American Armed Forces Research Articles

The Racial Integration of the American Armed Forces: Cold War Necessity, Presidential Leadership, and Southern Resistance by Geoffrey W. Jensen (review)

The Racial Integration of the American Armed Forces: Cold War Necessity, Presidential Leadership, and Southern Resistance by Geoffrey W. Jensen (review)

Actions of military veterinary medicine in a food defense context: a study under the perspective of the Brazilian Armed Forces based on American Armed Forces guidelines

The perception that food supplies and any stage of manufacturing process chains can become vehicles for the intentional spread of biological, chemical, physical, and radiological contaminants took form after the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States. Food defense thus emerged as a new area within the food safety field. Under this perspective, risks to food and food production chains originate from intentional and ideologically engineered acts that aim to harm public health on a wide scale. In times of international conflicts that aim to destabilize a nation’s morale, the armed forces may become a target for attacks, leading to operability losses and momentary or permanent troop losses due to foodborne illnesses or deaths caused by the massive contamination of food consumed by the military. In this regard, veterinarians enrolled in the armed forces can focus on defense measures against deliberate food supply contamination, as they are trained in food technology, inspection, and surveillance. This review summarizes the role of veterinarians in the food defense field in the United States Armed Forces and the current situation of these professionals in the Brazilian Armed Forces.

¿QUÉ CAMBIOS SE ESTÁN PRODUCIENDO EN LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS LATINOAMERICANAS?

Las Fuerzas Armadas latinoamericanas son una realidad dinámica más en una región en constante cambio. Mientras en Latinoamérica el antiguo predominio de gobiernos de centro-izquierda y de izquierda ha cedido paso a una gran mayoría de gobiernos conservadores, la integración subregional y regional aparece en franca decadencia, surge entre los Estados entre sí y dentro de ellos un enrarecido clima de lucha ideológica, y la prolongada paz de la región ya no parece un bien que hay que dar por sobreentendido, parece inevitable que ese nuevo clima regional impacte en las Fuerzas Armadas. En este ámbito puede observarse un claro retroceso del control civil o conducción política de la defensa en diversos grados en la mayoría de los Estados, pudiendo también advertirse una creciente tendencia al involucramiento de las referidas Fuerzas en roles no tradicionales militares, particularmente en seguridad interior, y la búsqueda o incluso el logro de cierta autonomía. Mientras el equipamiento y el gasto militar permanecen sin mayores alteraciones, algunos países se han reequipado significativamente, sin que ello se haya traducido hasta el momento en alteraciones o amenazas a la paz.Los máximos interrogantes parecen radicar en las limitaciones y desafíos en materia de control civil y en los efectos del creciente empleo de las Fuerzas Armadas en seguridad interior tanto en materia política –respecto del control civil–, así como el eventual debilitamiento de la democracia y del respeto de los derechos humanos en los países de la región, como también en los nunca descartables efectos que la polarización política pueda producir en materia de tensiones internacionales en la región.

LA DEFENSA: EN EL DILEMA DEL ZORRO Y EL ERIZO

En el ejercicio de actualizar los cometidos que debería asumir la Defensa estatal en un entorno global, regional y local pos Guerra Fría, se ha reconocido que las dinámicas de incertidumbre, también, modificaron las tradicionales nociones sobre riesgos y amenazas. Este entorno ha situado a la estructura de la Defensa como objeto principal de estudio y así validar sus roles y funciones. Sin embargo, es posible advertir que, durante la tarea de evaluar el comportamiento de las FF.AA. Latinoamericanas en democracia, se habría incurrido en sesgos que han distorsionado el resultado. Este ensayo pretende revelar la forma en que dichos criterios afectaron algunos trabajos que, tomando como perspectiva las relaciones civiles-militares, intentan validar las variables “democrático control civil, efectividad y eficiencia” como principal fuente de dificultades para avanzar en su evolución. Comprendiendo la dificultad para emprender un estudio que responda de manera cabal el postulado, se ha optado por el empleo de una metodología cualitativa de tipo descriptiva y exploratoria facilitando la obtención e interpretación de información extraída de trabajos publicados y previamente seleccionados por el autor. Luego se aplicará un proceso de análisis de datos buscando sintetizar los antecedentes obtenidos, y evaluados por especialistas en el área, procurando presentar como resultado aquellos elementos relevantes que confirmen las desviaciones y permitan incentivar futuras investigaciones.

Łukasz Kamieński, Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War.

