Ambulatory Care Visits Research Articles

Burden of Digestive Diseases in the United States Population: Rates and Trends.

Digestive diseases are common in the United States (U.S.) and lead to significant morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. We used national survey and claims databases to expand on earlier findings and investigate rates and trends in the digestive disease burden in the U.S. The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, National Inpatient Sample, Vital Statistics of the U.S.: Multiple Cause-of-Death Data, Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare 5% Sample and Medicaid files were used to estimate claims-based prevalence, medical care, and mortality with a digestive disease diagnosis. Digestive disease prevalence (claims-based, 2019) was 24.2% among Medicaid beneficiaries, 33.2% among private insurance enrollees, and 51.5% among Medicare beneficiaries and rose over the previous decade. Digestive diseases contributed to 42 million emergency department visits, 17 million hospital stays, and 472,000 deaths in 2019. Women had higher medical care rates with a digestive disease diagnosis, but mortality rates were higher among men. Blacks had higher medical care use and mortality rates compared with Whites, and Hispanics had lower rates. During the study period, ambulatory care and emergency department visit rates with a digestive disease diagnosis rose, while hospitalization and mortality rates declined. Among private insurance enrollees, rates were higher compared with national data for hospitalizations, but lower for emergency department visits. The digestive disease burden in the U.S. is substantial, particularly among Blacks and older adults. Further research is needed to better understand reasons for disparities and trends in health care use and mortality reported in this paper.

Associations Between Hearing Loss and Health-Related Costs: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study.

Hearing loss (HL) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, but its health-related costs have been incompletely studied. Our objective was to examine the association between HL and direct health care costs and identify subgroups in which costs associated with HL are especially high. This was a retrospective population-based cohort study of adults treated in a universal health care system between April 2008 and March 2019. HL was identified using administrative health data. We estimate health care costs in 2023 Canadian dollars, including costs for hospitalization, provider claims, ambulatory care visits, prescription medications, and long-term care (LTC). Of 4,424,632 participants, 146,644 (3.3%) had HL. Participants with HL were older (Mdn = 55 years [interquartile range: 43-68] vs. 35 years [24-50]) and had more comorbidities (1 [0-2] vs. 0 [0-1]) at baseline than participants without, whereas the likelihood of female sex, rural residence, and material deprivation were similar between groups with and without HL. Over median follow-up of 11.0 years, total age-sex adjusted annual health costs and each of its component costs were significantly higher in participants with HL compared to those without (annual total costs: $6,871, 95% confidence interval [CI] [$6,778, $6,962] vs. $4,716, 95% CI [$4,729, $4,763]). After full adjustment (a maximum of 29 comorbidities), annual costs remained significantly higher in participants with HL overall and for certain subcomponents (provider claims, ambulatory visits, and medications), whereas adjusted costs of hospitalization and LTC were lower among people with HL. The magnitude of the incremental costs among participants with HL was most pronounced for younger participants, men, or those with less comorbidity. Total projected annual direct health costs for Alberta residents with HL were $1.01 billion in 2023, of which $125 million (95% CI [$116, $135 million]) was attributable to HL specifically. Compared to those without HL, health costs were markedly higher among participants with HL, partially due to a higher burden of comorbidity. The relatively high population attributable costs of HL suggest that better prevention, recognition, and management of this condition could yield substantial economic benefits. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27353439.

