Alveolar Plate Research Articles

Numerical solution of heat and mass transfer using buongionro nanofluid model through a porous stretching sheet impact of variable magnetic, heat source, and temperature conductivity.

Fluid flow chronologically is widely recognized due to its various uses in turbines, the framework of spinning magnet stars, gyromagnetic generators, and chemical engineers observing the progression of petroleum through the aquifer, and blood vessels in the respiratory alveolar plate. Tropical cyclones, pools of water, and storms all exhibit rotational movement. The current investigation aims to analyse the micro polar fluid flow between two infinite vertical discs enclosing Hall impact, varying thermal conductivity, heat flux as well as anomalous heat generation. The implication of a chemical change combined with chemical potential improves mass propagation. Suitable similarity conversions are used to convert the defined problems into conventional differential equations (ODEs). Furthermore, by introducing new variables the ODEs are transformed into nonlinear coupled ODEs and then solved numerically by the RK 4th order along with the shooting technique. The velocity profiles decrease as suction parameter increases. The temperature field exhibits a rising behaviour for the increasing values of thermophoresis, Brownian and radiations parameters while the concentration field shows a decreasing behaviour. Shear stress at the upper wall increases when the rotation variable and suction variable are augmented. Heat transmission escalations at the bottom wall when Prandtl number and radiation factor are enhanced. The novelty of the present work is to examine the Buongionro model in the presence of a heat source and chemical reaction inside the Darcian porous rotating channel, which has not been investigated yet. In some limiting cases, a comparison of the on-going study with existing literature is also included to justify the contemplated problem.

Ultrastructure of Diophrys appendiculata and new systematic consideration of the euplotid family Uronychiidae (Protista, Ciliophora).

The ultrastructure of ciliates carries important cytological, taxonomical, and evolutionary signals for these single-celled eukaryotic organisms. However, little ultrastructural data have been accumulated for most ciliate groups with systematic problems. In the present work, a well-known marine uronychiid, Diophrys appendiculata, was investigated using electron microscopy and a comparison with, and a discussion considering, phylogenetic analyses were made. The new findings primarily show that: (i) this species lacks the typical alveolar plate, bears cortical ampule-like extrusomes, and has microtubular triads in the dorsal pellicle, and thus exhibits some ultrastructural features in common with most of its previously studied congeners; (ii) each adoral membranelle before the level of frontal cirrus II/2 contains three rows of kinetosomes and each membranelle after the level of frontal cirrus II/2 contains four rows, which might be related with morphogenesis and could be considered as a distinctive character of Diophrys; (iii) some structural details of the buccal field, such as the extra-pellicular fibrils, pellicle, pharyngeal disks and microtubular sheet, were documented. In addition, based on the ultrastructural comparison of representatives, we discuss the differentiation between the subfamilies Diophryinae and Uronychiinae. A hypothetical systematic relationship of members in the order Euplotida based on a wide range of data is also provided.

Orthodontic Treatment and Central Incisors: a Study by CBCT Analysis

To determine potential risks and critical orthodontic movements of central incisors. CBCT analysis of 66 patients (aged 12-38 years; 30 adolescents and 36 adults; 33 males and 33 females). We evaluated alveolar bones (crests, plates, ridges) surrounding central incisors from buccal and lingual sides, and at multiple levels using the "Ez3D-plus" program with regard to buccolingual inclination and effective length of premaxilla/length of the mental protuberance. We identified: - Potential risks in the maxilla, in case of 1) Proclined central incisors, on the first buccal coronal third and lingual side of alveolar bone. 2) ELP < 13 mm, with buccal movement. - Potential risks in mandible, in case of 1) Retroclined central incisors, on the first lingual coronal third and buccal apical two-thirds of alveolar bone. 2) LMP > 9 mm. - Critical orthodontic movements: 1) Buccal tipping of mandibular central incisors is more critical in adolescents. 2) Lingual tipping of mandibular central incisors is more critical than of maxillary ones in all groups, at the level of the alveolar crest. In adult males, at the first lingual coronal third of the alveolar plate. In adult females, at the buccal apical level. 3) Movement towards cortical bone: In all groups, buccal movements of maxillary central incisors are more critical than of mandibular ones, and lingual movements of mandibular central incisors are more critical than of maxillary ones, especially in adult males. We recommend an accurate diagnosis of incisors position and alveolar bone status, and planning of orthodontic treatment at an earlier age.

