Amberlite CG-50 Research Articles

Investigation of the Inhibition Effects of Some Antidepressants on Lactoperoxidase Enzyme

Lactoperoxidase (LPO) (E.C.1.11.1.7), which is a component of human and animal milk, is an oxidoreductase that is found in milk, saliva and tears, especially protecting the gut systems and mammary glands of newborns. In this study, Bovine LPO enzyme was purified 447.57 times with 35.24% yield and 31.33 EU / mg protein specific activity using Amberlite CG-50 H + resin and affinity chromatography. Enzyme activity was measured using ABTS as a chromogenic substrate (pH 6.0). After purification the in vitro effects of some antidepressants (Sodium valproate, mirtazapine, risperidone) were investigated on lactoperoxidase. Ki values for these antidepressants were found as 296.4±119.3 µM and 0.90±0.40 µM, respectively. Sodium valproate did not show an inhibition effect on LPO. Risperidone exhibited noncompetitive inhibition, mirtazapine showed competitive inhibition.

Effects of Resin Chemistries on the Selective Removal of Industrially Relevant Metal Ions Using Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization.

Wafer-enhanced electrodeionization (WE-EDI) is an electrically driven separations technology that occurs under the influence of an applied electric field and heavily depends on ion exchange resin chemistry. Unlike filtration processes, WE-EDI can be used to selectively remove ions even from high concentration systems. Because every excess ion transported increases the operating costs, the selective separation offered by WE-EDI can provide a more energy-efficient and cost-effective process, especially for highly concentrated salt solutions. This work reports the performance comparison of four commonly used cation exchange resins (Amberlite IR120 Na+, Amberlite IRP 69, Dowex MAC 3 H+, and Amberlite CG 50) and their influence on the current efficiency and selectivity for the removal of cations from a highly concentrated salt stream. The current efficiencies were high for all the resin types studied. Results also revealed that weak cation exchange resins favor the transport of the monovalent ion (Na+) while strong cation exchange resins either had no strong preference or preferred to transport the divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). Moreover, the strong cation exchange resins in powder form generally performed better in wafers than those in the bead form for the selective removal of divalent ions (selectivity > 1). To further understand the impact of particle size, resins in the bead form were ground into a powder. After grinding the strong cation resins displayed similar behavior (more consistent current efficiency and preference for transporting divalent ions) to the strong cation resins in powder form. This indicates the importance of resin size in the performance of wafers.

Speciation, Preconcentration and Determination of Inorganic Chromium Species in Spring, Drinking, and Waste Water Samples

In general, chromium is existed in stable oxidation states, such as Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the environment. While a certain amount of Cr(III) is required for human metabolism, Cr(VI) is known to have toxic and carcinogenic effects for all living species. Chromium compounds are widely used in different fields, such as electroplating, dyeing, photographic and textile industries. Owing to this reason, it and its compounds can easily interfere with the water resources. Because of differences in toxicity, it is important to develop a sensitive analytical method for the speciation, preconcentration and determination of chromium species in the water resources. In this work, speciation and preconcentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were performed using Amberlite CG-120 resin before detection step by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The experimental conditions for model solutions were optimized so that Cr(III) was adsorbed in a column while Cr(VI) was not. To perform this, some experimental parameters, such as pH, eluent’ type/concentration/flow rate, sample solution flow rate and adsorbent amount were optimized. Furthermore, Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) to determine total chromium. Then, Cr(VI) was calculated by the differences between total chromium and Cr(III). The limit of detection (3 s) and preconcentration factor were found to be 0.3 μg L–1 and 600, respectively. This proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of inorganic chromium species in the different spring waters supplied from Isparta province (Eyupler Village), Burdur province (Aglasun County), the commercial drinking water samples purchased from local market in Burdur province, and the waste water supplied from Isparta province (Suleyman Demirel Organized Industrial Region) at Turkey. The accuracy of the method was successfully checked by certified reference material (TMDA-70.2 Ontario Lake water) at 95% confidence level.