Differences in the clinical management of shoulder pain by physician specialty: data from the 2007–2019 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify the differences in the clinical management of shoulder pain by primary care physicians (PCPs) and non-primary care physicians (non-PCPs) from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) dataset.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included ambulatory care visits for shoulder pain by using NAMCS data from 2007 to 2019. Descriptive statistics were presented to assess patient-level and visit-level characteristics of the sampled visits. By controlling for patient-level and visit-level covariates, we conducted a multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the influence of primary care physician status on the utilization of health services (pain medications, PT referral, health education/counseling, and diagnostic imaging) for shoulder pain.ResultsThere were 74.43 million ambulatory care visits by adults with shoulder pain during the study period, and nearly one-third of these shoulder visits were made to PCPs. As compared with non-PCPs, PCPs had higher adjusted odds of prescribing narcotic analgesics (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–2.51), skeletal muscle relaxants (adjusted OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.65–4.45), other pain medications (adjusted OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.13–3.07), and lower odds of prescribing PT (adjusted OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.21–0.55) and MRI (adjusted OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.25–0.84).ConclusionWe observed significant differences in the services ordered or provided by PCPs versus non-PCPs for shoulder pain in ambulatory care settings. These results may reveal the higher reliance of pharmacological approaches, coupled with the potential under-utilization of PT during the ambulatory shoulder care provided by PCPs compared to non-PCPs in the United States.

Emerging from the shadows: Trends in HIV ambulatory care, viral load testing, and viral suppression in a U.S. HIV cohort, 2019-2022: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic.

This article aimed at analyzing the acute impact and the longer-term recovery of COVID-19 pandemic effects on clinical encounter types, HIV viral load (VL) testing, and suppression (HIV VL < 200 copies/mL). This study was a longitudinal cohort study of participants seen during 2019-2022 at nine HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) sites. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) estimated monthly rates of all encounters, office and telemedicine visits, and HIV VL tests using 2010-2022 data. We examined factors associated with nonsuppressed VL (VL ≥ 200 copies/mL) and not having ambulatory care visits during the pandemic using GLMM for logistic regression with 2017-2022 and 2019-2022 data, respectively. Of 2351 active participants, 76.0% were male, 57.6% aged ≥ 50 years, 40.7% non-Hispanic White, 38.2% non-Hispanic Black, 17.3% Hispanic/Latino, and 51.0% publicly insured. The monthly rates of in-person and telemedicine visits varied during 2020 through mid-year 2022. Multivariable logistic regression showed that persons with no encounters were more likely to be male or have VL ≥ 200 copies/mL. For participants with ≥1 VL test, the prevalence rate of HIV VL ≥ 200 copies/mL during 2020 was close to the rates from 2014 to 2019. The change in probability of viral suppression was not associated with participant's age, sex, race/ethnicity, or insurance type. In the HOPS, overall patient encounters declined over 2 years during the pandemic with variations in telemedicine and in-person events, with relative maintenance of viral suppression. Ongoing recovery from the impact of COVID-19 on ambulatory care will require continued efforts to improve retention and patient access to medical services.

Antibiotic appropriateness at outpatient settings in Ethiopia: the need for an antibiotic stewardship programme.

Antibiotics are drugs of natural or synthetic origin used to treat various infections. The practice of excessive and inappropriate antibiotics use is the main global cause of bacterial resistance, which is one of the most serious global public health threats. It is estimated that about 50% of global antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate. This study assesses the prevalence and pattern of inappropriate prescriptions of antibiotics amongst ambulatory care visits in Ethiopia. A facility-based, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted amongst randomly selected prescriptions issued for outpatients from May to June 2022 at Debre Markos Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were computed. For group comparisons, χ2 and independent sample t-tests were computed. The statistical significance of the association was considered at p<0.05. A total of 2640 antibiotics were prescribed for patients in the outpatient setting with various bacterial infections via 911 prescriptions, of which 49.5% were non-compliant with the national treatment guideline. Guideline non-compliant prescriptions increased remarkably amongst patients in the outpatient setting diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (38.8% versus 30.1%; p=0.006) and peptic ulcer disease (14.9% versus 9%; p=0.006). Moreover, inappropriate prescription was significantly higher amongst patients taking amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (33.2% versus 48.2%; p<0.001) and cephalexin (17.8% versus 24.3%; p=0.016). Large proportions of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients were non-compliant with the national treatment guideline, suggesting that prescribers need to give special attention to outpatients whilst ordering antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalexin. Antibiotic stewardship efforts to optimize outpatient antibiotic prescriptions and reduce the use of potentially inappropriate antibiotics are needed in Ethiopia.

