary. The results of the research can be used in BE classes in a variety of ways, bearing in mind that BE students, to communicate effectively, should be exposed to the newest vocabulary used in the business world.

Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China With Countries of the African Continent in the Military Sphere

The purpose of the research paper is to investigate the collaboration between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and African nations in the military domain, examining the impact of ideological, socio-economic, international, and other elements.
 Scientific novelty. Based on documents and historiographical materials, the study analyzes the stages of development, characteristics, and content of the PRC’s military cooperation with African countries.
 Conclusions. The PRC’s with African countries has gone through a long and complex path. The first stage (late 1950s – mid-1970s) coincided with the rise of national liberation struggles in Africa, and China’s involvement had an ideological character.
 The second stage, (late 1970s – 1990s) witnessed a transition to commercialization, but faced limitations due to resource constraints, low-quality weaponry, and concerns about relations with Western investors. However, cooperation with Western corporations to modernize the military-industrial complex and develop new weapons was disrupted by the events in Tiananmen Square in 1989. Instead, cooperation with Russia in the defense field intensified, which allowed China to update the military-industrial complex and develop new weapons systems. However, due to their low quality, they did not stand up to competition, particularly in the African arms market. From the mid-1990s, China involved European and American corporations in modernization process, under the condition of potential export opportunities.
 The third stage of cooperation began in the early 2000s and continues to this day. China has significantly expanded its military cooperation with African countries through various military training programs, participation in international arms exhibitions, arms loans, military equipment sales, and involvement in UN peacekeeping missions. Deepening military cooperation strengthens China’s position in Africa and increases its competitive advantage not only in the African arms market.

Актуальність використання людського капіталу на підприємствах: міжнародний аспект

The aim of the article is to analyze the relevance of the use of human capital in enterprises in the international context. According to the results of the carried out study, it has been found that human capital is becoming a key factor of competitiveness at the international level. The article examines the relevance of the use of human capital in international enterprises and its impact on their competitiveness. Various approaches to the development and training of staff in different countries of the world, in particular in Japan, the USA, Sweden and Germany, are analyzed. Through the analysis of various models of corporate training and staff management, the article highlights the features of each country and the most effective practices. In particular, Japanese domestic study programs, American corporate universities, Swedish financial well-being programs, and the German dual education system are considered. A general analysis of approaches to the use of human capital in Japan, the United States, Sweden and Germany indicates a significant variety of methods and strategies used in enterprises in these countries. At the same time, there is some convergence in efforts to improve personnel policy and use innovative approaches to human capital management. Japan and Germany focus on long-term development and loyalty to the company, the United States on flexibility and adaptation to change, and Sweden on well-being and social responsibility. The study highlights the importance of adapting human capital management strategies to the specific conditions of each country and to the particular sector of the economy, with a focus on ensuring high productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises in the global market environment. The carried out analysis helps to understand how each country adapts to the challenges of the modern labor market and the development of its staff.

PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE COMMEMORATION OF KVITKA CISYK IN UKRAINE

The article presents the study results of the main stages, forms and promoters of the cult of Kvitka Cisyk in Ukraine. Kvitka Cisyk was a US citizen born in the US. However, she attached great importance to her Ukrainian origin and tried to reflect this Ukrainian ethnic self-identification in her work. However, she became much more famous worldwide because of her work as a singer for advertising products commissioned by leading American corporations than as a perform- er of Ukrainian lyrical songs. The article’s authors focused on the history and current state of public commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk in Ukraine. An interdisciplinary approach was applied; in particular, psychological hypothetical explanations were made regarding the motivation of the promoters of some commemorative actions. With the help of a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and foreign mass media, the key events, forms, and directions of the commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk on the territory of Ukraine are determined, the influence of many actions, individuals, including leaders of public opinion, on the formation of the mod- ern Ukrainian mass media image of this advertising industry figure is characterized. Systematized, in chronological order, the history of naming dozens of Ukrainian streets in honour of Kvitka Cisyk. The practical significance of the article lies, in particular, in providing recommendations and means of their imple- mentation for educational institutions that train specialists in the field of advertising and public relations. A number of hypotheses have been put forward that can stimulate further scientific explorations of the Ukrainian commemoration of Kvitka Cisyk. In the educational process, in the training of specialists in advertising and public relations, it is worth drawing more attention of future figures of the advertising business and related industries to the example of Kvitka Tsysyk’s achievements and honoring these achievements. After all, Kvitka Tsysyk is currently in Ukraine, apparently, the most glorified, honored figure in the advertising business. Receiving such recognition, immortalization in the names of streets, awards, museums, and creative contests is for many actors no less, and for some, much stronger than material reward, a stimulus for professional growth, hard work in the chosen business field.

