American Association For The Advancement Of Science Research Articles

Comparison of Met Office regional model soil moisture with COSMOS‐UK field‐scale in situ observations

AbstractThe UK Met Office state‐of‐the‐art, deterministic, convection‐permitting, coupled land‐atmosphere, regional weather forecasting system, known as the UKV or UK Variable resolution model (Tang et al. Meteorological Applications, 2013; 20:417–426), has been operational since 2015. Science updates are regularly made to the UKV land surface data assimilation scheme when those updates improve predictions of screen temperature and humidity, since these quantities have a direct impact on atmospheric states and weather forecasts. Less attention has been paid to whether UKV soil moisture analyses are close to independent, in‐situ soil moisture observations, partly because it is difficult to make meaningful comparisons between 1.5 km2 gridded model outputs and traditional point sensor measurements. Soil moisture is recognized to be important when hydrological forecasts for runoff and rivers are required. This is because soil moisture controls the extent to which rainfall can infiltrate the soil, and the amount of surface runoff affects the timing of peak river flows (Ward & Robinson, Principles of Hydrology. McGraw‐Hill Publishing Company; 2000; Singh et al. Water Resources Research, 2021, 57, e2020WR028827). Gómez et al. (Remote Sensing, 2020; 12:3691) report benefits to river flow forecasts when using soil moisture data assimilation in the UKV system instead of a daily downscaled product from the Met Office global model. The Met Office measures soil temperature and soil moisture at Cardington (Osborne & Weedon, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2021, 22:279–295); there is no other UK Met Office site at which soil moisture is measured. In this study, we use field‐scale (~200 m radius) soil moisture measurements from the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology's (UKCEH's) COSMOS‐UK network to provide independent verification and analysis of UKV soil moisture during summer 2018, an unusually dry period in the United Kingdom. We find that the match to COSMOS‐UK soil moisture observations is generally good, and that changes made to the land data assimilation approach during a recent operational upgrade had a generally beneficial impact on UKV soil moisture analyses under very dry conditions.

PEREGRINATIONS ON THE STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES

PEREGRINATIONS ON THE STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES

Research on Ideological and Political Practice Teaching based on VR technology in the Information Age

Abstract With the continuous development and increasing update of science and technology and Internet big data technology, the traditional teaching mode is, to a certain extent, difficult to meet students’ needs for classroom learning, and also, to a certain extent, affects the pace of promoting practical teaching of Civics and Political Science. Based on the practice of ideological and political teaching in colleges and universities, supported by big data Internet technology, this paper uses the empirical analysis method to construct the parameterized settings of distributed teaching and finally constructs the theoretical model and practical model of teaching Civics and Political Science based on VR technology. The analysis of the questionnaire survey on visiting and experiencing red VR venues shows that 96% of students like this new way of learning based on red VR venues, thus indicating the feasibility of VR teaching in college Civics courses. With the development of big data Internet technology and VR technology, the application of VR technology in the activities of ideological and political teaching in colleges and universities brings important and positive changes to the students’ ideological and political teaching activities, combined with the virtual reality course building entity in colleges and universities, exploring the potential and advantages of embedding VR technology in the college ideology class in the new era and bringing a new experience to the students’ teaching activities.

The 2023 AAAS Annual Meeting: Some Communication-Related Highlights—And Challenges

Selection pressures from the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath have caused much in society, including conferences, to evolve. For example, for 2021 and 2022, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) moved its annual meeting online. For 2023, with epidemiologic conditions improving, AAAS chose a hybrid model for its annual meeting, themed “Science for Humanity” and held March 2–5 in Washington, DC. Sessions were to be available simultaneously in person and online. As usual, I was coordinating Science Editor coverage of the AAAS meeting. Several current or former graduate students and I were each to cover a session, and I was to compile the reports into an article. As secretary of an AAAS section, I was attending the meeting in person. The others planning to provide session reports had arranged to attend online. Soon into the meeting, I began receiving messages from the graduate students, stating that their assigned sessions were now being listed as available only in person. AAAS then posted a message1 saying that because of technical issues, the rest of the virtual portion of the meeting was being suspended. AAAS said it was striving to record the sessions and make them available. Later, however, it announced that recordings suitable to share could not be recovered. Having committed to Science Editor coverage, I revamped my schedule to attend more of the communication-related sessions, and I have written the report. Some team members who had planned to cover sessions served as reviewers of a draft. Highlights of […]

Editorial introductions.