Burden of gallstone disease in the United States population: Prepandemic rates and trends.

Gallstone disease is one of the most common digestive disorders in the United States and leads to significant morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. To expand on earlier findings and investigate prepandemic rates and trends in the gallstone disease burden in the United States using national survey and claims databases. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Inpatient Sample, Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample, Vital Statistics of the United States, Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare 5% Sample and Medicaid files were used to estimate claims-based prevalence, medical care including cholecystectomy, and mortality with a primary or other gallstone diagnosis. Rates were age-adjusted (for national databases) and shown per 100000 population. Gallstone disease prevalence (claims-based, 2019) was 0.70% among commercial insurance enrollees, 1.03% among Medicaid beneficiaries, and 2.09% among Medicare beneficiaries and rose over the previous decade. Recently, in the United States population, gallstone disease contributed to approximately 2.2 million ambulatory care visits, 1.2 million emergency department visits, 625000 hospital discharges, and 2000 deaths annually. Women had higher medical care rates with a gallstone disease diagnosis, but mortality rates were higher among men. Hispanics had higher ambulatory care visit and hospital discharge rates compared with Whites, but not mortality rates. Blacks had lower ambulatory care visit and mortality rates, but similar hospital discharge rates compared with whites. During the study period, ambulatory care and emergency department visit rates with a gallstone disease diagnosis rose, while hospital discharge and mortality rates declined. Among commercial insurance enrollees, rates were higher compared with national data for ambulatory care visits and hospitalizations, but lower for emergency department visits. Cholecystectomies performed in the United States included 605000 ambulatory laparoscopic, 280000 inpatient laparoscopic, and 49000 inpatient open procedures annually. Among commercial insurance enrollees, rates were higher compared with national data for laparoscopic procedures. The gallstone disease burden in the United States is substantial and increasing, particularly among women, Hispanics, and older adults with laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the mainstay treatment. Current practice patterns should be monitored for better health care access.

Geographical Variation In Medication and Health Resource Use In Multiple Sclerosis.

Understanding disease-modifying therapy (DMT) use and healthcare resource utilization by different geographical areas among people living with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) may identify care gaps that can be used to inform policies and practice to ensure equitable care. Administrative data was used to identify pwMS on April 1, 2017 (index date) in Alberta. DMT use and healthcare resource utilization were compared between those who resided in various geographical areas over a 2-year post-index period; simple logistic regression was applied. Among the cohort (n = 12,338), a higher proportion of pwMS who resided in urban areas (versus rural) received ≥ 1 DMT dispensation (32.3% versus 27.4%), had a neurologist (67.7% versus 63.9%), non-neurologist specialist (88.3% versus 82.9%), ambulatory care visit (87.4% versus 85.3%), and MS tertiary clinic visit (59.2% versus 51.7%), and a lower proportion had an emergency department (ED) visit (46.3% versus 62.4%), and hospitalization (20.4% versus 23.0%). Across the provincial health zones, there were variations in DMT selection, and a higher proportion of pwMS who resided in the Calgary health zone, where care is managed by MS tertiary clinic neurologists, had an outpatient visit to a neurologist or MS tertiary clinic versus those who resided in other zones where delivery of MS-related care is more varied. Urban/rural inequalities in DMT use and healthcare resource utilization appear to exist among pwMS in Alberta. Findings suggest the exploration of barriers with consequent strategies to increase access to DMTs and provide timely outpatient MS care management, particularly for those pwMS residing in rural areas.

Association of Continuity of Care With Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Among Patients Discharged Home After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack.

