Amanita Vaginata Research Articles

Inoculation With Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Dark Septate Endophytes Contributes to the Resistance of Pinus spp. to Pine Wilt Disease.

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a deadly disease to pines (Pinus spp.) worldwide. The occurrence of PWD can reduce the relative abundance of root ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE). However, the effects of exogenous ECMF/DSE inoculation on the rhizosphere microbial community structure of Pinus tabulaeformis infected by pine wood nematode (PWN) is little known. Here, we tested how ECMF/DSE may improve resistance to PWD by quantifying microbial carbon biomass and soil enzymatic activity among different treatments at 6 and 9 months after PWN infection. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to study the microbial community structure at 3, 6, and 9 months after PWN infection in the rhizosphere of P. tabulaeformis seedlings inoculated with ECMF/DSE. The results showed that exogenous ECMF/DSE inoculation reduced the disease severity caused by PWN infection. After PWN infection, the rhizosphere microbial carbon of seedlings inoculated with Amanita vaginata, Suillus bovinus, Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus, and Paraphoma chrysanthemicola was 38.16, 49.67, 42.11, and 96.05% higher than that of the control group, respectively. Inoculation of ECMF/DSE inhibited the decrease of rhizosphere microbial biomass caused by PWN infection. The richness and diversity of P. tabulaeformis rhizosphere fungi at 9 months were reduced by PWN infection but partially recovered by the exogenous fungi (ECMF/DSE) inoculation except for P. chrysanthemicola, which indicates a role of ECMF/DSE in maintaining stability of the microbial community. Inoculation with ECMF/DSE increased the beneficial bacterial (Thauera sp., Mesorhizobium sp., etc.) and fungal groups (Tomentella ellisii, Wilcoxina mikolae, etc.) of in the rhizosphere. In summary, exogenous ECMF/DSE inoculation could increase P. tabulaeformis resistance to PWD probably by improving the rhizosphere microenvironment.

Implications of ectomycorrhizal inoculation for drought stress tolerance of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings

Background: Ectomycorrhizal inoculation is a promising strategy to minimise the initial transplant shock and increase plant survival and growth during the first years of out-planting in the field. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sporal inoculum of three ectomycorrhizal fungi: Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla on tolerance levels of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings subjected to applied drought stress in nursery conditions. Methods: Carpophores, seeds and organic forest soil were collected under pure stands of Atlas cedar. After fifteen months of growth, seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for thirty days; we assessed morphological and physiological variables of all seedling batches (inoculated and uninoculated, controlled and stressed seedlings) Results: All roots of inoculated stressed seedlings were mycorrhizal. The mycorrhization rates were 67%, 64.6% and 53.6% for stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata, Inocybe geophylla, respectively. This root mycorrhization was accompanied by a significant improvement in seedling growth, especially height and length of the main root (10.2 cm, 52 cm) reached in stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum. There was a significant increase in relative water content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars and starch, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxydase enzyme activities in inoculated stressed seedlings compared with uninoculated seedlings. Conclusions: Inoculation of Atlas cedar seedlings with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi remains a very effective alternative for improving growth and the morphological and physiological status of seedlings under drought conditions. Cortinarius cedretorum appears to be consistently advantageous followed by Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla.

Some minerals and fatty acid compositions of five different wild edible mushrooms species collected in Tokat and Yozgat provinces in Turkey

The present study was made to determine the fatty acids composition and some minerals of five wild edible mushrooms species (Agaricus benesii (Pilát) Pilát, Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam., Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray, Macrolepiota phaeodisca Bellù, Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst.). Mushroom specimens, which were our research material, were collected from different localities in Tokat and Yozgat provinces. The minerals were examined in atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) and fatty acids were detected by Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry system (GC-MS) on dried mushrooms samples. In the result of analyses, six different minerals (Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al) and six different fatty acids (pentadecanoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid) have been identified. The dominant fatty acid in basidiocarps of A. benesii and M. phaeodisca was linoleic acid (C18:2), and was determined as 62.58%, 45.02%, respectively. The dominant fatty acid in basidiocarps of A. vaginata, L. aurantiacum and S. imbricatus was oleic acid (C18:1), and was determined as 54.32%, 46.98% and 48.67%, respectively. The most abundant mineral in basidiocarp of S. imbricatus was Zinc (Zn) with 112.29 mg/kg. Also it was found that aluminium (Al) was the most abundant mineral in other ones with quantities ranging from 93.77–3349.02 mg/kg.

Metal concentrations of wild mushroom species collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey) with their health risk assessments.