Editorial introductions.

Nationally Recognized Open Door Model

The White House brochure during a US Presidential Award ceremony stated of Oppenheimer: “He has developed an open door model that encourages students of all economic strata and ethnic groups to participate in his research.” The national recognition noted in the title of this paper included:1) a US Presidential Award for science research mentoring, a White House program administered by the National Science Foundation. The White House brochure said that Oppenheimer’s philosophy was that all interested students should be given the opportunity to do research.Research should not be reserved for the elite.2) election as a Fellow of the American Association for the advancement of science (AAAS). A Fellow of the AAAS is defined as a Member whose efforts on behalf of the advancement of science or its application are scientifically or socially distinguished. Specifically of Oppenheimer as a AAAS Fellow it noted for studies on cell surface carbohydrates in morphogenesis and malignancy. And also for award winning programs that bring advances in science to the student3) statewide Trustees Outstanding Professor Award of the 500,000 student California State University system (largest public university system in the United States). Two of about 20,000 faculty are selected for this highest system wide award each year.These honors resulted from an open door student research program, student career outcomes, student co-authored publications and 14 textbooks/textbook editions. Most of all Oppenheimer’s enthusiasm, energy and humor were instrumental in this success. This program is replicable for those with the energy, enthusiasm and motivation to work with many research students. This paper will explore all the components of this program (Note 1-94).

Classic Experiments in Education Technology

Classic experiments in Biomedicine are presented that inspire students to enthusiastically continue in this field, written by a U.S. Presidential Award winning, American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow. Four experiments are selected: the structure of DNA, the structure of the cell membrane, sugars in cell adhesion, and unconventional dealing with a deadly cancer problem. Papers, written mostly by students, from the author’s lab are also included that support the concept that students will enter a science research field if they are introduced to it by easy to read, enjoyable, papers. Some of the author’s papers strongly support one of the Classics presented, the role of sugars in cell adhesion. Using these Classics to teach students at all levels is presented, as the author has used them for decades, helping him win a US Presidential Award for Mentoring and supporting his election as Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (Note 1). This approach helps students to understand the personalities involved in great discoveries, making them unforgettable.

Rethinking the Ph.D. dissertation in botany: Widening the circle.

Rethinking the Ph.D. dissertation in botany: Widening the circle.

NO PUBLICATION, NO FAME: REASSESSING ARNOLD GUYOT’S (1807–1884) PIONEERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GLACIAL THEORY

ABSTRACT In the summer of 1838, Arnold Guyot was asked by Louis Agassiz to gather information on Alpine glaciers, with the aim of reporting their findings in September, at the annual gathering of the French Geological Society. Guyot’s observations of the internal structure of the ice and interpretations on glacier movements, reported orally at the conference, were new to science. Unfortunately, because of purported illness, Guyot did not send his manuscript to be published and missed his first opportunity to be recognized as a pioneer in glacier studies. During the years 1841 to 1847, Guyot published a series of notes, detailing results of his field work in tracing erratic blocks in the central Alpine region, in the Alpine foreland and in the Jura Mountains. The level of detail in his work was unprecedented and has not been replicated since. Recognizing that erratic blocks of similar lithology could be followed along organized paths of deposition, Guyot could invalidate those theories that sought to explain their deposition by chaotic means, such as floods, debacles or drifting icebergs loaded with rock debris. Only moraines, composed of material transported by glaciers, could explain the mapped arrangements of erratic blocks. Geological proofs for extensive glaciations in central Europe had just been found, and Guyot could demonstrate them on his hand-drawn map. But, in 1848, a revolution broke out in Neuchâtel. The local academy where Guyot was engaged as a professor shut down and all staff were left without pay. Answering a call from Agassiz who had emigrated to the USA in 1846, Guyot departed Switzerland and joined his friend there in the fall of 1848. In his luggage were all the papers on his unfinished project, including his map, and a full collection of erratic rock specimens. After arrival in the USA, Guyot had to begin a new professional life and could not devote significant attention to the subject of erratic blocks. In 1849, he showed his map of the erratic basins of Switzerland and discussed his results with various members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS); he also shared his novel ideas about the climatic conditions required for the formation of large glaciers; however, he did not formally publish the results of his work in the Alps, and he thus lost his second opportunity for wider peer recognition and for driving the acceptance of the glacial theory. Only in 1874, 26 years after his arrival in the USA and a year after Agassiz’s death, did Guyot open his boxes of alpine rock specimens and display his unpublished map in the Museum of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), where he was engaged as a professor. In 1883, at age 77, his memory of the unpublished 1838 report on glaciers was still in his conscience which finally pushed him to submit it for printing at Neuchâtel. It passed largely unnoticed, however, and Guyot died one year later without recognition attached to his name for his original, innovative work. This paper reviews Guyot’s work and analyses his relationship with Agassiz while both were working in Neuchâtel. It seeks to evaluate his pioneering work on glaciers and on erratic blocks. It includes a copy of Guyot’s map of the erratic basins of Switzerland, kept to this day in the archives of Princeton University.