To examine the association of prestroke continuity of care (COC) with postdischarge health care utilization and expenditures. The study population included 2233 patients with a diagnosis of stroke or a transient ischemic attack hospitalized in one of 41 hospitals in North Carolina between March 2016 and July 2019 and discharged directly home from acute care. COC was assessed from linked Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare claims using the Modified, Modified Continuity Index. Logistic regressions and 2-part models were used to examine the association of prestroke primary care COC with postdischarge health care utilization and expenditures. Relative to patients in the first (lowest) COC quartile, patients in the second and third COC quartiles were more likely [21% (95% CI: 8.5%, 33.5%) and 33% (95% CI: 20.5%, 46.1%), respectively] to have an ambulatory care visit within 14 days. Patients in the highest COC quartile were more likely to visit a primary care provider but less likely to see a stroke specialist. Highest as compared with lowest primary care COC quartile was associated with $45 lower (95% CI: $14, $76) average expenditure for ambulatory care visits within 30 days postdischarge. Patients in the highest, as compared with the lowest, primary care COC quartile were 36% less likely (95% CI: 8%, 64%) to be readmitted within 30 days postdischarge and spent $340 less (95% CI: $2, $678) on unplanned readmissions. These findings underscore the importance of primary care COC received before stroke hospitalization to postdischarge care and expenditures.

Long-term health care resource and cost savings with allergy immunotherapy: REACT study results

Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) can be administered as subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) injections in the clinic or as sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets at home after initiation under medical supervision. To achieve long-term, sustained effects, a 3-year treatment duration is recommended. Our aim was to assess the association of AIT (SCIT and SLIT tablets) with long-term health care resource use (HRU) and costs in subjects with allergic rhinitis. REACT was a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study using claims data from a German health insurance database (2007-2017), with up to 9 years of follow-up after AIT initiation. HRU and costs were evaluated for hospitalizations, ambulatory care visits, and prescriptions, in subjects who received AIT versus in matched controls with allergic rhinitis who had not received AIT, as well as for SCIT and SLIT tablets. Across all 9 years, the subjects who received AIT had a significantly lower incidence of hospitalization than the controls did. Generally, proportions of subjects with ambulatory care visits and hospitalizations were lower, and length of hospitalization was shorter, for those receiving SLIT tablets than those who received SCIT. Total costs were significantly higher with AIT versus for the controls during the treatment period (years 1 to 3), driven by prescriptions and ambulatory care visits, but they were lower in years 4 to 9. During years 1 to 3, prescription costs were generally higher for SLIT tablets than for SCIT, whereas ambulatory care costs were numerically lower. In most years, hospitalization costs were numerically lower for SLIT tablets than for SCIT. Initial higher HRU and costs of AIT during the expected treatment period are offset in the long term. At-home administration of SLIT tablets may further reduce ambulatory care costs.

Conceptualizing lifer versus destination patients for optimized care delivery

BackgroundPatients presenting to academic medical centers (AMC) typically receive primary care, specialty care, or both. Resources needed for each type of care vary, requiring different levels of care coordination. We propose a novel method to determine whether a patient primarily receives primary or specialty care to allow for optimization of care coordination.ObjectivesWe aimed to define the concepts of a Lifer Patient and Destination Patient and analyze the current state of care utilization in those groups to inform opportunities for improving care coordination.MethodsUsing AMC data for a 36-month study period (FY17-19), we evaluated the number of unique patients by residence zip code. Patients with at least one primary care visit and patients without a primary care visit were classified as Lifer and Destination patients, respectively. Cohen’s effect sizes were used to evaluate differences in mean utilization of different care delivery settings.ResultsThe AMC saw 35,909 Lifer patients and 744,037 Destination patients during the study period. Most patients were white, non-Hispanic females; however, the average age of a Lifer was seventy-two years whereas that of a Destination patient was thirty-eight. On average, a Lifer had three times more ambulatory care visits than a Destination patient. The proportion of Inpatient encounters is similar between the groups. Mean Inpatient length of stay (LOS) is similar between the groups, but Destination patients have more variance in LOS. The rate of admission from the emergency department (ED) for Destination patients is nearly double Lifers’.ConclusionThere were differences in ED, ambulatory care, and inpatient utilization between the Lifer and Destination patients. Furthermore, there were incongruities between rate of hospital admissions and LOS between two groups. The Lifer and Destination patient definitions allow for identification of opportunities to tailor care coordination to these unique groups and to allocate resources more efficiently.

