Amazonian Municipalities Research Articles

Small Municipalities in the Amazon under the Risk of Future Climate Change

The focus of this work is on small municipalities (population below 50 thousand inhabitants) that cover around 87% of the territory of the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA). Based on a comprehensive integrated analysis approach using the three components hazard (climate extremes from CMIP6 future scenarios), exposure (directly affected population), and vulnerability (subdimensions of susceptibility and coping/adaptive capacity by using multidimensional indicators), the latter two using current datasets provided by the official Census IBGE 2022, we document a quantitative assessment of the risk R of natural disasters in the BLA region. We evidenced a worrying and imminent intensification of the curve of R in most Amazonian municipalities over the next two 25-year periods. The overall results of the highest proportions of R (total municipalities affected) pointed out the Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, and Maranhão as the main states, presenting projected categories of R high in the near future (2015 to 2039) and very high in the far future (2040 to 2064). The detailed assessment of the susceptibility and coping/adaptive capacity allowed us to elucidate the principal indicators that aggravate the degree of vulnerability: economy, the precariousness of urban infrastructure, medical services, communication, and urban mobility, whose combined factors, unfortunately, reveal a widespread poverty profile along the small Amazonian municipalities. Our scientific findings can assist decision makers in targeted strategies planning and public policies to minimize and mitigate ongoing and future climate change.

Heat waves and mortality in the Brazilian Amazon: Effect modification by heat wave characteristics, population subgroup, and cause of death.

The Brazilian Amazon faces overlapping socio-environmental, sanitary, and climate challenges, and is a hotspot of concern due to projected increases in temperature and in the frequency of heat waves. Understanding the effects of extreme events on health is a central issue for developing climate policies focused on the population's health. We investigated the effects of heat waves on mortality in the Brazilian Amazon, examining effect modification according to various heat wave definitions, population subgroups, and causes of death. We included all 32 Amazonian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The study period was from 2000 to 2018. We obtained mortality data from the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System, and meteorological data were derived from the ERA5-Land reanalysis dataset. Heat waves were defined according to their intensity (90th; 92.5th; 95th; 97.5th and 99th temperature percentiles) and duration (≥2, ≥3, and ≥4 days). In each city, we used a time-stratified case-crossover study to estimate the effects of each heat wave definition on mortality, according to population subgroup and cause of death. The lagged effects of heat waves were estimated using conditional Poisson regression combined with distributed lag non-linear models. Models were adjusted for specific humidity and public holidays. Risk ratios were pooled for the Brazilian Amazon using a univariate random-effects meta-analysis. The pooled relative risks (RR) for mortality from total non-external causes varied between 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.06), for the less stringent heat wave definition, and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04-1.33) for the more stringent definition. The mortality risk rose as the heat wave intensity increased, although the increase from 2 to 3, and 3-4 days was small. Although not statistically different, our results suggest a higher mortality risk for the elderly, this was also higher for women than men, and for cardiovascular causes than for non-external or respiratory ones. Heat waves were associated with a higher risk of mortality from non-external causes and cardiovascular diseases. Heat wave intensity played a more important role than duration in determining this risk. Suggestive evidence indicated that the elderly and women were more vulnerable to the effects of heat waves on mortality.

Socioeconomic (Endogenous) Development Index of Municipalities in Free Trade Areas (FTA) linked to SUFRAMA

The objective was to analyze the regional development of the nine cities covered by the SUFRAMA policy in comparison with nine other Amazonian municipalities not covered by this policy, in order to identify the municipal performance achieved in the face of the Brazilian Amazonian reality. The theoretical foundation of this work is linked to the theory of endogenous development associated with the institutionalist theory of Douglass North and the poles of development in Schumpeter and Perroux. A multivariate factorial data model was used to extract the scores for the construction of indices, using the SPSS statistical tool, version 22, using the factor analysis technique developed similarly to the main components. It was possible to build socioeconomic development indexes and, with that, proceed with the due analysis intrinsic to the epistemological issue of this work. The data showed adequacy to factorial studies and allowed us to observe, in general, the low level of socioeconomic development of the surveyed municipalities, however, with a more favorable situation for the municipalities covered by the SUFRAMA policy.