A Personal Perspective on My Scientific Career

A Personal Perspective on My Scientific Career

A career in cancer vaccines: exploring the promise of B cell epitopes

Roisin McGuigan, Editor, Immuno-Oncology Insights, speaks to Pravin TP Kaumaya, Professor and Director of Vaccine Research at The Ohio State UniversityPravin Kaumaya is Professor of Medicine in the Department of Ob/Gyn at the OSU Wexner Medical Center and the James Comprehensive Cancer Center. Dr Kaumaya is internationally recognized as an expert in the fields of vaccine research with emphasis on peptide vaccines for cancer. His work over three decades in developing B cell epitope-based cancer vaccines is a paradigm shift in the immune-oncology landscape. Dr Kaumaya is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and he was elected as the treasurer of the American Peptide Society since 2009. He has lectured worldwide and has published over 130 peer-reviewed articles in major scientific journals. He conducts research in the areas of immune-oncology, tumor immunology, peptide design and immune mechanisms supported largely by NIH, Pelotonia and more recently by Imugene, Ltd. He is an inventor on several issued and pending patents for peptide cancer vaccines and immune-therapeutic technologies. Vaccines developed for HER-1, HER-3, IGF-1R and VEGF at the university has been licensed to IMUGENE Ltd. Dr Kaumaya has conducted two first man/woman NCI funded and FDA approved Phase 1 Trial in Cancer Patients (Stage four) with solid tumors in several indications (Breast, Ovarian, GIST) at the OSU James Cancer Hospital has recently been completed successfully demonstrating the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. Dr Kaumaya’s laboratory has recently developed a PD-1-Vaxx (programmed cell death) B cell peptide cancer vaccine that induces the body to produce polyclonal antibodies that block PD-1 signaling and produce an anticancer effect similar to the marketed immunotherapy drugs Keytruda® and Opdivo®.

Internet of Things Information System and Clothing Computer Renderings Digital Art

The Internet of Things (IoT) is developing rapidly and is integrated into all aspects of life. Clothing is an indispensable part of meeting the basic needs of the human body, and its traditional functions include warmth, health care, decoration, and beauty. While as a special type of clothing that integrates multidisciplinary technology, smart clothing has a wider scope of action. With the update and iteration of science and technology, many technologies that originally belonged to nonclothing disciplines have also been applied to the clothing field. Accordingly, for the special clothing category of smart clothing based on embedded system, a set of design process that can be used for this category of smart clothing was proposed. Using this design process, an intelligent fire suit that can be used to protect the personal safety of firefighters and assist firefighters to cooperate was designed and implemented. Starting from the daily working environment and working characteristics of firefighters, this firefighting obedience analyzed the design points from the perspectives of clothing comfort, warning, toxic and harmful gas monitoring, and firefighters’ cooperation. After testing, the test results of the outer layer fabric, waterproof and moisture-permeable layer fabric, and thermal insulation and comfort layer fabric of the fire suit all met the corresponding national standards; the monitoring sensitivity of harmful gases was high; it could achieve a “good” warning effect in a dark environment. Compared with ordinary firefighting suits, it was more comfortable under the subjective and objective test and scored 0.669 higher under the seven-point scale; its interactive performance met the actual needs. The clothing has complete functions and a complete feedback mechanism, which has a positive effect on ensuring the personal safety of firefighters.