Loss to primary care provider follow-up among survivors five to seven years post-diagnosis.

331 Background: Cancer survivors experience better outcomes when primary care providers (PCPs) are engaged in their care. Several studies indicate that nearly all survivors have ≥1 PCP visits per year in the initial five years post-diagnosis; however, little is known about sustained PCP engagement in survivors’ care. Our objective was to assess PCP engagement in survivors’ care 5-7 years post-diagnosis, and to characterize survivors who are most vulnerable to loss to PCP follow-up. Methods: We linked electronic health record ambulatory care visit data to Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center (AHWFBCCC) registry data to identify survivors who were (1) ages ≥18 years, (2) diagnosed with a breast, colorectal, or uterine cancer between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015, (3) treated at AHWFBCCC as of September 1, 2019, and (4) had a PCP in the WF Health Network. We used multiple logistic regression to assess associations between survivor demographics, clinical factors, and healthcare utilization and odds of sustained PCP engagement in care, defined as having at least one ambulatory visit per year with a family or internal medicine provider. Results: There were 638 survivors who met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 122 died within the six-year post-diagnosis period and were excluded from analysis. Our analytic sample included 516 survivors who were primarily female (88.4%), white (75.0%), non-Hispanic (95.7%) stage 1 (50.6%) breast cancer survivors (69.2%) with a mean age of 60.7 years. Most (84.7%) survivors lived in an urban area at the time of diagnosis. In years 5-7 post-diagnosis, PCPs were engaged in care for 43% of survivors. Survivors with sustained PCP-engagement were on average 4.6 years older than those without (p&lt;0.0001); survivors had 1.36 greater odds of having regular PCP visits for each decade increase in their age upon cancer diagnosis (p=0.0030). Survivors were less likely to be lost to PCP follow-up in if they were diagnosed at an earlier stage (p=0.0005) and had at least one visit annually with an oncologist 5-7 years post-diagnosis (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusions: Sustained PCP engagement has been endorsed as critical by survivors, PCPs, and oncologists. In this study, we found that in the 5-7 years post-diagnosis, most (57%) survivors were lost to PCP follow-up. Older survivors, those currently engaged in oncology care, and survivors with earlier stage cancer were less likely to be lost to PCP follow-up, perhaps attributable to higher overall healthcare utilization. Our study may overestimate loss to PCP follow-up since we were unable to assess PCP visits outside of the AHWFB network; however, our findings offer evidence in support of calls for interventions to promote sustained PCP engagement among survivors, including the information, care coordination, and self-management support that survivors and PCPs have consistently reported needing for improved survivorship care and outcomes.

Patient-level factors associated with hemoglobin A1C testing in Alabama Medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes

AimWe evaluated patient-level factors associated with receipt of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing among Alabama Medicaid beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of person-year observations from Medicaid claims data from 2011 to 2020. Adults aged 19–64 years with type 2 diabetes and continuous enrollment in Medicaid for study year and year prior were included. Primary outcomes were ≥ 1 and ≥ 2 HbA1c test(s) per year. We conducted multivariable Poisson regression stratified by Medicaid eligibility reason (disability, poverty) examining the association of study year, demographics, clinical factors, and healthcare utilization with HbA1c testing. ResultsWe analyzed 288,379 observations, 51% with disability-based, 49% poverty-based eligibility. Overall, 57% observations had ≥ 1 HbA1c, 35% had ≥ 2 HbA1c tests. More observations with disability-based than poverty-based eligibility had ≥ 1 (76% vs. 38%) and ≥ 2 HbA1c tests (49% vs. 20%). Patient-level factors were associated with a higher likelihood of having ≥ 1 HbA1c: Black race and older age (disability-based eligibility); year after 2011, female sex, and younger age (poverty-based eligibility); and rurality, insulin use, endocrinology care, diabetes complications, and ambulatory care visits (both groups). ConclusionsJust over one-third of adult Alabama Medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes had ≥ 2 HbA1c tests per year; testing frequency differed by Medicaid eligibility.