Science‐based planning can support law enforcement actions to curb deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

AbstractWhile Brazil publicly committed to reduce deforestation in Amazonia at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26), the Brazilian parliament is moving toward weakening environmental laws. Deforestation rates continue ascending, reaching in 2021 the highest value since 2006 (13,235 km2). To overcome this paradox, strategies to curb deforestation are mandatory. The current strategy, “Plano Amazônia 21/22,” prioritizes law enforcement actions to curb illegal deforestation in only 11 Amazonian municipalities. Here, we show that this prioritization is likely to be insufficient since these municipalities account for just 37% of the current deforestation rate. This strategy may also be undermined by the leakage of deforestation actions to unmonitored municipalities. Using a set of spatially explicit datasets integrated into a deforestation‐prediction modeling approach, we propose a science‐based alternative method for ranking deforestation hotspots to be prioritized by law enforcement actions. Our prioritization method accounts for more than 60% of the deforestation, detecting larger deforested areas in both private and public lands, while covering 27% less territory than “Plano Amazônia 21/22.” Optimizing the detection of priority areas for curbing deforestation, as proposed here, is the first step to reducing deforestation rates and comply with the Brazilian legal commitment of 3925 km2 year−1.

National policies encounter municipal realities: A critical analysis of the outcomes of the List of Priority Municipalities in curbing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

At the peak of Amazonian deforestation in the mid-2000s, a suite of initiatives to curb deforestation was implemented, narrowing their scopes to particular agents, critical municipalities, and economic activities and supply chains. The List of Priority Municipalities (LPM) launched in 2008 became a central tenet of these efforts. It requires local agents in listed municipalities to individually and collectively reduce deforestation and implement a comprehensive farm-geocoding registry across the municipality. We combine region-wide spatial–temporal land-cover analysis and census data with in-depth fieldwork to examine the LPM policy at regional and municipal levels, discussing the policy's limitations in inducing effective responses across diverse municipalities. At the regional level, our study presents a new historical-geographic categorization and map of 530 Amazonian municipalities. We propose four regional clusters of municipalities according to patterns of deforestation, agricultural activities, demographic and agrarian structures, emancipation history, and socioenvironmental protection. We draw on this analysis to contextualize the trajectories of the 62 listed municipalities within the region’s moving deforestation frontier and discuss why many of the achievements observed locally have not been replicated regionally. At the municipal level, we investigate four case studies in-depth to unveil the factors underlying the LPM policy mixed outcomes. We discuss how local agents’ responses to the LPM policy are context-specific, reflecting their perception of trade-offs between the economic impacts of sanctions, incentives to collaborate, and potential benefits arising from environmental compliance. We detail and discuss how dynamic macro-political and institutional settings altering law enforcement mechanisms and market incentives interact with subnational environmental governance, either facilitating or inhibiting individual and collective actions locally. Finally, we discuss the role of inter-institutional collaboration and coordination among command-and-control policies, market-oriented initiatives, and incentives for local collective actions in triggering incentives for land-use and governance innovations against deforestation, both locally and regionally.

Merchants of the north: Infrastructure and indebtedness along Brazil's Amazon estuary

Drawing on fieldwork with riverine householders in the Amazonian municipality of Abaetetuba, this article recounts an ongoing struggle against the construction of a fluvial grain terminal by Cargill, the global grain‐trading giant. Over the past two decades, grain‐trading firms have engaged in a publicly subsidized bidding war to expand export infrastructure in the Amazon, harnessing the world's largest river system to flush agricultural commodities on the global market. The so‐called Northern Arc consists of a regional network of private grain terminals, ports, roads, and railways connecting disparate places within a broader landscape of value. This article overlays ethnography with historical analysis to examine the confrontation between a regional project of commodity chain integration and a set of valuations derived from the long‐standing role of commodity exchange in the Amazon. I suggest that the Northern Arc articulates with the sociological legacy of the aviamento: a system of debt‐peonage that structured the circulation of commodities in the basin during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By connecting local understandings of power, circulation, and authority to a new structural position within the global food system, the Northern Arc has galvanized old antagonisms and reflects the history of social conflict along the Amazon estuary.