Galvanotaxis of ciliates: spatiotemporal dynamics of Coleps hirtus under electric fields

Galvanotaxis describes the functional response of organisms to electric fields. In ciliates, the electric field influences the electrophysiology, and thus, the cilia beat dynamics. This leads to a change of the swimming direction toward the cathode. The dynamical response to electric fields of Coleps hirtus has not been studied since the observations of Verworn in 1890 Pflüger Arch. 46 267–303. While galvanotaxis has been studied in other ciliates, C. hirtus exhibit properties not found elsewhere, such as biomineralization processes of alveolar plates with impact on the intracellular calcium regulation and a bimodal resting membrane potential, which leads to unique electrophysiological driven bimodal swimming dynamics. Here, we statistically analyze the galvanotactic dynamics of C. hirtus by automated cell tracking routines. We found that the number of cells that show a galvanotactic response, increases with the increase of the applied electric field strength with a mean at about 2.1 V cm−1. The spatiotemporal swimming dynamics change and lead to a statistical increase of linear elongated cell trajectories that point toward the cathode. Further, the increase of the electric fields decreases the mean velocity variance for electric fields larger than about 1.3 V cm−1, while showing no significant change in the absolute velocity for any applied electric field. Fully functional galvanotactic responses were observed at a minimum extracellular calcium concentration of about 5 μM. The results add important insights to the current understanding of cellular dynamics of ciliates and suggest that the currently accepted model lacks the inclusion of the swimming dynamics and the complex calcium regulatory system of the cell. The results of this study not only extend the fundamental understanding of current physical models for galvanotaxis and C. hirtus dynamics, but also open possibilities for technical applications, such as biosensors or microrobots in the future.

Clinical and radiographic predictors of the need for facial CT in pediatric blunt trauma: a multi-institutional study

BackgroundFacial injuries are common in children with blunt trauma. Most are soft tissue lacerations and dental injuries readily apparent on clinical examination. Fractures requiring operative intervention are rare. Guidelines for...

Assessment of the relationship of the distance between mandibular first and second molars with the inferior alveolar canal and cortical bone plate in an Egyptian subpopulation: a CBCT study.

The aim of the current cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was to evaluate the proximity of mandibular first and second molar roots to the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and mandibular cortex in an Egyptian subpopulation. Scans of 120 patients (480 molars, 960 roots) were obtained from the College of Dentistry database at the Suez Canal University, Egypt. Buccal and lingual bone plates and root thickness were measured at the specified resected root end 3 mm from the radiographic apex, and so was the proximity of the root apices to the IAC. Measurements of the right and left mandibular first and second molars were recorded for each root. Three examiners performed the measurements separately. ANOVA was used to compare the different roots. Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used for pair-wise comparisons when ANOVA was significant. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The findings displayed a closer proximity of the mandibular second molar apices to the IAC, as compared to the mandibular first molars. The mesial roots were at a shorter distance than the distal ones. Moreover, the mandibular second molars revealed the thickest total bone width including the root. So, it is beneficial for endodontists to be aware of the relation of the mandibular first and second molars to the surrounding cortical bone plates and the IAC before starting either nonsurgical or surgical endodontic treatment.