Volatile profiling distinguishes Streptococcus pyogenes from other respiratory streptococcal species.

Sore throat is one of the most common complaints encountered in the ambulatory clinical setting. Rapid, culture-independent diagnostic techniques that do not rely on pharyngeal swabs would be highly valuable as a point-of-care strategy to guide outpatient antibiotic treatment. Despite the promise of this approach, efforts to detect volatiles during oropharyngeal infection have yet been limited. In our research study, we sought to evaluate for specific bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOC) biomarkers in isolated cultures in vitro, in order to establish proof-of-concept prior to initial clinical studies of breath biomarkers. A particular challenge for the diagnosis of pharyngitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes is the likelihood that many metabolites may be shared by S. pyogenes and other related oropharyngeal colonizing bacterial species. Therefore, we evaluated whether sufficient metabolic differences are present, which distinguish the volatile metabolome of Group A streptococci from other streptococcal species that also colonize the respiratory mucosa, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus intermedius. In this work, we identified 27 discriminatory VOCs (q-values < 0.05), composed of aldehydes, alcohols, nitrogen-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, ketones, aromatic compounds, esters, ethers, and carboxylic acid. From this group of volatiles, we identify candidate biomarkers that distinguish S. pyogenes from other species and establish highly produced VOCs that indicate the presence of S. pyogenes in vitro, supporting future breath-based diagnostic testing for streptococcal pharyngitis. IMPORTANCE Acute pharyngitis accounts for approximately 15 million ambulatory care visits in the United States. The most common and important bacterial cause of pharyngitis is Streptococcus pyogenesis, accounting for 15%-30% of pediatric pharyngitis. Distinguishing between bacterial and viral pharyngitis is key to management in US practice. The culture of a specimen obtained by a throat swab is the standard laboratory procedure for the microbiologic confirmation of pharyngitis; however, this method is time-consuming, which delays appropriate treatment. If left untreated, S. pyogenes pharyngitis may lead to local and distant complications. In this study, we characterized the volatile metabolomes of S. pyogenes and other related oropharyngeal colonizing bacterial species. We identify candidate biomarkers that distinguish S. pyogenes from other species and provide evidence to support future breath-based diagnostic testing for streptococcal pharyngitis.

Health status and health-care utilization among men recently released from a superjail: a matched prospective cohort study

PurposeContinuity of care and access to primary care have been identified as important contributors to improved health outcomes and reduced reincarceration among people who are justice-involved. While the disproportionate burden of health concerns among incarcerated populations is well documented, less is known about their health service utilization, limiting the potential for effective improvements to current policy and practice. This study aims to examine health status and health care utilization among men recently released from a superjail in a large metropolitan area to better understand patterns of use, risk factors and facilitators.Design/methodology/approachParticipants included adult men (n = 106) matched to a general population group (n = 530) in Ontario, Canada, linked to medical records (88.5% linkage) to examine baseline health status and health utilization three-months post-release. The authors compared differences between the groups in baseline health conditions and estimated the risk of emergency department, primary care, inpatient hospitalization and specialist ambulatory care visits.FindingsSuperjail participants had a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory conditions, mental illness, substance use and injuries. Substance use was a significant risk factor for all types of visits and emergency department visits were over three times higher among superjail participants.Originality/valueThis empirical case is illustrative of an emerging phenomenon in some regions of the world where emergency departments serve as de facto “walk-in clinics” for those with criminal justice involvement. Strategic approaches to health services are required to meet the complex social and health needs and disparities in access to care experienced by men released from custody.

Neighborhood context and children's health care utilization and health outcomes: a comprehensive descriptive analysis of national survey data.