Effects of the lack of basic public sanitation on the water quality of the Caeté River estuary in northern Brazil

The present study investigated the evolution of the contamination of the estuary of the Caeté River by thermotolerant coliforms over the past decade. The hypothesis tested was that the conditions of the Caeté estuary have worsened over this period due to a combination of population growth and the lack of investment in public sanitation by the local authorities. Samples for hydrological and microbiological analysis were collected at eight sample points in 2013, 2014, 2018, and 2019. The upper sector of the estuary was represented by the samples from P1–P4. This sector is the most urbanized, and the most affected by human activities, with 100% of the samples collected presenting thermotolerant coliform concentrations of over 1,100 MPN 100 mL−1. Conditions were also considered to be “inappropriate” for human use in other areas at certain times of year. Despite being located within a protected area, the implementation of a public sanitation system, proposed in the master plan of the municipality of Bragança almost two decades ago, has yet to be initiated. Compared with the results of previous studies of the Caeté estuary, more than a decade ago, the contamination of the water has increased considerably. Based on the criteria of the current Brazilian legislation, all types of human use of the water are compromised, although socioeconomic activities continue as normal. This situation may eventually impact the health of the local population and affect economic activities. The conditions found in the Caeté estuary appear to be typical of other coastal Amazonian municipalities.

An analysis of the efficiency of public expenditure on education in the Municipalities of the State of Amazonas from 2013 to 2017

Purpose: This article aimed to evaluate the efficiency of public expenditure in the municipalities of the State of Amazonas with primary education in the years 2013 to 2017 by building a ranking of the efficiency of the municipalities relating the results obtained in IDEB by each city in the period, under the counterpart of the values of expenses paid for primary education, the average number of students enrolled in the period, average expenditure per student and GDP per capita of each municipality.
 Methodology: We used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique to evaluate the 37 Amazonian municipalities' efficiency in the sample. The variables analyzed include municipal data on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), number of inhabitants, number of students enrolled, spending on education, and IDEB notes for the period.
 Results: The results showed that only eight municipalities (21.6%) were classified as efficient and that these municipalities were those with the worst starting conditions, in terms of average wealth and educational performance, and that made the lowest expenses per enrolled student, which reaffirms the finding of diminishing returns to scale in education. On the other hand, the least efficient municipalities were those with the best starting condition in terms of GDP per capita and which presented high expenditures per student, but which reached the worst performances in the 2017 IDEB.
 Contributions of the Study: Considering the amounts spent by Amazonian municipalities on primary education, taking into account the size and performance in the IDEB of each city in the period under analysis, the research seeks to demonstrate the efficiency in the application of spending on primary education, providing useful and information for a more qualified and efficient allocation of public resources in education, providing improvements in the social aspects of the population aspects.

Hacer el estado: carreteras, conflicto y órdenes locales en los territorios de las FARC

In August of 2017, as part of the Peace Accords with the Colombian government, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) presented an extensive list of assets to be destined toward the victims of the armed conflict. It included approximately 3,700 kilometers of roads, most of them located in areas of influence of this guerrilla group. In this article, we investigate the type of actors, collaborations, power relations and technologies that made the construction of roads possible in Puerto Guzmán, an Amazonian municipality with a prolonged FARC presence. We argue that the construction and transformation of these infrastructures over time enables us to understand the state as a co-production involving different dynamics and actors, including some antagonistic to the state order.

Perfil clínico e funcional de idosos atendidos em centro de referência em um município do Amazonas

Objetivo: Traçar o perfil clínico e funcional de idosos atendidos em um centro de referência em saúde do idoso. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, retrospectivo e documental, envolvendo 74 prontuários de idosos atendidos em um ambulatório de referência em saúde do idoso, localizado em um município amazonense. Utilizou-se uma ficha de avaliação fisioterapêutica dos usuários, além do Índice de Katz e Índice de Lawton para avaliação da capacidade funcional. Resultados: Os prontuários mostraram um perfil com predomínio de indivíduos considerados idosos jovens, do sexo feminino, caracterizados como independentes tanto pela classificação do índice de Katz, quanto pelo Índice de Lawton, não inseridos no mercado de trabalho, com presença de pelo menos 2 comorbidades e prevalência de doenças reumáticas e traumato-ortopédicas. Conclusão: O perfil do idoso atendido no centro de referência mostra predomínio de idosos jovens, com maior grau de independência funcional e prevalência de doenças reumáticas e traumato-ortopédicas, além de outras comorbidades. Determinar as características da população assistida poderá contribuir para o desempenho efetivo de toda a equipe, além da elaboração de medidas preventivas, intervenções efetivas, assim como o planejamento de políticas públicas em saúde do idoso.