Abstract From alcohol to LSD, Łukasz Kamieński takes readers on a unique 300-page journey through the history of warfare as seen through the prism of drug use. Beginning with the Greek city-states and ending with the contemporary consumption in the American Armed Forces, the text overflows with witty anecdotes, eloquent prose, and heart-wrenching realities found on drug-fueled battlefields. Drawing on literature, unclassified military and pharmaceutical studies, and private accounts of soldiers, Shooting Up is brilliant work that needs to find itself on every political science and history undergraduate reading list.

Conceptualizando las relaciones argentino-estadounidenses recientes en materia de seguridad y defensa ¿Una relación de afinidades electivas?

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la actualidad de una hipótesis que es recurrente en un sector de los estudios sobre la seguridad y la defensa en América Latina, circunscribiendo el abordaje al caso argentino bajo la administración de Mauricio Macri (desde su asunción hasta marzo de 2018). Si bien la hipótesis es esbozada con diferentes matices por los autores, genéricamente, se sostiene que Estados Unidos suele ser un actor afín al involucramiento de las respectivas Fuerzas Armadas latinoamericanas en hipótesis de conflicto internas. Esta afirmación contrasta con la postura de Washington en relación con sus militares, a los cuales no se los habilita para atender cuestiones de orden interno, fundamentalmente, desde la Posse Comitatus Act de 1878. A lo largo de las líneas, testear la mencionada hipótesis en relación con Argentina, implica abordar la distinción “seguridad interna” y “defensa nacional”, la cual tiene especial importancia desde fines de los años ’80 cuando comenzó el proceso de construcción de ambas como campos diferenciados.

The Bible and the British and American Armed Forces in Two World Wars

Abstract The role of the Bible in Great Britain and the United States in the era of the two World Wars offers new insights into the nature and trajectory of religious change in contemporary British and American society, and not least the much-vaunted religious impact of the First World War. By focusing on the use and the significance of the Bible during these conflicts, and especially its role in and for the British and American armed forces, this article illustrates the uneven quality of inter-war secularization on both sides of the Atlantic. Although rarely considered as a measure of religious change in this period, it underlines the enduring cultural significance of the Bible for Britons and Americans alike, demonstrates the Bible’s burgeoning importance during the years of the Second World War, and indicates that this development helped prepare the ground for the religious revival of the post-war era, and most notably the transatlantic success of Billy Graham.

S2. Medical Care During WW II in the Pacific: the Interaction and Cooperation Between New Zealand and American Armed Forces

and wounded during the battle was so great that all personnel and available vehicles, including heavy use trucks, were sent to the front lines to aid and strengthen the ambulance sections. When the Austrians were driven out of Italy, a new front was established in an area south of the Piave River. The distance from war front to hospitals was about 75 to 150miles. Italian people who lived in the area receivedhelp fromambulance service units. As theweatherwas mild, no problems occurred for ambulance transportation of the sick and wounded. World War I ended on November 11, 1918. Following the war, the main forces of American troops and ambulance services were withdrawn, assembling in Genoa to return to America. From June 12, 1918, until February 19, 1919, Paul M. Wood served in Italy with the Ambulance Corps. He was not wounded in action or disabled. He was honorably discharged from the US Army on February 21, 1919.

Imprisoned: The Betrayal of Japanese Americans During World War II by Martin W. Sandler (review)

Reviewed by: Imprisoned: The Betrayal of Japanese Americans During World War II by Martin W. Sandler Elizabeth Bush Sandler, Martin W. Imprisoned: The Betrayal of Japanese Americans During World War II. Walker, 2013. [176p]. illus. with photographs ISBN 978-0-8027-2277-5 $22.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 5-9. Racial prejudice, nativist resentment over immigrant business success, and wartime panic—each was a poisonous element in itself, and combined they led to Executive Order 9066, which mandated the relocation and virtual incarceration of some 120,000 Japanese-American citizens and Japanese residents loyal to the United States. Rapid announcement and enforcement of the order impelled the internees to liquidate personal and business assets at stupefying financial loss and to pack their few remaining possessions in preparation for relocation to unknown destinations. While many settled stoically into crude, makeshift accommodations in the relocation camps, others eager to prove their dedication to their adopted country would take up arms for the national defense. Although this shameful episode in American history receives considerable attention in both fiction and information books for youth, Sandler probes into aspects of the story less often covered in work that focuses narrowly on the camps themselves. Here readers learn about Quaker protests against Japanese internment, similar camps in Central and South America, Nisei WACs and interpreters working for the American Armed Forces, generational differences regarding the redress movement, and current Japanese-American collaborations with the Muslim community in support of a group too often viewed [End Page 531] as suspect. Cogently organized and heavily illustrated with photographs, with an index, source notes, and lists for "further reading and surfing," this will be a valuable title in the American History collection. Copyright © 2013 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Jeden svět, mnoho problémů (Obama za polovinou prezidentského mandátu)

In the middle of Obama's first presidency, several waves of criticism turned up. According to some analysts, Barrack Obama's first presidency introduces the beginning of new world's era, the so-called "post-ethnical society". The latest discussions prove that the United States have been no longer the only world's superpower, they will remain in the position of world's leader, but still aregoing to substantionally influence global arrangement. Unsuccessful and protracted wars, reflecting serious economic depression with successive debts, effect military budget cuts, even though the American Armed forces are still powerful, potent and mighty power, all around the world, influencing word's events as a stabilising force. The study depicts political and security layout against American domestic political background.

