American Academy Of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Articles

The Impact of Prior Authorization on Clinical Practice and Patient Care Outcomes: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Prior Authorization Task Force

The Prior Authorization Task Force of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), a presidential initiative of David Khan, MD, FAAAI, was established to develop an AAAAI position statement outlining ways to improve health care for our patients, to support legislation that advocates for prior authorization (PA) reform and identify the impact PA has on its membership using a questionnaire survey. This article describes the results of this survey. An electronic anonymous survey questionnaire was developed to assess the impact and burden of PA on AAAAI members and their staff and patients. Surveys were sent to randomly selected members and fellows of the AAAAI in the United States. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results by the Information Services team of the AAAAI and the authors of this work group report. The questionnaire responses from allergy immunology specialists demographically reflected the AAAAI membership and indicate that PAs can significantly affect patient care delivery and increase administrative burden to clinical practices, leading to serious adverse events in some circumstances. Differential responses regarding PAs for various medication classes likely reflect the physician's patient population, which can shift prescribing patterns. Prior authorization is a serious health care problem that is wasting financial resources and needlessly placing patients in danger when they are unable to access medications or medical services required for clinical management. The results of this questionnaire study support the recommendations made in the recent AAAAI position statement on PA.

Volunteerism Addressing Environmental Disparities in Allergy (VAEDIA): The presidential initiative to combat environmental injustice in allergy and immunology—a Work Group Report of the AAAAI VAEDIA task force

Many vulnerable people lose their health or lives each year as a result of unhealthy environmental conditions that perpetuate medical conditions within the scope of allergy and immunology specialists' expertise. While detrimental environmental factors impact all humans globally, the effect is disproportionately more profound in impoverished neighborhoods. Environmental injustice is the inequitable exposure of disadvantaged populations to environmental hazards. Professional medical organizations such as the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) are well positioned to engage and encourage community outreach volunteer programs to combat environmental justice. Here we discuss how environmental injustices and climate change impacts allergic diseases among vulnerable populations. We discuss pathways allergists/immunologists can use to contribute to addressing environmental determinants by providing volunteer clinical service, education, and advocacy. Furthermore, allergists/immunologists can play a role in building trust within these communities, partnering with other patient advocacy nonprofit stakeholders, and engaging with local, state, national, and international nongovernmental organizations, faith-based organizations, and governments. The AAAAI's Volunteerism Addressing Environmental Disparities in Allergy (VAEDIA) is the presidential task force aiming to promote volunteer initiatives by creating platforms for discussion and collaboration and by funding community-based projects to address environmental injustice.

Dose Adjustment After Gaps in Administration of Subcutaneous Immunotherapy From a Past Survey: Work Group Report of the AAAAI Allergen Standardization and Allergy Diagnostics Committee

The allergen immunotherapy practice parameters third update recommendations on dose adjustment after a gap in administration during the build-up are based solely on expert opinion, and no recommendations for gaps during maintenance are given. In a previous survey among American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) members on subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy, this was addressed, but details were never published. Members of the Immunotherapy, Allergen Standardization, and Allergy Diagnostics Committee of the AAAAI convened a workgroup to address this issue and reanalyze results on the particular survey section. Build-up: many practitioners start dose-adjusting if a patient comes in 14.1/14 days (mean/median) after the last dose and restart immunotherapy after an interruption of 85/90 days. Dosing frequency during maintenance is generally every 3 (12%) to 4 weeks (73%). Maintenance: allergists start dose-adjusting if a patient comes in 5.1/5 weeks (mean/median) after the last dose and completely restart after an interruption of 16/12 weeks (some replied in days [90.4/90 days] or months [4.43/4 months]). Subgroups: physicians with ≥11 years in practice in nonacademic centers or rural/suburban settings tolerate longer gaps before restarting subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). There is no uniform dose-adjustment protocol after gaps in SCIT administration. Prospective studies shall have to help find the best trade-off between safety (dose reduction) without giving in on efficacy (too much dose reduction).

Allergy and immunology interest and exposure among US medical students and residents.