Gênero e alimentação

O estudo em tela visa contribuir, ainda que de forma parcelar e modesta, com o campo da História da Alimentação, evidenciando a percepção social da população amazônica de São Felipe d’Oeste/RO acerca da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SAN. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Núcleo de Extensão em Desenvolvimento Territorial do Território Rural de Identidade Rio Machado (NEDET Rio Machado), sediado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia (IFRO). Seu objetivo principal foi analisar a percepção de segurança alimentar e nutricional de mulheres residentes em São Felipe d’Oeste, município amazônico integrante daquele Território. Buscou-se ainda identificar onde a insegurança alimentar e nutricional tem maior incidência: se na zona urbana ou rural, bem como discutir os fatores que interagem para sua formação e mitigação. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abordagem qualitativa, mediante observação de tipo participante, em campo, e aplicação da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional - EBIA. A amostra compreendeu 2% da população total do referido município, da qual metade foi constituída de mulheres residentes na Zona Rural e a outra metade de mulheres residentes na Zona Urbana. As análises tomaram por base Menezes e Carneiro (1997), Bourdieu (2002), Butler (2017), Kepple e Segall-Corrêa (2011), dentre outros. Os resultados apontam que a insegurança alimentar e nutricional teve incidência maior na zona urbana do que na zona rural, contribuindo para a melhor situação da segunda a forte ocupação das mulheres na agricultura familiar de base agroecológica.

The risk of malaria infection for travelers visiting the Brazilian Amazonian region: A mathematical modeling approach

BackgroundHuman mobility between malaria endemic and malaria-free areas can hinder control and elimination efforts in the Amazon basin, maintaining Plasmodium circulation and introduction to new areas. MethodsThe analysis begins by estimating the incidence of malaria in areas of interest. Then, the risk of infection as a function of the duration of stay after t0 was calculated as the number of infected travelers over the number of arrived travelers. Differential equations were employed to estimate the risk of nonimmune travelers acquiring malaria in Amazonian municipalities. Risk was calculated as a result of the force of the infection in terms of local dynamics per time of arrival and duration of visit. ResultsMaximum risk occurred at the peak or at the end of the rainy season and it was nonlinearly (exponentially) correlated with the fraction of infected mosquitoes. Relationship between the risk of malaria and duration of visit was linear and positively correlated. Relationship between the risk of malaria and the time of arrival in the municipality was dependent on local effects of seasonality. ConclusionsThe risk of nonimmune travelers acquiring malaria is not negligible and can maintain regional circulation of parasites, propagating introductions in areas where malaria has been eliminated.

Indicators of hydrological sustainability, governance and water resource regulation in the Moju river basin (PA) – Eastern Amazonia

Water is one of the natural resources most impacted by the development model adopted in Brazil. This is related to the widespread sense that water is abundant in the country, which makes it difficult to fully engage all levels of government. However, this sense of abundance also obscures the real problems of pollution, demand, availability and water resources conflicts. This study aims to strengthen water management and contribute to the evaluation of the processes of development in the northeast region of the state of Pará. This study uses Hydrographic Basin Sustainability Indices to consider the hydrological, environmental, social and water resources management situation of the Moju River Basin and to suggest a payment model for the use of its water resources. The results indicate that the existing framework of water use regulation is characterized by moderate sustainability and governance scores and a low degree of collection of fees for the use of water. In general, with the increase in the number of enterprises authorized to withdraw water from and release effluents into the river, there is a lack of information about water demand and availability. The water governance framework is characterized by poorly integrated environmental and water management common to most Amazonian municipalities. Thus, the Moju River Basin represents a pattern of unsatisfactory water resources management. This pattern highlights the importance of implementing existing water resources and environmental policies to reduce conflicts that involve land and water use.

Molecular evidence of sustained urban malaria transmission in Amazonian Brazil, 2014-2015.