Wild edible mushrooms are very popular for both their flavors and nutritional values. However, some mushroom species can be harmful to human health as they accumulate some elements in excessive amounts. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Se, and Zn of some wild edible (Agaricus arvensis, A. bitorquis, A. sylvaticus, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Clitocybe nebularis, Clitopilus prunulus, Hygrophorus marzuolus, H. russula, Lactarius volemus, Lycoperdon molle, and Macrolepiota mastoidea) and non-edible mushroom species (A. citrina, Auricularia mesenterica, Chanterellus melanoxeros, Chondrostereum purpureum, Clathrus ruber, L. controversus, L. helvus, and L. zonarius) collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey). Daily intakes of element (DIE) and health risk index (HRI) values of the edible mushroom species were also calculated. The concentrations of the elements in question were determined to be in the ranges of 9.7-556.8, 2.5-2226.7, 0.06-2.52, 0.03-13.17, 3.74-100.19, 13.3-507.4, 2635.0-28614.0, 493.0-2412.0, 6.97-3150.73, 0.29-13.26, 0.38-3.67, and 9.1-293.8 mg/kg, respectively. The Cd concentration of H. russula (DIE: 1.08, HRI: 1.08), Cr concentration of C. nebularis (DIE: 5.64, HRI: 1.88), and the Cu concentration of M. mastoidea (DIE: 42.94, HRI: 1.07) were above the reference values. The results showed that the long-term consumption of H. russula, C. nebularis, and M. mastoidea collected from Belgrad forest can have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, it was concluded that the element concentrations of edible wild mushrooms in this region should be examined periodically.

Metal concentration and health risk assessment of wild mushrooms collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey.

Mushrooms are rich sources of organic nutrients (especially proteins). However, they can excessively accumulate metals in their fruiting bodies that pose a risk to human health. The aim of this study was the determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents, daily intake, and health risk index values of some mushroom species collected from the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey (Arsin, Trabzon). The samples were collected from hazelnut gardens that are free from industrial pollution and have a low population density. As a result of elemental analysis, it was determined that the concentration ranges of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the mushrooms were as follows: 0.29-9.11, 0.04-3.70, 0.01-8.29, 0.18-20.82, 3.1-79.8, 5.2-673.0, 14.9-752.0, 63.0-7769.0mg/kg dry weight. Daily intakes of all the elements were found to be below the reference dose in Fistulina hepatica, Hydnum repandum, Macrolepiota procera, and Tapinella atrotomentosa. Amanita caesarea, Agrocybe praecox, Amanita vaginata, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Daedalea quercina, Gymnopus dryophilus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Infundibulicybe gibba were found to have high risk index values especially with respect to Cd, Co, and Pb. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the correlations between Fe-Mn (0.840, p < 0.01) and Pb-Ni (0.7540, p < 0.01) couples are significant.

Distribution studies on wild mushroom species from district Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Present study was carried out in the Poonch District Azad Jammu and Kashmir targeting mushroom special flora found in their natural habitat around the year. Mushrooms were collected, preserved and identified during survey. Mushrooms Pilus lamella, stipe values were measured. The major identified species were Agaricus arvensi, Amanita vaginata, A. fulva, Cantharellus cinereus, Coprinus micaceus, C. comatus, C. domesticus, Cycoperdon perlatum, Daedalea quercina, Helvella crispa, Hygrophuorus melizeus, Lepista nuda, Lactarius turpis, Marasmius alliaceus, Panaeolus campanulatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, and Tricholoma ustaloides.This study reveals mushroom flora and species diversity as important component of the natural environment in District Poonch Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Ectomycorrhizal Amanita Species Associated with Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks.

Worldwide genus Amanita is represented by more than 500 ectomycorrhizal (ECM) species. These species form mutualistic associations with a number of host trees among which the conifers predominate. Set out to explore the ECM associations of Amanita in Kashmir Himalayas, Amanita calyptroderma, Amanita pantherina and Amanita vaginata show symbiotic associations with the roots of Pinus wallichiana. Besides morphological characterization of mycorrhizal roots and sporocarps, molecular characterization of rDNA ITS region was performed for identification of species. ITS-rDNA was used for molecular analysis. The target region of rDNA was amplified using universal fungal primers (ITS1 and ITS4). The sequencing of amplified products and their subsequent blast analysis confirmed the identification of species by comparing the sequences of these species with sequences present in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed the identification of species.