A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Corporate Image Construction from the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory － Taking Huawei and Apple as Examples

A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Corporate Image Construction from the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory － Taking Huawei and Apple as Examples

Identity Construction in Website News Discourse: A Corpus-assisted Comparative Study of Top 10 American and Chinese Banking Corporations

The post-COVID-19 period has witnessed the fierce trade war between America and China as the two supreme world powers in the global economic meltdown. Under these circumstances, it is essential that banking corporations due to their significant role in economic transformation and resuscitation should construct a strategic identity in the global market. In light of this, this research aims to find out what key attributes of corporate identity are projected for American banking corporations (hereinafter referred to ABCs) and for Chinese banking corporations (hereinafter referred to CBCs) in website news discourse and to highlight their similarities and differences so as to offer insight into future development. To achieve this, this research adopted monologic perspectives and two corpora were built; following MIP, a detailed systematic cognitive metaphor analysis was carried out by application of Wmatrix to examine how the three metaphors in the pyramid hierarchy (concrete metaphors, conceptual metaphors, abstract conceptual keys) collaborate with each other for semantic representation. The findings show that Both ABCs and CBCs attach strategic significance to metaphorical representation of corporate identity, whose different frequency and distribution of concrete metaphors in the semantic field THE BODY AND THE INDIVIDUAL in accordance with USAS demonstrates different attributes of corporate identity; that there is one shared abstract schema: BANKING CORPORATIONS ARE ORGANISMS; that while ABCs are constructed kings who enjoy highest social reputation and projected as doctors who can diagnose their own symptoms, CBCs are constructed as hunks who have saved many people’s lives in emergency and projected as patients who have gone into therapy due to serious illness. The paper also offers empirical and theoretical implications for future research.

Reshaping the Ways of Commerce and Civilization: Modern Construction Machines and the Building of Canada’s Mobility Infrastructure, 1860s–1920s

The importance of mobility in Canada’s history can hardly be overstated. The built waterways, railways, and roadways that allowed for the movement of peoples, goods, and ideas within the country have long been considered cultural icons conveying collective ideas of Canadian identity. Yet, little has been written on the history of the modern construction machines that made this mobility infrastructure possible after Confederation, along with their designers, manufacturers, and operators. This article helps fill that gap by examining the technological development, manufacturing, and commercialization of earthmoving equipment in Canada (especially Ontario) in the 1860s–1920s, a period of great construction activity, including two of the world’s largest civil engineering and earthmoving projects and one of the fastest-expanding road networks in North America. It discusses the role of the federal, provincial, and municipal governments in developing, adopting, and disseminating this technology, and their ultimate reliance on American manufacturers despite the National Policy’s protectionism. This article supports the argument that technological development in Canada during the Second Industrial Revolution was continentally integrated in ways that involved technological dialogue with American companies, associations, and publications. While this manufacturing sector became dominated by American corporations by the First World War, the extent to and manner by which that happened varied depending on the type of machinery and the construction sectors in which they were used. The technological transition from steam-powered machines to electric, gasoline, and diesel motors and how it impacted Canadian manufacturers are also discussed.

The evolutionary journey of the American corporation and its governance over two centuries

PurposeThis study aims to explore the evolutionary trajectory of American corporations and their governance over the past few centuries, using a multidisciplinary investigative approach. The research focuses on the American business landscape because it has played a pivotal role in shaping the field of corporate governance theory and practice.Design/methodology/approachThe author thoroughly investigates archival records, legal documents, academic publications, reputable databases and pertinent literature to unearth valuable insights into the key events that have influenced the evolutionary path of American corporations and their governance throughout history.FindingsDelving into the evolutionary journey of American corporations and their governance reveals a multifaceted narrative, enhancing our comprehension of the impact of the external socio-economic environment, and the effectiveness and limitations of established corporate governance paradigms in addressing such transformations. This introspection establishes the groundwork for ongoing discussions concerning how corporate governance should adapt to meet the evolving needs and expectations of stakeholders and society as a whole, with a specific focus on the pivotal role that boardrooms could play in this regard.Practical implicationsThe insights gained from this analysis offer practitioners a foundational resource to understand corporate governance in a complex business landscape. Armed with this understanding, practitioners can better align governance strategies with both historical context and contemporary requirements.Social implicationsThe research has significant social implications in the sense that history highlights the importance of the society in influencing corporate governance practices. It specifically emphasizes the need for the board of directors to consider both shareholder value and social responsibility, while also fostering public trust and confidence.Originality/valueMany corporate governance concepts are often used with limited understanding of their initial intent, resulting in their unquestioned adoption. In this paper, the author offers a contextual exploration of historical events that have contributed to the development of these diverse corporate perspectives. To the best of the author’s knowledge, there are exceedingly few, if any, papers that present comparably insightful and multidisciplinary insights into the evolutionary path of corporations and their governance, especially within a dynamic and influential market like that of the USA.