Separation/Preconcentration and Determination of Lead(II) in Drinking, Spring and Lake Water Samples

Pb(II) ions were separated/preconcentrated and detected by a two-step preconcentration method (Amberlite CG-120 resin and slotted quartz tube (SQT) flame atomic absorption). The first preconcentration step was the adsorption of Pb(II) on Amberlite CG-120 resin in the drinking, spring and lake water samples before detection and then its elution using 5 mL of 3 M nitric acid. The second preconcentration step was conducted using SQT device with flame atomic absorption detection. Using a two-step preconcentration method, enrichment factor of 560 was found and detection and quantitation limits were 0.23 and 0.8 µg/L, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested by analysis of standard reference material (Environmental Matrix Reference Material, Lake Water, TMDA-70.2) at a 95% confidence level.

Separation and Preconcentration of Cobalt(II) from Water Samples with Amberlite CG-120 Resin

A selective solid-phase extraction method has been developed for the preconcentration and separation of trace amounts of Co(II). The method was based on the adsorption of Co(II) ions on the Amberlite CG-120 resin. The adsorbed Co(II) ions on the resin were eluted by 4 mol/L HCI and then they were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Various experimental conditions, such as pH, type and concentration of eluent, the flow rate of sample and eluent solution, amount of resin, and sample volume were investigated to obtain better sensitivity and effective separation of trace levels of the Co(II) ions. Moreover, the interference effects of some ions on the recovery of Co(II) were also investigated. The developed method was applied for the determination of Co(II) ions in drinking and wastewater samples. The enhancement factor (EF) and limit of detection (LOD) values were found to be 25-fold and 9.32 µg/L, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested by the certified reference material of TMDA-70.2 Lake Ontario Water and there was a good agreement between found and certified values at a 95% confidence level.

Insights into the antibacterial activity of cottonseed protein-derived peptide against Escherichia coli.

In the study, antibacterial peptides were separated and identified from cottonseed protein hydrolysates and the interactions between antibacterial peptides and Escherichia coli were further investigated. Firstly, by using a combined strategy of Amberlite CG-50 ion exchange chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, three peptides with antibacterial activity were purified and identified, including HHRRFSLY, KFMPT, and RRLFSDY. Interestingly, HHRRFSLY and RRLFSDY exhibited higher inhibition activity with the IC50 value of 0.26 mg mL-1 and 0.58 mg mL-1 (p < 0.05), respectively. Flow cytometry results showed that the incubation of antibacterial peptides with E. coli could cause damage to the integrity of the E. coli cell membrane. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy results revealed the damage caused to the bacterial cell surface and the leakage of cytoplasmic content by the antibacterial peptides. Molecular docking studies indicated that HHRRFSLY, KFMPT, and RRLFSDY have a good binding affinity to the active sites of the surface protein (OmpF) mainly through a hydrogen bond and salt bridge. The results here showed that the antibacterial peptides derived from cottonseed protein could be used as a good choice for functional foods or related drugs, and also shed light on further studies of antibacterial mechanism.

Separation and Preconcentration of Nickel(II) from Drinking, Spring, and Lake Water Samples with Amberlite CG-120 Resin and Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

In this study, Amberlite CG-120 adsorbent was used for the separation/preconcentration of Ni(II) ions in commercial drinking, spring and lake water samples before detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Various optimization parameters for Ni(II) determination, such as pH, eluent type and concentration, sample and eluent flow rates, amount of adsorbent, were investigated to obtain better sensitivity, accuracy, precision and quantitative recovery. Furthermore, the interference effects of some ions on the recovery efficiency of Ni(II) were also investigated. The optimum experimental parameters were obtained in the case of pH 1; 5 mL of 4 mol L-1 HCl for eluent and 0.3 g for the adsorbent amount. The limit of detection was found to be 0.58 μg L-1 and linearity ranged from 5 to 50 μg L-1. The accuracy of the method was tested by the certified reference material of TMDA-70.2 Ontario Lake Water at a 95% confidence level.

Experimental Determination of Zinc Isotope Fractionation in Complexes with the Phytosiderophore 2'-Deoxymugeneic Acid (DMA) and Its Structural Analogues, and Implications for Plant Uptake Mechanisms.