The relative contribution of imported vs. locally acquired infections to urban malaria burden remains largely unexplored in Latin America, the most urbanised region in the developing world. Here we use a simple molecular epidemiology framework to examine the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax in Mâncio Lima, the Amazonian municipality with the highest malaria incidence rate in Brazil. We prospectively genotyped 177 P. vivax infections diagnosed in urban residents between June 2014 and July 2015 and showed that local parasites are structured into several lineages of closely related microsatellite haplotypes, with the largest genetic cluster comprising 32% of all infections. These findings are very unlikely under the hypothesis of multiple independent imports of parasite strains from the rural surroundings. Instead, the presence of an endemic near-clonal parasite lineage circulating over 13 consecutive months is consistent with a local P. vivax transmission chain in the town, with major implications for malaria elimination efforts in this and similar urban environments across the Amazon.

Gestão e organização da política de educação especial em um município amazonense de grande porte

Mesmo com ampla legislação vigente que assegura uma escola para todos, os sistemas de ensino ainda apresentam dificuldades para o atendimento aos estudantes com deficiência. O presente estudo objetivou descrever e analisar a gestão e a organização da política de Educação Especial em um município amazonense de grande porte. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-analítico, do qual participaram quatro professores e um representante da Gerência de Educação Especial. Os dados foram coletados por meio de roteiros semiestruturados de entrevista e um Protocolo para Análise Documental de Políticas Públicas em Educação Especial. Os dados apontaram para a necessidade de revisão dos processos de gestão e organização da política municipal de Educação Especial, bem como os inúmeros desafios para a efetivação do processo de inclusão escolar dos estudantes público-alvo da Educação Especial na capital amazonense.

A enfermagem na promoção do autocuidado de higiene corporal em escolares da amazônia: relato de experiência

Objetivo: Relatar as ações de educação em saúde desenvolvidas como o incentivo da prática de hábitos de higiene corporal que condizem com a manutenção da saúde e que proporcionam a melhoria da qualidade de vida, para escolares do ensino fundamental, de um município da Amazônia brasileira. Relato de experiência: Estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência em que consistiu na utilização da metodologia da problematização, o desenvolvimento das ações, foram incorporados aos princípios do Arco de Marguerez, que consiste em um exemplo de metodologia ativa. As atividades realizadas aos escolares foram possíveis demonstrar a importância de adquirir hábitos saudáveis relacionados à higiene corporal, onde se verificou que os estímulos ao aprendizado precisam ser incorporados precocemente na infância, a fim de ocasionar mudanças importantes de comportamento para a adoção de práticas adequadas de autocuidado. Considerações finais: Conclui-se que para que a educação em saúde se torne efetiva é necessário o uso de estratégias que envolvam a participação da comunidade escolar e o incentivo ao autocuidado, de forma a propiciar a promoção em saúde.

From frontier governance to governance frontier: The political geography of Brazil’s Amazon transition

The ‘frontier’ is central to a new wave of development scholarship, but the broad deployment of the concept has blurred several key dimensions of frontier development. We focus on the Brazilian Amazon to synthesize classical frontier theory and emerging perspectives with special attention to the role of governance in frontier development. Since 2004, primary deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has declined over 70 percent while agricultural production in the region has increased. Contrary to narratives that view this transition as the result of ‘frontier governance’ – i.e., the imposition of order on a pre-existing frontier – we propose the concept of a ‘governance frontier,’ which recognizes the role of politics in constructing and transforming frontier spaces. This concept politicizes economic accounts of frontier development and spatializes abstract notions of governance. We employ a ‘follow the policy’ methodology to trace the evolution of a governance frontier in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, drawing on original fieldwork across four Amazonian municipalities and inside an environmental non-governmental organization. We show that a key feature of the Amazonian governance frontier has been a distinct geographical configuration of ‘model municipalities’ that function as nodes of policy experimentation, legitimation, and transfer. Our findings support an integration of frontier theory and governance theory in a place-based, political geography approach to regional political-economic transformation, which demands greater attention to the political dimensions of frontiers and to the spatial dimensions of governance. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

A new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the twist-necked turtle Platemys platycephala (Schneider) (Testudines: Chelidae) in Brazil.