Mercury in the Grisette, Amanita vaginata Fr. and soil below the fruiting bodies

This study examined the mercury concentration in the Grisette Amanita vaginata Fr. and soil below the fruiting bodies collected between 2000 and 2008 from the wild at seven distant sites across Poland. The Hg content in samples was determined by cold atomic absorption method (CV-AAS) at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. Mean Hg contents varied from 0.096 ± 0.052 to 0.48 ± 0.13 mg kg−1 dry matter (dm) in caps (range, 0.043–0.73 mg kg−1), from 0.047 ± 0.02 to 0.23 ± 0.07 mg kg−1 dm (range, 0.028–0.47 mg kg−1) in stipes, and in underlying soil were from 0.035 ± 0.018 to 0.096 ± 0.036 mg kg−1 dm (range, 0.017 to 0.16 mg kg−1). The median Qc/s values ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 (mean 1.2 ± 0.4 to 2.1 ± 0.5) indicating that Hg content in stipes was generally lower than in caps. This mushroom species has some potential to bioconcentrate Hg in the fruiting bodies, as the values of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) varied for the sites between 1.2 ± 0.6 to 11 ± 5 for caps and 0.61 ± 0.26 to 7.4 ± 3.9 for stipes. Also available literature data on Hg in A. vaginata are reviewed and discussed.

Tribal Relation to Spatio-Temporal Variation of Wild Mushrooms in Eastern Lateritic Part of India

Mushroom is one of the most significant biodiversity components for both ecological and economic point of view. It deserves not only the good sources of nutrients, medicine but also has key function in nutrient recycling and niche for several animal resources. Eastern lateritic part of India with its distinct seasonality and undulated topography, harbours mosaic macro fungal resources on the forest floors with distinct spatio-temporal variation. Among 18 species related to tribal use, the most usable species were Astraeus hygrometricus Amanita vaginata var. alba , Amanita banangiana , Russula Nigerians , Termitomyces eurhizus , Termitomyces microcarpus etc. During monsoon and post monsoon period, second half of August is the optimum time for 11 wild edible mushrooms. Out of total production 47.2% production was taken place at that time. These regions with its tribal population, especially the Santals in the forest fringes, were very potential for traditional knowledge related to mushrooms. This paper deals with ethnic pattern of utilization in relation to spatio-temporal distribution of macro fungal diversity, its habitat and traditional tribal knowledge in ecology, use and others.

Role of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidative enzymes in Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings inoculated with Amanita vaginata and/or Rhizoctonia solani

The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita vaginata can control damping off (Rhizoctonia solani) and promote growth of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether reactive oxygen species and antioxidative enzymes play a role in preventing damping off in ectomycorrhizal roots. Two months after P. tabulaeformis roots were inoculated with A. vaginata, the roots were inoculated with R. solani. During the early stages (2–96 h) of R. solani infection, the quantity and localisation of hydrogen peroxide and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were evaluated. A burst of hydrogen peroxide occurred in ectomycorrhizal roots and in non-ectomycorrhizal roots when attacked by R. solani. In ectomycorrhizal roots, hydrogen peroxide production peaked 12 h after R. solani inoculation, which coincided with an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, whereas in non-ectomycorrhizal roots, hydrogen peroxide production peaked 24 h after R. solani inoculation and did not coincide with changes in superoxide dismutase or catalase activity. The imbalanced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase might cause excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and consequent damage to cell walls. Electron microscopy revealed that there was a positive correlation between hydrogen peroxide levels and the number of amyloplasts, with seedlings inoculated with A. vaginata and/or R. solani showing higher levels. These results indicated that A. vaginata inoculation enhanced damping off resistance and stimulated seedling growth, which may be due to the activation of a burst of hydrogen peroxide and its scavenging enzymes and the production of biochemical substances such as amyloplasts.

Diversity of macrofungal genus Russula and Amanita in Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Kashmir Himalayas

Pala SA, Wani AH, Mir RA. 2012. Diversity of macrofungal genus Russula and Amanita in Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Kashmir Himalayas. Biodiversitas 13: 65-71. The Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary that extends over an area of 114 km2 lies in the Pir Panjal range at a distance of 70 km in south-west of summer capital Srinagar. It is rich in biodiversity including macrofungal diversity. The Sanctuary has been subjected to high ecological and anthropogenic disturbance due to the construction of Mughal road which is major threat for its biodiversity. Since there is hardly any report of documentation of macrofungi from this sanctuary. In this back drop a survey was carried out during the year 2010 and 2011 to explore and invetorise macrofungal diversity of the sanctuary. During thesurvey a no of macrofungi were documented, among which Amanita and Russula were dominant genus represented by 7 species each. All the 14 species viz. Amanita ceciliae (Berk. &amp; Broome) Bas. Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk., Amanita muscaria var. formosa Pers., Amanita pantherina (Fr.) Krombh., Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link., Amanita vaginata (Bull. ex Fr.) Vitt., Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertillon, Russula aeruginea Fr., Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britz., Russula aurea Pers., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr., Russula delica Fr. Russula emetica (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Gray. and Russula nobilis Velen. are ectomycorrhizal in nature and among them Russula aeruginea Fr. is reported first time from the Kashmir.

Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on damping-off and induction of pathogenesis-related proteins in Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings inoculated with Amanita vaginata

The formation of mycorrhiza on Pinus tabulaeformis (Pt) seedlings by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF), the protective effect of the ECMF on damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins) induced by Amanita vaginata and/or R. solani in Pt seedlings were investigated. The results indicated that: (i) among the 10 ECMF tested, five species (Gomphidius viscidus, Suillus laricinus, Suillus tomentosus, A. vaginata and Basidiomycetes no. 058) formed mycorrhiza with Pt seedlings. There was a positive correlation between mycorrhizal colonization levels and protective effects (r = 0.9207). Among the five species, A. vaginata had the highest colonization level and the best protective effect against damping-off; however, G. viscidus had no protective effect even though it had a high mycorrhization level. (ii) Chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and PR-proteins in the seedlings were not induced by A. vaginata colonization, but were induced when A. vaginata-mycorrhizal seedlings were attacked by R. solani. It is possible that chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and 108, 97, 78, 44, 37 and 14-kDa PR-proteins induced both by A. vaginata and R. solani protect Pt seedlings from R. solani infection.

Род Amanita (Agaricales) в Сибири. I. Редкие и новые таксоны из Красноярского края

The article presents information on 3 taxa of the family Amanitaceae (Agaricales) collected in the southern part of Krasnoyarsk Territory in the zone of southern taiga forests of Siberia and the insular steppes. The complete descriptions and images of fruit bodies and their microscopic structures are given. Amanita nana Singer is reported for the first time to Russia. Two new forms are described: Amanita vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Quél. f. radicans Kutafjeva, and Amanita muscaria (L.) Hooker f. beglyanovae Kutafjeva.

Characterisation of esterolytic activity from two wild mushroom species, Amanita vaginata var. vaginata and Tricholoma terreum

Abstract Characterisation of esterase activities from the edible mushroom species, Amanita vaginata var. vaginata and Tricholoma terreum , were investigated. Native electrophoresis of the crude extracts prepared from both mushroom samples showed the presence of esterolytic activities. The extracts had the greatest activity in the presence of p -nitrophenyl butyrate ( p NPB) as a substrate. pH and temperature optima were found to be 8.0 and 30 °C for both enzymes, respectively. V max and K m values were determined as 14.2 U/l and 71 μM for A. vaginata var. vaginata and 34.6 U/l and 9.6 μM for T. terreum , respectively. The pH-stability profile showed a stationary line between 3.0 and 10.0 for both enzymes. The esterolytic activities from the extracts were maintained between 10 and 40 °C for 4 h and started to decrease at 50 °C. The effects of EDTA, NaN 3 , DTT and PMSF on the enzyme activity were also investigated.

Fatty acid profiles of polar and neutral lipids of ten species of higher basidiomycetes indigenous to eastern Canada

Neutral and polar lipid contents of ten species of edible mushrooms indigenous to Eastern Canada belonging to the families Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Coprinaceae, Ganodermataceae, and Lycoperdaceae were analysed. The total lipid content of the species analysed ranged from 3.1 % ( Ganoderma applanatum) to 16 % (w/w) d.w. ( Amanita vaginata) and averaged 8.6 % (w/w) d.w. Polar lipids accounted for more than 50 % of the total lipids in most species and differences were observed between neutral and polar lipid contents according to the species analysed. In both lipid fractions, high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) ranging from 62.7 to 82.3 % (polar lipids) and 59.8 to 82.5 % (neutral lipids) of the total FAs were observed. Analysis of FA profiles showed that both neutral and polar lipids were mainly composed of linoleic (18:2 Δ9c,12c), oleic (18:1 Δ9c), and palmitic (16:0) acids. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) in the contents of specific FAs were observed between mushroom species. Among the 44 FAs detected in the species analysed, the occurrence of cis-11-heptadecenoic (17:1 Δ11 c) acid is reported for the first time in basidiomycetes, while elaidic acid (18:1 Δ9 t) is reported for the first time in fungi.