Despite the immense burden of allergic disease, the allergy and immunology (AI) workforce in the United States continues to shrink. Fellowship applications for AI have declined sharply in contrast to those in more popular specialties. Here we have sought to evaluate the current level of AI interest and exposure among early trainees in the United States, as well as their perspective on how to improve interest in the field. An 18-item questionnaire was sent via e-mail list-serve to 2 groups: (1) mostly residents in the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) with interest in AI and (2) medical students in the American Medical Student Association (AMSA) whose specialty interests were not known. In the AAAAI group, 412 members were surveyed and 70 responses were received. In the AMSA group, 4778 members were surveyed and 47 responses were received. More individuals in the AAAAI group interacted with their AI division than in the AMSA group (73% vs 19% [P< .001]). On average, the AAAAI group would "probably" pursue AI whereas the AMSA group who would "definitely not" do so (P<.001). Almost all of the AMSA group (94%) had heard of AI before, but only 19% of them interacted with AI at their program. Regarding ways to increase interest in AI, the top responses for both groups were clinical exposure via electives and shadowing (a score of 4.69 on a 5-point scale) and didactic exposure via lectures and presentations (a score of 4.29). Our study suggests that increasing AI opportunities for didactics and clinical exposure may lead medical students to develop more interest in pursuing the field. Some strategies are also discussed.

Results From a National Survey of Asthma Provider Beliefs and Practices Regarding Exercise and Asthma: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Committee on Sports, Exercise, and Fitness

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines recommend regular physical activity (PA) for patients with asthma. Health care provider (HCP) counseling represents an effective approach to optimizing patient PA. However, current exercise rates among asthma patients are suboptimal, which suggests that counseling may be improved. To understand PA counseling behaviors among HCPs who manage asthma. A voluntary 36-item survey assessing self-reported awareness of PA recommendations and current clinical practices was sent to 979 randomly selected HCP members of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). The overall response rate was 9.3% (91 of 979). Respondents were physicians (100%) and allergists/immunologists (96%) who reported an average of 18.1 ± 12.3 years in independent practice. Over half (58%) reported personally engaging in 150 min/wk or more of moderate to strenuous PA. Eighty percent of participants were unaware of specific PA guidelines for patients with asthma, yet 66% acknowledged evidence for improved asthma outcomes with moderate exercise. A large majority of respondents believed that patients with asthma (97%) and severe asthma (84%) should pursue exercise. Whereas 90% of respondents support incorporating exercise counseling into asthma care, only 69% regularly counsel asthma patients about PA. Barriers cited included limited time, lack of knowledge regarding how and where to refer patients for exercise, and other medical priorities. Potential facilitators of PA included increasing practitioner education and patient-directed posters in waiting areas. Health care providers recognized PA as an important component of asthma care but were often unaware of specific guidelines. Promoting PA counseling may require using a time-efficient approach to implement counseling at each asthma patient encounter.

Pulmonary Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment (ADT) Interest Section

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed increased demands on the ability to safely perform pulmonary procedures in keeping with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommendations. Accordingly, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment convened this work group to offer guidance. The work group is composed of specialist practitioners from academic and both large and small practices. Individuals with special expertise were assigned sections on spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, nebulized treatments, and methacholine challenge. The work group met periodically to achieve consensus. This resulting document has recommendations for the allergy/asthma/immunology health care setting based on available evidence including reference documents from the CDC, ATS, and OSHA.

Work Group Report: COVID-19: Unmasking Telemedicine

Telemedicine adoption has rapidly accelerated since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telemedicine provides increased access to medical care and helps to mitigate risk by conserving personal protective equipment and providing for social/physical distancing to continue to treat patients with a variety of allergic and immunologic conditions. During this time, many allergy and immunology clinicians have needed to adopt telemedicine expeditiously in their practices while studying the complex and variable issues surrounding its regulation and reimbursement. Some concerns have been temporarily alleviated since March 2020 to aid with patient care in the setting of COVID-19. Other changes are ongoing at the time of this publication. Members of the Telemedicine Work Group in the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) completed a telemedicine literature review of online and Pub Med resources through May 9, 2020, to detail Pre-COVID-19 telemedicine knowledge and outline up-to-date telemedicine material. This work group report was developed to provide guidance to allergy/immunology clinicians as they navigate the swiftly evolving telemedicine landscape.