“I Am Teaching Some of The Boys:” Chaplain Robert Boston Dokes and Army Testing of Black Soldiers in World War II

African Americans have served in the United States Armed Forces in nearly every conflict in the nation's history. However, the State-through official government policy, ad hoc decisions of military commanders, or statements by prominent civilians-was rarely comfortable with Black military service. Throughout most of American history, the various branches of the military practiced racial segregation against Black troops. Despite the fact that more than one million Blacks served in the military during World War II, the practice of segregation persisted and shunted the overwhelming majority of Black service personnel into non-combat service units. I Am Teaching Some of the Boys is based on the experiences of an African American minister-turned Army Chaplain, Reverend Robert Boston Dokes, who defied this tradition.During World War II, officials relied on the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) to determine which soldiers served in which capacities. The AGCT provided convenient cover for an institution that was determined to find a rationalization for racial discrimination. The AGCT was part of a larger assessment environment that controlled promotions, pay grades, and other benefits of military service. Moreover, the invocation of White privilege through testing, especially in a war with Nazi Germany, seemed as an important means of refuting Black claims to full citizenship rights. This article, based, on multi-archival research, will address the efforts of Chaplain Dokes and other reformers to help Black soldiers overcome these institutional limits. Dokes' experience with several Black battalions underscores the impact of the Army's testing regime on Black troops.Keywords: racism, military, educational testing, African American historySitting in a small office under palm trees and azure skies, a Black minister made a long-distance confession to his spouse. Chaplain Robert Boston Dokes joined the Army in May 1941, months before the patriotic fervor in response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor because there were very few Black chaplains serving the spiritual needs of their brothers-in-arms. The shortage of Black chaplains persisted throughout his service and, coupled with racial discrimination against Black service members, Dokes found himself performing tasks that would have been considered extraordinary for many of his peers. On the occasion of his confession, Robert's letter revealed to Carol Esther Dokes that, in addition to preaching, public speaking, and meeting with local townspeople, he was teaching some of the boys a little English and spelling each Monday (Dokes to CC. Dokes, March 25, 1943). Although his efforts met with some success, Dokes ended his tour of duty in a military hospital, recovering from exhaustion and hypertension likely caused by the extraordinary commitment he made to Black soldiers, regardless of whether or not they were in the units to which he had been assigned (Dokes, December 29, 1945).During World War II, military officials relied on the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) to determine which soldiers would serve in specific capacities. The AGCT was a descendant of the intelligence tests used by psychometricians in World War I. The AGCT was part of a larger assessment environment that controlled promotions, pay grades, and other benefits of military service. Although the Army did not explicitly claim that the AGCT was a measure of innate intelligence, this article will show that the Army used the scores from the test in a way that reinforced social stratification and racial privilege. This article also will explain how the AGCT provided a justification for the continued racialized practices in the American Armed Forces. The testing regime, especially in a war with Nazi Germany, was an important means of refuting Black claims to full citizenship rights while extoling the virtues of American democracy. Chaplain Dokes' experience demonstrates an individual's strategy of accepting the Army testing regime while seeking to ameliorate its effects on Black troops. …

NS-Unterlagen aus dem Berlin Document Center und die Debatte um ehemalige NSDAP-Mitgliedschaften

NS Records of the Berlin Document Center and the Debate on Former NSDAP Memberships«. The Berlin Document Center (BDC) - today a part of Germany's Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv) - with its holdings of Nazi files and documents has been and still is a central point of public interest. As a result of the military defeat of Germany, the BDC was founded in July 1945 by the American Armed Forces in Berlin-Zehlendorf as a collecting point for NS state and party records and documents of varied origin which had been confis- cated by the American troops during the last months and weeks of World War II. The center piece of these collections were the NSDAP membership file cards of almost 11 million party members transmitted from Munich to Berlin in late 1945. Additionally biographical data and person-related files of various Nazi organizations were kept at the BDC under American administration. In 1994, the BDC holdings were transferred to the Bundesarchiv and German leg- islature provided rules for public access to the Nazi files for the first time. About 10.000 requests with regard to the former BDC files still reach the Bundesarchiv every year. The recent disclosure of several German celebrities' nominal membership in the NSDAP has re-stirred a public and scientific de- bate over NSDAP memberships, the circumstances of enlistment, and the NSDAP membership files themselves. In this article, the subject is discussed from a BDC and Federal Archives insider's perspective.