Induced hydrolytic enzymes of ectomycorrhizal fungi against pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi (Suillus laricinus, S. tomentosus, Amanita vaginata and Gomphidius viscidus) and the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in co-culture were studied using both light and scanning electron microscopy. S. laricinus, S. tomentosus and A. vaginata inhibited the growth of the pathogen. Moreover, A. vaginata exhibited coiling around and penetration of the hyphae into R. solani was observed in the interaction zone. Furthermore, the production of chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases and beta-glucosidases by these ectomycorrhizal fungi on colloidal chitin or cell walls of R. solani was evaluated: chitinases were not induced by colloidal chitin but all three enzymes were induced by R. solani cell walls. No correlation between inhibition rate and production of lytic enzymes was found.

Rare macrofungi from Central Börzsöny I. Hungarian occurrence data and habitat preference

Mycological investigations have been made since 2001 in all characteristic forest types in Central Börzsöny Mts., North Hungary. Among the near 500 macrolungi species documented 8 protected and 32 rare taxa occurred. Present paper concerns 13 of these taxa: 3 critically endangered, 7 endangered and 3 vulnerable in Hungary. Near the summarisation of the European habitat preference a Hungarian habitat characterisation were made for each species based on all Hungarian documented occurrence data. Majority of the species have similar habitat preference in Hungary to the European one, but some exceptions were noted. Boletus pinophilus is a typical species of deciduous forests with acidic soil, not documented from coniferous stands. Pluteo.v umbrosus prefers undisturbed forest stands with high quantity of dead wood in Hungary and did not occur in parks. Trichoma psammopus fructified in lower altitude in deciduous and mixed forest stands (always connected with Larix). Sonic species were rarer in Hungary, than in other European countries, caused by lack of their original habitats: Boletus pinophilus, 11rclJrclloin concrescens, Tremella encephala, Tricholoma aurantium, Iwo species — Boleros torosus anti Amanita lirielopallescens — were touch common in Hungary than in Europe. Two taxa —Amanita vaginata var. alba, Tremella encephala — are new From Hungary.

Contents of Metals in Some Wild Mushrooms: Its Impact in Human Health

The concentrations of 7 metals (lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, silver, and chromium) were determined in 32 different species of wild mushrooms. The mushroom samples, which have been using for food and some medical purposes, were collected from Konya, an Inner Anatolian region of Turkey. The highest metal concentrations were determined as 39 mg/kg Pb and 3.72 mg/kg Cd in Trichaptum abietinum, 467 mg/kg Mn in Panaeolus sphinctrinus, 326 mg/kg Cu in Trametes versicolor, 69.4 mg/kg Ni in Helvella spadicea, 6.97 mg/kg Ag in Agaricus campestris, and 84.5 mg/kg Cr in Phellinus igniarius. The maximum contents are 1.52, 2.22, and 60.2 mg/kg in Pleurotus eryngii (for Pb), Amanita vaginata (for Cd), and Helvella leucomelana (for Cu), respectively. These results were compared according to the WHO/FAO standard.

Helianthemum and some agaricales: Unusual case of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis

As reviewed recently by Malloch and Thorn (1985) ectomycorrhizae and extomycorrhizae — forming fungi are recurrently found in connection with cistaceae. Helianthemum obscurum Pers., the member of the Cistaceae on xerothermous grassland in Czechoslovakia was found not to be an exception. Various characteristic ectomycorrhiza — forming fungi are frequently found in close association with Helianthemum obscurum — shrubs in the Lounské středohoři Mts. (in Norh-West Bohemia) on the northern slope of Oblik hil (at altitude of 390 m). These fungal species seem to be identical or very similar to Amanita pantherina (DC.:Fr.) Krombh., Amanita vaginata (Bull.:Fr.) Vitt., Boletus queletii s. Schuler, Cortinarius epsomiensis Orton, Laccaria proxime (Boud.) Pat. ss. auct., Russula persicina Krombh. ss. Melz. et Zv. and Russula risigallina (Batsh) Kuyper et Vuure. As far as we know no representative of the mentioned genera have previously been reported with Helianthemum species (cf. Biber et Fellner 1987).

Isolement et caracterisation d'un nouvel acide aminé, la β-méthylène- l-(+)-norleucine, dans les carpophores d' amanita vaginata var. fulva

Resume β-Methylenenorleucine was identified in the carphores of Amanita vaginata var. fulva .