The stable isotope signatures of zinc and other metals are increasingly used to study plant and soil processes. Complexation with phytosiderophores is a key reaction and understanding the controls of isotope fractionation is central to such studies. Here, we investigated isotope fractionation during complexation of Zn2+ with the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugeneic acid (DMA), and with three commercially available structural analogues of DMA: EDTA, TmDTA, and CyDTA. We used ion exchange chromatography to separate free and complexed zinc, and identified appropriate cation exchange resins for the individual systems. These were Chelex-100 for EDTA and CyDTA, Amberlite CG50 for TmDTA and Amberlite IR120 for DMA. With all the ligands we found preferential partitioning of isotopically heavy zinc in the complexed form, and the extent of fractionation was independent of the Zn:ligand ratio used, indicating isotopic equilibrium and that the results were not significantly affected by artifacts during separation. The fractionations (in ‰) were +0.33 ± 0.07 (1σ, n = 3), + 0.45 ± 0.02 (1σ, n = 2), + 0.62 ± 0.05 (1σ, n = 3) and +0.30 ± 0.07 (1σ, n = 4) for EDTA, TmDTA, CyDTA, and DMA, respectively. Despite the similarity in Zn-coordinating donor groups, the fractionation factors are significantly different and extent of fractionation seems proportional to the complexation stability constant. The extent of fractionation with DMA agreed with observed fractionations in zinc uptake by paddy rice in field experiments, supporting the possible involvement of DMA in zinc uptake by rice.

Potent Inhibitory Effects of Some Phenolic Acids on Lactoperoxidase.

Lactoperoxidase (LPO) plays a key role in immune response against pathogens. In this study, we examined the effects of some phenolic acids on LPO. For this purpose, bovine milk LPO was purified 380.85-fold with a specific activity of 26.66EU/mg and overall yield of 73.33% by using Amberlite CG-50 H+ resin and CNBr-activated Sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity chromatography. After purification, the in vitro effects of phenolic acids (tannic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid) were investigated on LPO. These phenolic acids showed potent inhibitory effect on LPO. Ki values for these phenolic acids were found as 0.0129nM, 0.132μM, 0.225μM, 0.286μM, 0.333μM, 2.33μM, 10.82μM, 0.076mM, and 0.405mM, respectively. Sinapic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid exhibited noncompetitive inhibition; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid showed uncompetitive inhibition, and other phenolic acids showed competitive inhibition.

Uranium Ions Removal Using Amberlite CG-400 Anion Exchanger Resin in the Presence of Sulfate Anions

Uptake of uranium (VI) ions using an anion exchanger resin, namely amberlite CG-400, was studied through this work in the presence of sulfate anions. Impact of various parameters including pH, contact time, initial concentration of uranium ions and intrusion with different anion contents (phosphate, chloride,sulfate, nitrate and fluoride) was examined on the sorption performance of the resin. An estimation of sorption process was also performed using isotherm and kinetics equations, which led to conformity of Freundlich and pseudo second-order models with experimental data, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 63.29 mg g-1. Presence of various anions species in solution show that uranium sorption using amberlite CG-400 anion exchange resin could strongly be affected.

Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for quantitative analysis of histamine in fish and fishery products

AbstractA high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for quantitative determination and validation of histamine in fish and fishery product samples. Histamine is extracted from fish/fishery products by homogenizing with tri-chloro acetic acid, separated with Amberlite CG-50 resin and C18-ODS Hypersil reversed phase column at ambient temperature (25°C). Linear standard curves with high correlation coefficients were obtained. An isocratic elution program was used; the total elution time was 10 min. The method was validated by assessing the following aspects; specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, recovery, limits of detection, limit of quantification and uncertainty. The validated parameters are in good agreement with method and it is a useful tool for determining histamine in fish and fishery products.

A Novel Method Using Solid-Phase Extraction with Slotted Quartz Tube Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Determination of Manganese in Walnut Samples.

Mn(2+) was separated and preconcentrated using both solid-phase extraction (SPE) and a slotted quartz tube (SQT), and detected by a flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) system. Firstly, Mn(2+) was retained on a column filled with Amberlite CG-120 resin, and then retained Mn(2+) ions on the Amberlite CG-120 resin eluted with 5 mL of 4 mol/L HNO3. This part was called the "first preconcentration step". Furthermore, to determine the Mn(2+) in a walnut sample, the SQT device was also used after the separation and preconcentration of Mn(2+) from the Amberlite CG-120 resin so as to further improve the sensitivity of system. This part was called the "second preconcentration step" in this study. The enrichment factor and limit of detection values were found to be 360 fold and 0.22 μg/L, in turn, after a two-step preconcentration method. The good accuracy of method was confirmed with the use of standard reference material (spinach leaves, NIST-1570a).