While child health and health care disparities arising from unequal distribution of resources are well documented, a nationally representative inventory of health and well-being for children across the spectrum of opportunity is lacking. Using the nationally representative sample of children from pooled 2013-2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data linked to the census-tract-level Child Opportunity Index 2.0, a composite measure of neighborhood health, education, and socioeconomic conditions, we describe US children's socioeconomic characteristics, health care utilization and expenditures across the spectrum of child neighborhood opportunity levels. We found that neighborhood level of child opportunity was associated with almost all of children's health status, health care utilization, expenditures, access to care, and satisfaction with care outcomes. Children living in lower-opportunity neighborhoods had the highest rates of poor physical and mental health status and fewest ambulatory care visits but accounted for the highest share of emergency department visits. Their parents were also least likely to report having positive experiences with health care, good communication with providers, and easy access to care. Our findings underscore the myriad harms to children of gaps in health, education, and financial resources at the community level and provide targets for public investments to improve child-focused outcomes.

A comparison of electronic health records and the Oregon state immunization registry for human papilloma virus vaccine delivery (2005–2022)

IntroductionImmunization Information Systems (IIS) play an important information-sharing role at the point of care, and provide vital vaccination data for research studies and policy-makers. Previous validation studies comparing the accuracy of state registry data to health records have had mixed results. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of EHR vaccination data for 9–17 year-old patients from 10 Oregon primary care clinics who had at least one ambulatory care visit in the past 3 years from the date of validation data collection. Data on 100 age eligible youth were captured per clinic. We compared HPV and Tdap vaccinations captured in the EHR to the Oregon ALERT IIS. All clinics were located in rural areas with both family medicine (n = 7) and pediatric (n = 3) primary care clinics. ResultsOverall agreement for HPV vaccination between EHR and ALERT IIS was 89.4 % (k = 0.83; p < 0.05). For Tdap vaccination overall agreement was 80.8 % (k = 0.60; p < 0.05). Pediatric clinics showed a higher overall vaccine agreement for both HPV at 93.3 % (k = 0.89; p < 0.05) and Tdap at 95.3 % (k = 0.90; p < 0.05). Among clinics that used bidirectional data exchange (only family medicine clinics), HPV agreement was higher at 91 % (k = 0.85) versus 88 % (k = 0.81; p < 0.05) and was lower for Tdap 75 % with bidirectional data exchange (k = 0.50) versus 86 % without bidirectional data exchange (k = 0.70; p < 0.05). When the EHR and ALERT IIS disagreed, ALERT ISS usually had additional vaccines. ConclusionsALERT IIS data provides more accurate data than EHRs can provide when measuring vaccine delivery among adolescents in rural Oregon.

Still no differences in the length or scope of primary and ambulatory care for Medicaid and commercial patients.

Many seek to improve the quality of primary care in the United States, particularly for Medicaid patients. This paper revisits the question of whether Medicaid patients receive less primary care, such as the length or scope of services per visit, than commercial patients. Analyses of 2016-2019 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data, the most recent available, find there were no significant differences in the average length of ambulatory care visits, or of primary care visits in particular, between Medicaid and commercial care, nor differences in the scope, based on the number of diagnostic and treatment services, health education topics covered, or the number of medications prescribed in the visit. Only small differences were found for uninsured patients. The duration and scope of ambulatory and primary care visits were primarily related to the characteristics of patients, visits, and the physicians' practices. To improve primary and ambulatory care for disadvantaged patients, it may be more important to focus on increasing access to care by reducing insurance and cost-related barriers and on broad-based efforts to improve quality.

210-LB: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outcomes of Patients with Diabetes in Colombia

Objective: Aside the direct health implications of COVID-19, pandemic has had multiple consequences, especially in chronic patients. This paper aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality and the search for health care of patients with diabetes in Colombia. Methods: Nationwide ecological panel study of secondary data from the Colombian official records of mortality and medical attentions due to diabetes between 2015 and 2021. Hospitalizations, ambulatory and emergency care visits, as well as death rates were assessed once adjusted by the availability of specialized health institutions and rurality. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mortality rate from diabetes increased by 30.4% (pre-pandemic average by semester: 7.73 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants; pandemic average: 10.08 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), the average rate of medical attention increased by 67.2% (pre-pandemic: 3163 per 100.000; pandemic: 5290 per 100.000), in which, ambulatory care arose by 44.6% and hospitalizations by 42.3%. Rurality was inversely associated with health visits, and the availability of tertiary care institutions was associated with both diabetes mortality and medical consultations. Conclusions: Beyond the direct effect of the COVID-19 virus on patients with diabetes, their overall health outcomes worsened during pandemic. Availability of high specialized health facilities is related to the number of medical consultations, which suggests that people who did not have access to specialized health services were neglected. Actual and total impact of COVID-19 pandemic in patients with diabetes remains unclear. Disclosure J. Moreno-montoya: None. S. Ballesteros: None. J. De la hoz-valle: None.