For District II director: Marcy Towns

Purdue Section. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Academic record: Linfield College, BA, 1985; Purdue University, MS, 1990, and PhD, 1994. Honors: ACS Outstanding Service to the Division of Chemical Education Award, 2020; ACS James Flack Norris Award for Outstanding Achievement in Teaching Chemistry, 2017; ACS Award in Research for the Teaching and Learning of Chemistry, 2017; ACS Fellow, 2012; Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Nyholm Prize for Education, 2019; RSC Fellow, 2019; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Distinguished Women in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering Award, 2021; American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow, 2009; Linfield Distinguished Alumni Award, 2015; Society for College Science Teachers Outstanding Undergraduate Science Teacher Award, 2015; Purdue University: Morrill Award, 2021; Most Distinguished Faculty for Academics, 2021; Book of Great Teachers, 2019; Jefferson Award (Multiplying Good), 2019; Distinguished Women Scholars, 2017; Special Boilermaker Award, 2016; Class of 1922 Outstanding Innovation in

Sentiment Grading and Evaluation of Network Resources of Ideological and Political Education in Colleges and Universities: A Research Based on Artificial Intelligence.

The current new round of scientific and technological revolution represented by artificial intelligence is rapidly driving a new wave of development of the times, and the rapid iterative update of science and technology is triggering new changes in educational concepts and educational thinking methods. Only by deeply understanding the reshaping of education concept, teaching concept, and learning concept by the new generation of scientific and technological revolution, as well as the major opportunities and challenges brought to education, can we understand the future direction of the development of ideological and political education for college students. This study takes the ideological and political education and teaching of college students as the research object. It begins by defining artificial intelligence and the ideological and political education of college students and analyzes the new concepts of precise individualization, intelligent teaching, and evaluation brought by artificial intelligence to the ideological and political education of college students. Then, it selects the students who have studied ideological and political education network resources as the empirical objects, designs a questionnaire based on the emotional characteristics of the resources, implements a questionnaire survey, uses the Stata software to conduct a correlation analysis on the acceptance of the students, and finally verifies the resources. Combined with empirical results, this article analyzes the influence of emotional characteristics of resources on students' acceptance, reveals the carrier role of ideological and political network resources in school emotional education and students through mirror theory and student response theory, respectively, and establishes the principle of graded reading guidance.

A Conversation with Stephen Portnoy

Steve Portnoy was born in Kankakee, Illinois in 1942. He did his undergraduate studies in mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and then earned a master’s degree and a Ph.D. degree from the statistics department at Stanford University in 1966 and 1969, respectively. Steve Portnoy has had a distinguished career and is widely recognized as a preeminent mathematical statistician. He has made pioneering and influential contributions in several areas in statistics, including asymptotic theory, robust statistics, quantile regression, and statistics in biology. He has published more than 100 research articles. He is a former co-editor of Journal of the American Statistical Association (Theory and Methods), an elected fellow of American Statistical Association (ASA), Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) and American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Steve’s professional positions have included being on the faculty of the Department of Statistics at Harvard University and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for more than 30 years. He was a founding member of the Department of Statistics at the University of Illinois in 1985 and served as the division chair for the Statistics Program in the Mathematics department before the Statistics department was established.

Publication and Impact of Preprints Included in the First 100 Editions of the CDC COVID-19 Science Update: Content Analysis.