Optimized separation procedure for production of no-carrier-added radiomanganese for positron emission tomography

Abstract The natCr(p, xn)-process is a very efficient route for production of 52gMn (T 1/2 = 5.59 d). Based on measurements of distribution coefficients with different media and ion-exchange resins, an optimized chromatographic separation of radiomanganese from natCr with the resin Amberlite CG400 was developed. With this system natCr is eluted first with an acetic acid/methanol 1:1 mixture at room temperature and 52gMn thereafter with 3 M HCl at 50 ℃. Within a separation time of 4 h the method yielded 99.5% of the n.c.a. 52gMn in 2–3 mL of 3 M HCl. An ICP-MS analysis revealed a chromium impurity of 0.07 mg (0.014%) in the n.c.a. 52gMn solution, making this separation method suitable for the production of 52gMn for medical applications like positron emission tomography (PET).

Impact of Some Avermectins on Lactoperoxidase in Bovine Milk

Many macrocyclic lactones, including avermectins, are known to be used as a veterinary drug, agricultural pesticides, and insecticides. Lactoperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) is one of the peroxidases found in milk. Lactoperoxidase has a natural host defense system against micro-organisms and a natural antimicrobial system. In this study, some macrocyclic lactones, including emamectin-benzoate, doramectin, eprinomectin, abamectin, moxidectin-vetranal, and ivermectin were investigated for in vitro inhibitory effects on the bovine lactoperoxidase enzyme, which was purified using amberlite CG-50 H+ resin and sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine-sulphanamide affinity chromatography 344.6-fold, with a yield of 61.1% and a specific activity of 39.11 EU/mg protein. Emamectin-benzoate, doramectin, eprinomectin, abamectin, moxidectin-vetranal, and ivermectin are also known strong antiparasitary properties. In this study, we demonstrated that avermectins have strong lactoperoxidase inhibitory effects. Of these, the emamectin-benzoate was shown to have the most inhibiting effect against lactoperoxidase with Ki value of 6.82 ± 2.60 µM.

Affinity Purification and Immobilization of Chitinase from Bacillus sp.R2

Abstract Bacillus sp. R2 chitinase was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulphate precipitation at 80% saturation, affinity chromatography on swollen crab shell chitin column, and followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100; the enzyme was purified to 14.89-fold and yield of 14.77%, respectively. Furthermore the purified chitinase was subjected to three immobilization techniques on ten various solid carriers;1-physical adsorption immobilization on activated charcoal and silica gel carriers; 2-covalent binding on crab shell chitin and chitosan; 3-Ionic binding on CM-Sepharose, Q-Sepharose, DEAE Cellulose, Amberlite IRC 50, Amberlite CG-120 (NA) and Amberlite CG -4B (OH)respectively. Immobilization results revealed that covalent and ionic binding were the best techniques whereas chitosan, Amberlite IRC50 and chitin gave the highest immobilization yields 72.9, 70.26 and 63.53% with the highest activity yields 63.36, 58.26 and 53.03% respectively. These findings improve the effectiveness of swollen crab shell chitin as matrix for chitinase affinity purification whereas chitin and chitosan as active natural biopolymers for chitinase continuous production through immobilization.

Inhibition profile of a series of phenolic acids on bovine lactoperoxidase enzyme

Lactoperoxidase (LPO) catalyzes the oxidation of numerous of organic and inorganic substrates by hydrogen peroxide. It has very vital activity in the innate immune system by decreasing or stopping the activation of the bacteria in milk and mucosal secretions. This study’s purpose was to investigate in vitro effect of some phenolic acids (ellagic, gallic, ferulic, caffeic, quercetin, p-coumaric, syringic, catechol and epicatechin) on the purified LPO. This enzyme was purified from milk by using different methods such as Amberlite CG-50 resin, CM-Sephadex C-50 ion-exchange and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. LPO was purified 28.7-fold with a yield of 20.03%. We found phenolic acids have inhibition effects on bovine LPO enzyme to different concentrations. Our study showed lower concentrations of caffeic acid, ferulic acid and quercetin exhibited much higher inhibitory effect on enzyme, so these three of them were clearly a more potent inhibitor than the others were. All of compounds were non-competitive inhibitors.

A STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF COPPER (II) IONS UPTAKE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY HUMAN HAIR USING CONDUCTIVITY AND PH MEASUREMENTS

As the search for renewable resources for removal of pollutants from the environment grows, the use of biological sorbents has received a great deal of attention. Biological sorbents such as human hair have been explored due to their ready availability, renewability and effectiveness. This manuscript reports a study of the dynamics of copper(II) ions uptake by human hair using conductivity and pH measurements. The adsorption of these ions demonstrated a logarithmic behaviour, resembling first order kinetics, although the analysis showed a deviation from the first order kinetics. The maximum uptake of 288 µg g -1 was reached after about 120 minutes of static equilibration using a solution of 100 ppm. Interestingly the adsorption seems to be intermediate between a simple chemisorption and ion exchange as evidenced by a deviation from the linearity when conductivity was plotted against the pH measurements. However there was a significant correlation (R 2 = 0.9926) between conductivity and pH in the case of a classical ion exchange resin – Amberlite CG 50.

Extraction of Parquat from Blood by Clinoptilolite

Paraquat is a bipyridyl herbicide and organic divalent cation which due to its high polarity and water solubility cannot be readily extracted by common organic solvents from body fluids. Dithionite color test for qualitative and quantitative determination of paraquat in urine has been proposed and used for many years. Although some methods were proposed for solvent extraction of paraquat from blood, they are less practical in clinical laboratories and lack high extraction recovery. Clinoptilolite is a highly porous natural zeolite with cation-exchange property and high surface area. In the present work, extraction of paraquat from human blood by clinoptilolite was investigated and compared with Amberlite CG-50 I, a well-known weak cation-exchanger. Blood paraquat was adsorbed by adsorbents (clinoptilolite or Amberlite) and extracted from them by saturated sodium chloride solution. Extracted paraquat was spectrophotometrically measured by means of sodium dithionite reagent at 394.5 nm. Recovery, limit of detection, considering signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3, and limit of quantification, regarding S/N of 10, of paraquat extraction by clinoptilolite and Amberlite CG-50 were 81.7% ± 3.4%, 0.58 μg, and 1.93 μg and 83.6% ± 3.2%, 0.49 μg, and 1.63 μg, respectively. Repeatabilities (within-laboratory error) of paraquat extraction by clinoptilolite and Amberlite CG-50 I were 7.1% and 6.3%, respectively.

Adsorption of plant phenols by polystyrene resins

Adsorption of nine plant phenols by nine polystyrene ion-exchange resins was investigated in an experimental model system. The phenols were adsorbed by Amberlite CG-120 more efficiently than any other acidically charged resins tested in this study. They were also taken up by anion exchangers. Among them Dowex 1-X8 was found to show the strongest effect on the adsorption of the phenolic constituents applied. A comparison of the efficiency of plant phenol adsorption between two different types of the synthetic polymers revealed that the basically charged polystyrenes had more prefarable affinities for phenols than cation exchangers. For example, the ratio of the efficiency between Amberlite CG-120 and Dowex 1-X8 was roughly calculated to be 3:7 under the present experimental conditions. The adsorption rate of the test phenols was raised mostly by increasing the amount of the resins added, if they were mixed with effective polymers in the incubation model system.

Photocatalytic properties and electrochemical characteristic of a novel biomimetic oxygenase enzyme photocatalyst iron(II) tetrahydroxymethyl tetra(1,4-dithiin) porphyrazine for the degradation of organic pollutants

A novel photocatalyst iron(II) tetrahydoxymethyl-tetra(1,4-dithiin) porphyrazine (abbreviated as FePz(hmdtn)4) has been successfully synthesized by template method. The prepared FePz(hmdtn)4) was further characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, LC–MS, XPS. FePz(hmdtn)4 supported on an Amberlite CG-400 resin was used as a biomimetic catalyst for the activation of molecular oxygen with visible light to degrade a probe dye compound Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution with the degradation yield in 79% for 24h. By means of cyclic voltammetry, the EHOMO and the ΔEHOMO–LUMO were obtained by comparing the CV and DPV spectra of the metal-free compound with FePz(hmdtn)4, which indicated the central Fe2+ showed strong electron donating property for activating molecular oxygen to degrade organic pollutants. The electrochemical results were further verified by the quantum chemical DPT calculation.