Patterns of North American Women Authorship in 2 Allergy/Immunology Journals: 1997-2017

Disparities in the frequency of publications by gender have been reported in various medical subspecialties. Review author gender in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology from 1997 to2017. Data on frequency and patterns of authorship by gender were collected in 5-year intervals and analyzed by journal, article type, and year of publication. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with a greater likelihood of first authors being women. We compared these patterns with the frequency of women AAAAI (American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology) members and AAAAI fellows-in-training. Women were first authors in 36.5% of publications, increasing from 26.6% in 1997 to 48.1% in 2017 (P < .001). Their share as first author was highest (42.5%) for original articles and lowest (17.1%) for editorials. Share of women as last authors increased from 18.1% in 1997 to 30.9% in 2017 (P=.001). Women were less likely to be sole authors: 17.7% (P< .001). Articles with women as first authors were observed more frequently when women were last authors (odds ratio [OR], 3.14; P < .0001). This association was more likely in original investigations (OR, 2.1; P < .001) and articles published more recently (2007, 2012, 2017) (OR, 1.75; P < .001). Theincreasing rate of women first authors correlated with risingproportions of women AAAAI members (Pearson correlation= 0.96; P= .01) and fellows-in-training (Pearson correlation= 0.96; P < .01). Women authorship has become more frequent in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The probability of women being first authors is more likely in articles with women as last authors, implying that mentorship of women by women may encourage women to become more active in scholarship.

Management of chronic spontaneous urticaria: a worldwide perspective

Background The approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) differ in various parts of the world. We sought to determine the adherence to international and national urticaria guidelines as well as the motives to deviate from the guidelines among physicians worldwide.Methods A web-based questionnaire was created and launched via e-mail by the World Allergy Organization (WAO) to representatives of all WAO Member Societies, the members of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the members of the WAO Junior Members Group (JMG), regardless of the specialty, affiliation, or nationality in March 2017.Results We received 1140 completed surveys from participating physicians from 99 countries. Virtually all participants (96%) were aware of at least one urticaria guideline and reported that they follow a guideline. However, one in five physicians who follow a guideline (22%) reported to deviate from it. Reliance on own clinical experience is the most frequent reason for deviation from guidelines or not following them (44%). Young (< 40 years) and less experienced physicians more often follow a guideline and less often deviate than older and experienced ones. Physicians who follow a urticaria guideline showed higher rates of routinely ordering a complete blood count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-thyroid antibodies, and thyroid-stimulating hormone and of performing the autologous serum skin test as compared to those who do not. Physicians who follow a urticaria guideline showed higher rates of using second generation antihistamines as their first-line treatment of CSU (p = 0.001) and more frequently observed higher efficacy of these drugs (or had more confidence that it would work, p < 0.019) as compared to those who do not follow the guidelines.Conclusions Physicians’ characteristics (e.g. age, clinical experience, and specialty) and country specifics and regional features (e.g. availability of drugs for CSU treatment) importantly influence adherence to urticaria guidelines and CSU patient care and should be addressed in more detail in future research.

Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency

The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing the "Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion.

Contact Dermatitis: A Practice Parameter–Update 2015

This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, which represents the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "Contact Dermatitis: A Practice Parameter-Update 2015." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is changing and not all recommendations will be appropriate or applicable to all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including members serving on the Joint Task Force, are authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information or interpretation of this practice parameter by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by the pharmaceutical industry in drug development or promotion. Previously published practice parameters of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters for Allergy & Immunology are available at http://www.JCAAI.org or http://www.allergyparameters.org.

Food allergy: A practice parameter update—2014

This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (JCAAI). The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility forestablishing "Food Allergy: Apractice parameter update-2014." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing one, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, ACAAI, and JCAAI. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion.

The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update

These parameters were developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters (JTFPP), representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The AAAAI and ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the JTFPP, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The JTFPP understands that the cost of diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents is an important concern that might appropriately influence the work-up and treatment chosen for a given patient. The JTFPP recognizes that the emphasis of our primary recommendations regarding a medication might vary, for example, depending on third-party payer issues and product patent expiration dates. However, because a given test or agent's cost is so widely variable and there is a paucity of pharmacoeconomic data, the JTFPP generally does not consider cost when formulating practice parameter recommendations. In extraordinary circumstances, when the cost/benefit ratio of an intervention is prohibitive, as supported by pharmacoeconomic data, commentary might be provided. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The JTFPP is committed to ensuring that the practice parameters are based on the best scientific evidence that is free of commercial bias. To this end, the parameter development process includes multiple layers of rigorous review. These layers include the workgroup convened to draft the parameter, the task force reviewers, and peer review by members of each sponsoring society. Although the task force has the final responsibility for the content of the documents submitted for publication, each reviewer comment will be discussed, and reviewers will receive written responses to comments, when appropriate. To preserve the greatest transparency regarding potential conflicts of interest, all members of the JTFPP and the practice parameter workgroups will complete a standard potential conflict of interest disclosure form, which will be available for external review by the sponsoring organization and any other interested individual. In addition, before confirming the selection of a Work Group chairperson, the Joint Task Force will discuss and resolve all relevant potential conflicts of interest associated with this selection. Finally, all members of parameter workgroups will be provided a written statement regarding the importance of ensuring that the parameter development process is free of commercial bias. Practice parameters are available online at www.jcaai.org and www.allergyparameters.org.