The policy-planning capacity of the American corporate community: corporations, policy-oriented nonprofits, and the inner circle in 1935–1936 and 2010–2011

AbstractUsing a combination of network analysis and descriptive statistics, this study examines the extent to which six important and longstanding policy-oriented nonprofit organizations — foundations, think tanks, and policy-discussion groups — were connected via their directors with the 250 largest corporations in the United States in 1935–1936 and 2010–2011. The results demonstrate that the six nonprofit organizations included in the study were well integrated into corporate networks in both periods, and had an even greater integrative role in 2010–2011 than they did in 1935–1936. This finding supports the hypothesis that policy-oriented nonprofit organizations allow the corporate community to develop proposals, and to reach consensus, on major policy issues. This hypothesis is further supported by an overview of existing studies that illustrate the success of these organizations in shaping policy outcomes on a range of issues. Based on the overall results, the longstanding claim that corporations influence government primarily or solely at the “interest-group” level can be supplemented by the conclusion that policy-oriented nonprofits support a policy-planning process that links the corporate community to government on general issues. In addition, the findings cast doubt on the claim that the corporate community has lost its capacity for policy cohesion in recent decades, due primarily to a “fracturing” caused by a decline in bank centrality. Since general policies have been created within the policy-planning process since at least the mid-1930s, the decline in bank centrality is irrelevant to the corporate community’s ability to formulate general policy proposals.

American Corporate Sustainability and Extra-Financial Performance: Is There an Inverted-U Relationship

In this paper, we explore the nexus between extra-financial performance (sustainable ESG) and firm performance within a sample of American firms from different vital sectors. In particular, we examine whether extra-financial performance has an effect on company performance. To this end, we have used a non-linear model. The study is based on a sample of 93 American companies over the period 2010–2019. We find that the association between extra-financial performance and firms’ financial performance is nonlinear, exhibiting an inverted U-shaped pattern. In particular, the results emphasize the importance of caution when pursuing ESG initiatives. Enterprise managers should monitor the effect of ESG activities on extra-financial performance and confirm the ESG threshold of their organization.

Searching for Black Santa: The Contested History of an American Holiday Tradition

ABSTRACT This article explores the contested history and complex politics of the Black Santa in the United States from the antebellum period to the present day. For white journalists and entertainers during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the blackface Santa reinforced white dominance and the supposed inferiority of Black people. From the 1910s into the 1950s, Black educators and civic reformers saw the ‘Negro Santa Claus’ as a way of elevating Black self-esteem and countering racist versions of the character. For some activists and business leaders, the ‘Civil Rights Santa’ that emerged in parallel with the postwar African American freedom struggle could promote ‘good interracial feelings in the community’, and for others he belonged on the frontlines of the battle for racial equality. The Black Power Santa or ‘Soul Santa’ who came in his wake served as a symbol of Black cultural pride and economic self-determination. Finally, the modern Black Santa works to reconcile the more confrontational politics of earlier iterations with a celebration of American multiracialism and corporate responsibility. Across time and space, these different versions of the Black Santa embody competing and, at times, contradictory racial ideologies and representational politics, providing an important window into the relationship between civil rights, cultural politics, and consumer capitalism in the modern United States.

Social Entrepreneurship: The Choice Between Labels, Variants, Dedicated and Conventional Corporate Forms

Abstract 85 Around the globe legislators have created labels and dedicated company forms for social enterprises. On the basis of an analysis of US, UK, German, French, Dutch and Belgian law, this article exposes which elements are important (and which are not) in the creation of these labels and forms. First, the distinction between labels and dedicated forms is of relative practical importance. Even dedicated company forms are – like labels – to a large extent governed by general corporate law. This offers advantages in terms of network effects and easy adoption. Creating a completely new corporate form is therefore justified only if there are compelling reasons for a comprehensive overhaul of existing company law. Second, the introduction of labels and dedicated company forms is influenced by the level of stringency with which jurisdictions distinguish between companies and nonprofit forms. For instance, the American benefit corporations and the French ‘raison d’être’ were introduced to explicitly authorize what conventional companies can do elsewhere. Nevertheless, a high degree of flexibility in conventional company law is insufficient to facilitate social entrepreneurship. Mandatory law for social enterprise labels or forms is necessary to credibly signal commitment to a social purpose. Yet, creating labels or dedicated forms for lightly regulated ‘mission purposes’ may generate noise that interferes with this signal. 86