View from the Ranks: Social and Cultural History of the American Armed Forces

Military historians have begun to draw freely from the methods and interpretive frameworks of social and cultural history to learn more about the American military past. As a consequence, teachers no longer must rely solely on confusing maps marked in profusion with blue and red rectangles and squiggly arrows to teach about the nation's major armed conflicts. While this “moving block” method for teaching about campaigns and generals always will prove useful, a shift in focus to the individuals comprising those blocks—a “war and society” approach that occasionally is still called “the new military history”—offers a particularly compelling way for students to learn about the millions who served in the ranks of all the American armed forces during eras of both war and peace. Eschewing the well-blazed path of traditional institutional studies that emphasize units, doctrine, armament and equipment, battles, and leadership, many recent works about the American armed...

Whether (Modern, American) Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved? Christian Loyalty and Service in the American Armed Forces

Little has been written in recent Christian ethics regarding the moral basis of the voluntary military service of Christian individuals. This article identifies some sources of that lack of discussion. Furthermore, it explores the moral basis of voluntary military service, especially in the modern United States' military. This is critical because service in the US military is not, in many respects, simply equivalent to generic military service. This is due to the unique and historically unprecedented military superiority of the United States in the world—its ‘sole remaining superpower’ status. This status places unique political responsibility and obligations on the military forces of the United States in the twenty-first century global community. The article attempts to articulate a moral argument in support of the voluntary military service of thoughtful Christian individuals in the US military in this geopolitical environment.

American Armed Forces Newspapers in World War II

American Armed Forces Newspapers in World War II

Blacks in the American Armed Forces, 1776-1883: A Bibliography , and: The Civil War in the North: A Selective Annotated Bibliography (review)

Blacks in the American Armed Forces, 1776-1883: A Bibliography , and: The Civil War in the North: A Selective Annotated Bibliography (review)

Blacks in the American Armed Forces, 1776-1983: A Bibliography.

Blacks in the American Armed Forces, 1776-1983: A Bibliography.

LEADERSHIP FOR TOMORROWS ARMY: AN AMERICAN GENERAL STAFF SYSTEM

Abstract : The United States Army is the keystone of the American national security arch. Curious though such a proposition may appear in this era of wonder weapons-billion-dollar missile-firing submarines, giant nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, spy satellites that detect single vehicles from miles in space, and intercontinental missiles with probable errors in the tens of meters-it is so. As will be argued later in this paper, our national strategy, including the principal roles for both naval forces and strategic air power, is inextricably coupled to the posture of our conventional and tactical-nuclear ground forces. The American Armed Forces have, quite properly, no function in or for themselves. They are but instruments of the national purpose, which is stated in our Declaration of Independence as the triad Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Our national security policy has been consistent with that larger purpose. We have maintained military forces and, when necessary, applied them against adversaries to protect the physical safety of our populace and property, the unfettered operation of our democratic institutions, and the social and economic opportunity of our citizens.

Soldiers in Politics: New Insights on Latin American Armed Forces

In Latin America the 196os was a period of widening military roles in politics and renewed concern with military behavior in political life. As the armed forces took a larger share in government, there arose a corresponding pressure for explanations and interpretations of military behavior. Historians, however, had barely started basic studies of military institutions in the national politics of individual countries and political scientists had only begun to roll up their guns. In the absence of much information about national military establishments, the studies undertaken in the 196os had to be based on guesses or incomplete information in some important areas. Under the pressure for quick results, the process of appraising and explaining military behavior was also subject to the pull of contrary forces because of the highly controversial nature of the subject. As a result, explanations and judgments of military behavior became influential when they had value as arguments either for or against the legitimacy of the military's roles in politics. Once a stereotype of military behavior was formed, gained currency, and became widely accepted, it gave rise to a countering stereotype in the continuing debate. Consequently the dominant theories used to explain, interpret, and judge military behavior in politics and to provide a basis for analysis and recommendations

The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I and The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theatre in World War II

Journal Article The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I and The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theatre in World War II Get access The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. By Edward M. Coffman. New York, London: Oxford University Press. 1968, 1969. 412 pp. Bibliog. Index. £4.15.The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theatre in World War II. By Charles B. MacDonald. New York, London: Oxford University Press. 1969. 564 pp. Bibliog. Index. £5. Ronald Lewin Ronald Lewin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 47, Issue 2, April 1971, Pages 393–394, https://doi.org/10.2307/2613967 Published: 01 April 1971