BackgroundPreprints are publicly available manuscripts posted to various servers that have not been peer reviewed. Although preprints have existed since 1961, they have gained increased popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the need for immediate, relevant information.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the publication rate and impact of preprints included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) COVID-19 Science Update and assess the performance of the COVID-19 Science Update team in selecting impactful preprints.MethodsAll preprints in the first 100 editions (April 1, 2020, to July 30, 2021) of the Science Update were included in the study. Preprints that were not published were categorized as “unpublished preprints.” Preprints that were subsequently published exist in 2 versions (in a peer-reviewed journal and on the original preprint server), which were analyzed separately and referred to as “peer-reviewed preprint” and “original preprint,” respectively. Time to publish was the time interval between the date on which a preprint was first posted and the date on which it was first available as a peer-reviewed article. Impact was quantified by Altmetric Attention Score and citation count for all available manuscripts on August 6, 2021. Preprints were analyzed by publication status, publication rate, preprint server, and time to publication.ResultsOf the 275 preprints included in the CDC COVID-19 Science Update during the study period, most came from three servers: medRxiv (n=201, 73.1%), bioRxiv (n=41, 14.9%), and SSRN (n=25, 9.1%), with 8 (2.9%) coming from other sources. Additionally, 152 (55.3%) were eventually published. The median time to publish was 2.3 (IQR 1.4-3.7). When preprints posted in the last 2.3 months were excluded (to account for the time to publish), the publication rate was 67.8%. Moreover, 76 journals published at least one preprint from the CDC COVID-19 Science Update, and 18 journals published at least three. The median Altmetric Attention Score for unpublished preprints (n=123, 44.7%) was 146 (IQR 22-552) with a median citation count of 2 (IQR 0-8); for original preprints (n=152, 55.2%), these values were 212 (IQR 22-1164) and 14 (IQR 2-40), respectively; for peer-review preprints, these values were 265 (IQR 29-1896) and 19 (IQR 3-101), respectively.ConclusionsPrior studies of COVID-19 preprints found publication rates between 5.4% and 21.1%. Preprints included in the CDC COVID-19 Science Update were published at a higher rate than overall COVID-19 preprints, and those that were ultimately published were published within months and received higher attention scores than unpublished preprints. These findings indicate that the Science Update process for selecting preprints had a high fidelity in terms of their likelihood to be published and their impact. The incorporation of high-quality preprints into the CDC COVID-19 Science Update improves this activity’s capacity to inform meaningful public health decision-making.

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems

Empowering with Evidence: Some Communication Highlights of the 2022 AAAS Meeting

In keeping with its theme, “Empower with Evidence,” the 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting, held online February 17–20, addressed topics in both science and its communication. Subjects of sessions on the latter ranged from peer review of journal submissions, to use of humor in popularizing science, to design of posters presenting research. The following are some highlights. A Fireside Chat with Alan Alda By Christina B Sumners In conjunction with the AAAS annual meeting, AAAS Section Y (General Interest in Science and Engineering) held a business meeting, at which newly elected AAAS fellows associated with the section were recognized. These fellows included actor Alan Alda. Alda, who is also a visiting professor at the Alda Center for Communicating Science at Stony Brook University, answered questions in a “fireside chat” at the end of the business meeting. When asked how he became interested in science communication, Alda said he was always interested in science, even if he didn’t know it at the time. Not until his 20s, though, did he begin to read science avidly. Later, when he became host of the television show Scientific American Frontiers, he had the chance to speak to scientists one on one. “The scientists and I in each segment were having a genuine conversation,” he said. “They wouldn’t launch into lecture mode. … What I realized is that we were improvising together.” Alda would later use improvisation to formally train scientists to better communicate. When he began these training […]

First 3D-printed, flexible OLED display uses interesting materials mix

Last month, researchers from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities had a paper published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Science Advances, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), on their development of the first fully 3D-printed, flexible OLED display. It features a very interesting mix of materials.

Analysis on the Development Direction of News Photography in the Digital Era

With the rapid rise of information technology and the continuous update of science and technology, society has stepped into the digital age, which accelerates the prosperity of visual culture, and news has entered the era of reading pictures. The development of digital technology not only brings convenience to news photography, but also brings great challenges to professional news photographers. The advantage is that the buttons of digital cameras have replaced the technical means of traditional film photography, thus greatly reducing the threshold of photography. This article will explain the two development directions of photojournalism in the digital age, evaluate the contribution of documentary photojournalism to society, and also consider some development constraints.