A new coccidian species of the genus Isospora Schneider 1881 (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) is reported from a single specimen of chelid turtle, Platemys platycephala (Schneider, 1792), obtained in a flooded area of the Amazonian municipality of Altamira, in Pará State, northern Brazil. The oöcysts of Isospora platemysi n. sp. are subspheroidal, 19.0-24.0 × 22.5-18.5 (22.6 × 20.8) µm in size [length/width ratio 1.0-1.1 (1.1)], with a colourless wall, 1.0-1.9 (1.4) wide, with two smooth layers; polar granule is present, oöcyst residuum and micropyle are both absent. The sporocyst is ovoidal, 10.0-12.1 × 8.0-10.0 (11.0 × 9.1) µm [length/width ratio 1.1-1.3 (1.2), with a knob-like Stieda body. Sub-Stieda body is present, rounded irregular-trapezoidal; para-Stieda body is absent. Sporocyst residuum is dispersed and composed of granules of differing sizes. This is only the fifth record of Isospora in chelonians, and the first report of a coccidian parasite of the genus Platemys.

Soy Moratorium in Mato Grosso: Deforestation undermines the agreement

Brazil is one of the world leaders in replacing forests with agriculture. Agribusiness has responded to international public opinion by introducing the Soy Moratorium, (SoyM), an agreement that aims to inhibit the destruction of forests to plant soy in the Brazilian Amazon. This pressure led to the creation of a joint working group comprised of representatives from the civil society, soy producers, and finally the Brazilian government. In this article, we analyze all the areas that were forested in 2006 and are now planted with soy in the Amazonian municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso. During the period in which we analyzed deforestation between 2009 and 2016, we identified 54 municipalities that were not in compliance with SoyM; a total of 59,972ha had been converted to soy plantation. These results can be ascribed to several reasons, one of which is, essentially, that SoyM has not been able to reach the offending producers. If we consider deforestation starting in 2006, the amount of soy grown in violation of SoyM would be equivalent to an estimated total of 350,000 tons−1, or 9700 truckloads, only in the 2016/17 harvest. Nevertheless, even with these less satisfactory results, SoyM, the first voluntary zero-deforestation agreement implemented in the tropics, should be seen as a commendable initiative to engage all segments, including society, the productive sector, and the government, in this process. It merely needs to be refined, with all the groups involved in discussing new strategies in an international forum.

Green Criminology e prevenção à danos ambientais em áreas protegidas na Amazônia

A era dos extremos foi palco de debates sobre preservação ambiental. As áreas protegidas emergiram nesse cenário como um instrumento protetivo, objetivando resguardar os recursos naturais e o modo de vida das populações tradicionais em uma área geográfica específica. Contudo a simples existência das unidades de conservação não impediram que condutas ilícitas ocasionassem danos a tais espaços. O estudo objetivou a proposição de parâmetros preventivos para controle de infrações ambientais em áreas protegidas análogas, através da identificação do perfil genérico desses espaços protegidos, caracterização das infrações ambientais, e, da identificação dos parâmetros de prevenção à infrações ambientais. A pesquisa possui natureza descritiva, quanto aos seus objetivos, e, documental em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados, abrangendo cinco Unidades de Conservação federais do Município Amazônico de Guajará-Mirim. O estudo evidenciou que: a irregularidade dos aspectos fundiários constitui fator de conflitos em três áreas analisadas, influenciando diretamente nas pressões e ameaças das unidades de conservação; não há demarcação dos limites físicos nos espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos da amostra; 60% da amostra possui emergências ambientais, totalizando 15.586 hectares de queimadas e 281 hectares de desmatamento; há insuficiência de recursos humanos, pois a gestão das unidades de conservação é realizada em 80% da amostra por uma única pessoa, responsáveis por realizar as ações críticas de proteção e prevenção de atividades ilegais na área protegida; foram lavrados 21 autos de infrações ambientais, motivados por ações planejadas, denúncias e planos de fiscalização estabelecidos; nos registros pesquisados, inexiste autos de infração em três das cinco unidades de conservação da amostra, predominando ilícitos relacionados à fauna; e, quanto a autoria, o gênero masculino predominou em 81% dos registros. Verificou-se três parâmetros de prevenção à infrações ambientais: ações de fiscalização ao capital natural em áreas protegidas; regularização fundiária, enquanto instrumento de justiça ambiental; e educação ambiental enquanto modo de percepção da infração ambiental através da compreensão situacional. Concluiu-se que somente a implantação das unidades de conservação não legitima a preservação ambiental. Prevenção a danos ambientais são e serão, sempre, a forma mais eficaz de controlar os impactos negativos ao ambiente.