Alveolar Bone Morphotype in Orthodontic Patients

Orthodontic treatments have been described as a risk factor for the development of gingival recessions. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the alveolar bone morphotype of the upper and lower anterior of 33 orthodontic treatment of candidate patients. The images were obtained from a high-resolution cone beam computerised tomography. Then, the thickness of the alveolar bone plate of teeth was measured in six levels, recording the presence of dehiscences and fenestrations. A total of 2,334 sites were evaluated. The average thickness of the maxillary alveolar bone at the buccal surface was 0.70, 0.62 and 1.43 mm at the cervical, middle and apical levels, respectively, while in the mandibular teeth it was 0.53, 0.50 and 2.96 mm. At the palatal and lingual surfaces, the bone was thicker than the buccal except at the apical level of the mandible. Most of the examined sites were measured less than 1 mm (n = 1,235, 52.9%), associated with high prevalence of bone dehiscences (57.6%) and fenestrations (33.3%), particularly in skeletal Class III patients. The observed bone morphotype involved a high vulnerability to bone resorption, and the subsequent gingival recession occurrence, face to orthodontic movements.

Maxillary and Mandibular Split Crest Technique with Immediate Implant Placement: A 5-Year Cone Beam Retrospective Study.

This study aimed to test the effectiveness and reliability of the alveolar ridge-splitting technique in atrophic posterior arches, investigating the middle-term volumetric and clinical outcomes. Atrophic alveolar ridges in the maxillary and mandibular posterior areas were treated with the alveolar ridge-splitting/expansion technique (ARST), immediate implant placement, collagen sponges covering the defect, and healing by secondary intention. Areas were rehabilitated by fixed dental prostheses supported by dental implants. Changes in volume and width of the alveolar ridge were retrospectively calculated by comparing the x-ray tomography scans obtained before and 5 years after surgery. Report of failure in the case sheets was taken into account. Cross-sectional images were also used to assess the thickness of the labial alveolar plates at the implant shoulder. Nonparametric analyses of variance with post hoc and pair-comparison tests were performed with a level of significance of .05. A total of 38 patients were retrospectively selected (23 women and 15 men). Six patients underwent ARST surgeries in both the maxilla and the mandible and were excluded from statistical analysis. Differences between 16 maxillae and 16 mandibles and between 12 single crowns and 20 fixed partial dentures (FPDs) were searched. Episodes of minor swelling occurred within the first 2 days after surgery. Neither mucositis nor flap dehiscence had been registered. The mean values of buccal cortical thickness were 2.46 ± 0.49 mm and 1.15 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, in the maxillary and mandibular areas. After 5 years of survey, maxillary increases in alveolar ridge width and volume were +4.4 ± 0.4 mm and +295 ± 45 mm3, respectively, whereas the same outcome variables (+3.5 ± 0.7 mm and +217 ± 53 mm3) measured in the mandible appeared to be significantly smaller than those in the maxilla (P < .0001). One maxillary single implant failed. Cumulative survival rates at 5 years were 100% for mandibles and 95.5% (95% CI: 86.8% to 100%) for maxillae. Posterior areas of the maxilla displayed a higher increase in alveolar width and volume than mandibular areas, and even if it would be premature to draw survival conclusions at this stage without any statistical support, a lower cumulative survival rate was reported for the maxillary single implants.

Implications of Virtual CBCT-Based Immediate Implant Planning for Maxillary and Mandibular First Molars.

The purpose of his study was to investigate the projected ridge-implant dimensions derived from virtual superimposition of implants on intact first molars mimicking immediate implantation in the mandible (Md1) and maxilla (Mx1) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The CBCT records of 41 patients (19 males and 22 females) with Md1 or Mx1 were collected. Ten-millimeter-long cylindrical implants with different diameters were virtually positioned at prosthetically ideal angles into interradicular septum using CBCT software. Radiographic alveolar ridge height (ARH), alveolar ridge width (ARW), gap distance, and vertical distance from the implant platform to the alveolar crest were measured. Twenty Mx1s (48.8%) and 21 Md1s (51.2%) were included. The mean ARH values were 7.13 ± 4.32 and 15.64 ± 1.80 mm for Mx1 and Md1, respectively; 87.8% of mesiobuccal sites had gap distance of >2 mm when 6-mm-diameter implants were used. Increasing implant diameter from 6 to 9 mm decreased the percentage of sites with ARW > 2 mm from 80.5% to 41.5% buccally and from 86.4% to 26.8% lingually. The mean vertical distance from the implant platform to the alveolar crest was 1.41 ± 1.09 mm buccally and 1.11 ± 1.10 mm lingually. Immediate implant placement of first molars, especially in the maxilla, requires stringent presurgical evaluation. Implants no wider than 6 mm placed into the interradicular septum may meet acceptable running room and alveolar plate thickness criteria if the jumping distance is grafted. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings in this virtual study.