Concomitant use of levothyroxine and interacting medications in U.S. ambulatory care visits

BackgroundLevothyroxine (LT4) is the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States. It is a narrow therapeutic index medication, and thus can be impacted by drug-drug interactions, which are primarily available over-the-counter. The prevalence and associated factors with concomitant interacting drugs with LT4 is limited since over-the-counter products are not routinely captured in many drug databases. ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the concomitant use of LT4 with interacting drugs at ambulatory care visits in the United States. DesignA cross-sectional analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) from 2006 to 2018 was completed. Setting and participantsAmbulatory care visits in the United States involving adult patients with a LT4 prescription were included in the analysis. Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was initiation or continuation of a selected concomitant interacting drug which impacts LT4 absorption (e.g., proton pump inhibitor) in a patient visit in conjunction with LT4. ResultsThe authors analyzed 372,942,000 visits (weighted from a sample of 14,880) with a reported LT4 prescription. Concomitant use of interacting drugs with LT4 occurred in 24.4% of visits in which 80% of interacting drugs were proton pump inhibitors. Ages 35-49 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.59), 50-64 years (aOR, 2.27), and ≥65 years (aOR, 2.87) compared to 18-34 years, female (aOR 1.37) versus males, and visits in 2014 or later (aOR, 1.27) versus 2006-2009 were associated with increased odds of concomitant interacting drug use in multivariable analysis. ConclusionAt ambulatory care visits between 2006 and 2018, concomitant use of LT4 and interacting drugs impacted one-quarter of patient visits. Increased age, females, and visits later in the study period were associated with increased odds for concomitant interacting drugs. Additional work is needed to identify downstream consequences of concomitant use.

Trends in Prescribing of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Medications in the US Ambulatory Care Setting From 2006 to 2016

While opioid prescribing has significantly decreased from a peak in 2012, less is known about the national utilization of non-opioid analgesics such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (APAP) in the context of the opioid crisis. The objective of this study is to characterize the prescribing trends of NSAIDs and APAP in the US ambulatory care setting. We conducted repeated cross-sectional analyses using the 2006–2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. NSAID-involved visits were defined as patient visits among adults in which NSAIDs were ordered, supplied, administered, or continued. We used similarly-defined APAP visits as a referent group for context. After excluding aspirin and other NSAID/APAP combination products containing opioids, we calculated the annual proportion of NSAID-involved visits among all ambulatory visits. We conducted trend analyses using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for years, patient, and prescriber characteristics. From 2006 to 2016, there were 775.7 million NSAID-involved visits and 204.3 million APAP-involved visits. Most NSAIDs-involved visits were from patients aged 46–64 years (39.6%), female (60.4%), White (83.2%), and having commercial insurance (49.0%). There were significant increasing trends for the proportion of NSAID-involved visits (8.1–9.6%) and APAP-involved visits (1.7–2.9%) (both P < .0001). We observed an overall increase in NSAID and APAP-involved visits in US ambulatory care settings from 2006 to 2016. This trend may be attributed to decreasing opioid prescribing and raises safety concerns related to acute or chronic NSAID and APAP use. PerspectiveThis study shows an overall increasing trend in NSAID use reported in nationally representative ambulatory care visits in the United States. This increase coincides with previously reported significant decreases in opioid analgesic use, particularly after 2012. Given the safety concerns related to chronic or acute NSAID use, there is a need to continue monitoring the use trends of this class of medication.