International consensus on pediatric asthma

Asthma is the most common chronic lower respiratory disease in childhood throughout the world.Several guidelines and/or consensus documents are available to support medical decisions on pediatric asthma.Although there is no doubt that the use of common systematic approaches for management can considerably improve outcomes, dissemination and implementation of these are still major challenges.Consequently, the International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology (iCAALL), recently formed by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology(EAACI), American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology(AAAAI), American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology(ACAAI) and World Allergy Organization(WAO) has decided to propose an International Consensus on pediatric asthma.The purpose of this document is to highlight the key messages that are common to many of the existing guidelines, while critically reviewing and commenting on any differences, thus providing a concise reference.The principles of pediatric asthma management are generally accepted.Overall, the treatment goal is disease control.To achieve this, patients and their parents should be educated to optimally manage the disease, in collaboration with health-care professionals.Identification and avoidance of triggers is also of significant importance.Assessment and monitoring should be performed regularly to re-evaluate and fine-tune treatment.Pharmacotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment.The optimal use of medication can, in most cases, help patients control symptoms and reduce the risk for future morbidity.The management of exacerbations is a major consideration, independent of chronic treatment.There is a trend toward consi-dering phenotype-specific treatment choices; however, this goal has not yet been achieved. Key words: Asthma; Consensus; Guideline; Wheeze; Child

Indications, Protocols, and Outcomes of Drug Desensitizations for Chemotherapy and Monoclonal Antibodies in Adults and Children

Advances in the understanding of various malignancies and chronic inflammatory diseases has led to the development of better treatment options for prolonging patient survival and minimizing morbidity. The recognition of "first-line" chemotherapy and monoclonal agents for these conditions has given more urgency to the need to re-administer these drugs in cases of drug hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, in these cases, not only is desensitization considered when there is no alternative therapy available but also when alternative treatments are considered therapeutically inferior and/or more toxic. In this article, we describe the steps involved in the evaluation of these patients, factors to consider before making a decision to desensitize, the implementation of desensitization protocols, and the outcomes of such procedures.

Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of cockroaches: A practice parameter

This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "Environmental assessment and remediation: a practice parameter." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single person, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

A focused parameter update: Hereditary angioedema, acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–associated angioedema

These parameters were developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters (JTFPP), representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "A focused parameter update: Hereditary angioedema, acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the JTFPP, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters understands that the cost of diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents is an important concern that might appropriately influence the work-up and treatment chosen for a given patient. The JTFPP recognizes that the emphasis of our primary recommendations regarding a medication might vary, for example, depending on third-party payer issues and product patent expiration dates. However, because the cost of a given test or agent is so widely variable and there is a paucity of pharmacoeconomic data, the JTFPP generally does not consider cost when formulating practice parameter recommendations. In some instances the cost benefit of an intervention is considered relevant, and commentary might be provided. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. The Joint Task Force is committed to ensuring that the practice parameters are based on the best scientific evidence that is free of commercial bias. To this end, the parameter development process includes multiple layers of rigorous review. These layers include the Workgroup convened to draft the parameter, the Task Force Reviewers, and peer review by members of each sponsoring society. Although the Task Force has the final responsibility for the content of the documents submitted for publication, each reviewer comment will be discussed, and reviewers will receive written responses to comments when appropriate. To preserve the greatest transparency regarding potential conflicts of interest, all members of the Joint Task Force and the Practice Parameters Workgroups will complete a standard potential conflict of interest disclosure form, which will be available for external review by the sponsoring organization and any other interested individual. In addition, before confirming the selection of a Workgroup chairperson, the Joint Task Force will discuss and resolve all relevant potential conflicts of interest associated with this selection. Finally, all members of parameter workgroups will be provided a written statement regarding the importance of ensuring that the parameter development process is free of commercial bias.

Atopic dermatitis: A practice parameter update 2012

This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The AAAAI and the ACAAI have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing "Atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2012." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. Published practice parameters of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters for Allergy & Immunology are available online at http://www.jcaai.org.

Classification of Allergic Rhinitis: What is Most Suitable in Korea?

Classification of Allergic Rhinitis: What is Most Suitable in Korea?

Adverse reactions to vaccines practice parameter 2012 update

These parameters were developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters (JTFPP), representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI); and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.