Analysis of alveolar ridge width in an area of central lower incisor using cone-beam computed tomography in vivo

BackgroundPlanning a comprehensive dental treatment should include assessment and classification of the condition of the alveolar ridge. Existing classifications are insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of bone deficiencies in the anterior mandible and to develop an extension of one of the alveolar bone dehiscence classification. MethodsCone-beam computed tomography scans of 100 adults with the mean age of 36.75 ± 11.77 years were analyzed. Measurements were taken from the 31. tooth. ResultsThe presence of any bone defect was found in 91 (91%) of cases. Fenestrations were detected in 9% of study images, and dehiscence were detected in 90% of study images. A thin alveolar plate of below 0.2 mm independent from the side was found in 37 (37%) of cases. The mean height of buccal fenestration was 3.10 ± 1.09 mm, and the mean height of lingual fenestration was 2.73 ± 0.91 mm. The mean height of buccal dehiscence was 4.39 ± 1.82 mm, and the mean height of lingual dehiscence was 4.27 ± 2.49 mm. ConclusionsAn attempt to restore the correct morphology of the alveolar process after improper treatment constitutes a therapeutic challenge. The frequent occurrence of bone deficiency prompts establishing safe treatment planning strategies, including careful assessment of the alveolar process supported by the comprehensive classification of bone defects.

Atraumatic Technique for Removal of Lingually Placed Mandibular Teeth

AbstractWe describe an innovative and easy method to remove lingually placed mandibular single-rooted teeth which are not accessible to regular forceps method of extraction. This method is simple and atraumatic and preserves the lingual alveolar plate which is important for implant placement and socket perseveration. This note is aimed at highlighting a simple atraumatic technique for removal of these types of single-rooted teeth erupting on the lingual side with the help of surgical screws. This technique is more economical and considerably less cumbersome than the existing Benex system.

Functional tooth mobility in young pigs

Mobility is a fundamental characteristic of mammalian teeth, and has been widely used to determine individual tooth prognosis. However, the direction and extent of tooth movement under functional loads are unknown. This study investigated maxillary molar mobility, alveolar bending, and periodontal space (PDL) fluid pressure during mastication and masseter muscle contraction in young pigs, along with PDL space measurements. Twelve three-month-old farm pigs were instrumented with some or all of the following: (1) ultrasonic crystals, one implanted into the pulp chamber of a deciduous maxillary molar and additional crystals glued onto its buccal and palatal alveolar plates; (2) rosette strain gauges affixed to the buccal and palatal of alveolar ridges; (3) a pressure transducer inserted into palatal alveolar bone facing the PDL. Tooth mobility, alveolar bending, and fluid pressure were simultaneously recorded during unrestrained feeding and subsequent masseter muscle stimulation. The PDL widths were measured using micro-CT. The results indicate that during the power stroke of mastication, (1) the molar displaced buccally and apically (192 ± 95 µm) regardless of the side of chewing; (2) compressive bone strain was greater on the buccal than on the palatal alveolar plate; and (3) PDL pressure increased during the power strok (3.63 ± 0.80 kPa). Masseter contraction produced similar results but with generally lower values. The PDL widths were larger than the range of tooth mobility, and showed no correlation with the mobility. Thus occlusal function causes buccal tipping and intrusion of maxillary molars with concomitant compression of the buccal alveolar plate and raised pressure within the PDL space.

Reconstruction of the alveolar buccal bone plate in compromised Fresh Socket using the anodized titanium foil technique

Reconstruction of the alveolar buccal bone plate in compromised Fresh Socket using the anodized titanium foil technique

Alveolar ridge alterations in the maxillary anterior region after tooth extraction through orthodontic forced eruption for implant site development: a clinical CBCT study.

To investigate the effects of orthodontic forced eruption (OFE) with the straight-wire appliance in the dimensions of the alveolar process when used for extracting compromised maxillary anterior teeth and implant site development. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 7 patients needing extraction of 17 maxillary anterior teeth were obtained before and immediately after OFE. Alveolar plate height and thickness measurements were performed on the buccal and palatal socket walls in CBCT sagittal cross sections. Statistical analysis included sample size calculation, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon test to evaluate alveolar plate dimensional changes and linear regression analysis to assess whether bone changes and the feasibility of implant insertion were associated to tooth type and root length, baseline alveolar plate thickness, and age. OFE caused statistically significant reduction of the buccal alveolar plate height (1.95 ± 1.83 mm) and significant increase of the palatal alveolar plate height (1.31 ± 2.41 mm) in the central tooth socket areas. Buccal reduction was associated positively to the baseline root length and negatively to the thickness of the corresponding plate in the apical level. A non-significant increase was noted in both buccal (0.23 ± 0.93 mm) and palatal (0.63 ± 1.59 mm) proximal bone. Inadequate buccal bone support hindered immediate implant placement in six sockets; however, all inserted implants showed adequate and gradually increasing stability from insertion to final restoration. OFE resulted in favourable increase in the heights of the palatal and proximal alveolar bone and significant reduction in the buccal plate height, which inhibited implant placement in 35% of the treated sockets.

Immediate alveolar buccal bone plate reconstruction. A simplified technique with 28 consecutive cases and 2- to 4-year follow-up. Case reports with hard tissue and aesthetic evaluation

Immediate alveolar buccal bone plate reconstruction. A simplified technique with 28 consecutive cases and 2- to 4-year follow-up. Case reports with hard tissue and aesthetic evaluation

Determining the accuracy of measurement of alveolar bone crest level and bone plate thickness with cone-beam computed tomography using different voxel size

Determining the accuracy of measurement of alveolar bone crest level and bone plate thickness with cone-beam computed tomography using different voxel size

Corrección quirúrgica de una fractura mandibular en una yegua por cerclaje interdentario: un reporte de caso

Las fracturas de la mandíbula no son raras en equinos, siendo este el hueso de la cabeza más fracturada. En la mayoría de los casos, se abren y se ven involucrados tejidos blandos adyacentes. Como los huesos de la cabeza no son sometidos a fuerzas de carga de apoyo, la fijación de la fractura es menos desafiante. El presente trabajo describe el tratamiento quirúrgico en campo de una fractura mandibular en una yegua Criolla Colombiana de 64 meses de edad. Esta presenta mala oclusión con desgarro de la mucosa bucal. La proyección radiográfica oral muestra una fractura abierta transversal en el cuerpo mandibular a nivel de la región de la placa alveolar derecha. La anestesia se inicia con acepromazina (0,04mg/kg intramuscular) e inducción con xilacina (1,1 mg/kg) y ketamina (2,2 mg/kg Intravenosa). Se utilizó una anestesia total intravenosa con triple goteo para mantenimiento(2 g de ketamina + 500 mg de xilacina en 1 litro de guaifenesina al 5%) eninfusión constante (2–3 ml/kg/h). Después de limpiar y desbridar la herida se realiza una incisión a través de la mejilla sobre los premolares 406 y 407. Se perforó un orificio con una broca entre los espacios interalveolares de los premolares. Se pasó el alambre a través del agujero, el fue dirigido rostralmente y atado a través de los agujeros previamente hechos entre los incisivos 402 y 403. El alambre se torció para aumentar la compresión en la línea de la fractura. Después de apretar, los extremos de los cables se doblaron. El manejo posoperatorio se basó en la administración de ketoprofeno durante 5 días, Penicilina G (20.000 UI/kg) y desinfección diaria de la herida con Clorhexidina 0,12%. El alambre se dejó 4 semanas, observando una rápida cicatrización y consolidación de la fractura. El restablecimiento de las funciones deaprehensión y masticación se obtuvieron rápidamente. Se puede afirmar que esta técnica proporciona una estabilidad segura, es fácil de realizar y de bajo costo.

Assessment of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Canal Course Among Saudis by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (Pilot Study).

The aim of this study was to identify the relative position and course of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) in relation to the apices of the teeth in Saudi dentate subjects. Measurements were taken using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). In this cross-sectional retrospective study, 124 cases were selected from the archived images in "Galileos" CBCT machine in Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy. The sample included both males and females with their ages ranging from 15 to 61years. The distance between the apices of the teeth from the first premolar till the second molar was measured. Also, the distance between the buccal and lingual alveolar plates and the inferior alveolar canal and the distance from the inferior border of the mandible to the alveolar canal were assessed utilizing the cross-sectional images. The buccolingual linear measurements indicated a lingual course of the canal in both males and females. A significant difference existed between males and females regarding the vertical distance inferior to the IAC at first premolar on the right and left sides, On the right side in females the linear distance was (9.2mm ± 1.03), and in males (10.9mm ± 1.5), while on the left side in females the distance was (8.9mm ± 1.7), while in males (11.3mm ± 0.34). In 57% of the study group the mental foramen was found between the first and second premolars, while in 35% of the studied cases it was located below the second premolar. The inferior alveolar canal acquires a lingual course in this selected sample of the Saudi population detected by cone beam computed tomography.

Culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell sheets enhance extraction-site alveolar bone growth: An animal study.

Impaired bone formation of the buccal alveolar plate after tooth extraction during adolescence increases the difficulty of future implant restoration. This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility and efficacy of transplanting autogenous scaffold-free culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sheets to the buccal alveolar bone surface to stimulate local bone growth. Mandibular bone marrow was aspirated from 3-month-old pigs (n=5), from which MSCs were isolated and culture expanded. Triple-layer MSC sheets were then fabricated using temperature-responsive tissue culture plates. One month after bone marrow aspirations, the same pigs underwent bilateral extraction of mandibular primary molars, immediately followed by transplantation of 3 autogenous triple-layer MSC sheets on to the subperiosteal buccal alveolar surface of 1 randomly chosen side. The contralateral side (control) underwent the same periosteal reflection surgery without receiving MSC sheet transplantation. Six weeks later, the animals were killed and specimens from both sides were immediately harvested for radiographic and histological analysis. Buccal alveolar bone thickness, tissue mineral density (TMD), mineral apposition and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were quantified and compared between the MSC sheet and control sides using paired t-tests. Triple-layer MSC sheets were reliably fabricated and the majority of cells remained vital before transplantation. The thickness of buccal bone tended to increase with MSC sheet transplantation (P=.18), with 4 of 5 animals showing an average of 1.82±0.73mm thicker bone on the MSC sheet side than the control side. After being normalized by the TMD of intracortical bone, the TMD of surface cortical bone was 0.5-fold higher on the MSC sheet side than the control side (P<.05). Likewise, the BV/TV measurements of the buccal surface region were also 0.4-fold higher on the MSC sheet side than the control side (P<.05) after being normalized by measurements from the intracortical region. Mineral apposition measurements were not different between the 2 sides. Mandibular marrow-derived MSCs can be fabricated into cell sheets and autogenous transplantation of MSC sheets onto the subperiosteal buccal alveolar bone surface at the tooth-extraction site may increase local bone density.

Late Regularization of the Alveolar Ridge in a Patient with a Prosthesis and Special Needs: A Case Report

Residual ridge shape is important for the seating of a prosthesis. The objective of this case report was to illustrate the importance of reduction maneuvers with regard to alveolar bone plates after multiple tooth extractions in patients with prostheses and special needs. In the current patient, there were difficulties during the adaptation and fitting of the upper denture. Bilateral bone resection was indicated in the molar buccal region. Late regularization of the alveolar ridge, which was accomplished in hospital, was necessary for the preparation, adaptation, and use of the denture. The general and systemic health care of the patient should be monitored throughout surgical intervention. Though tooth extractions are common procedures, particular attention is required to ensure adequate alveolar ridge remodeling that is conducive to oral rehabilitation.