Alveolar Bone Level Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of alveolar bone remodeling and root length changes in fixed appliances versus clear aligners: A retrospective cohort study on skeletal Class III malocclusion treatment

The retrospective study examined changes in the root length and alveolar bone surrounding maxillary incisors in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated by surgical orthodontic treatment with either fixed appliances (FAs) or clear aligners (CAs). A total of 60 subjects were divided based on appliance type used. Cone beam computed tomography scans were taken at three stages: before treatment, after presurgical orthodontic treatment, and post-treatment for both groups. Vertical alveolar bone level and horizontal alveolar bone thickness (ABT) were measured at four heights (3, 6, and 9 mm from the cementoenamel junction, and the root apex), along with root length, at these time points. Both groups showed a decrease in root length, with the CA group experiencing a significantly smaller reduction (0.4 ± 0.79 mm) compared with the FA group (0.64 ± 0.8 mm; P = 0.02). The FA group demonstrated more significant reduction in palatal ABT (P < 0.05) and greater root resorption, whereas the CA group exhibited considerable labial marginal bone resorption (P = 0.007) and a notable decrease in labiolingual inclination (P = 0.042). The findings suggest that FA and CA might lead to decreased ABT and significant root resorption, with FA therapy likely resulting in more pronounced effects. Both modalities led to notable vertical bone loss, particularly, on the labial side of the maxillary incisors in the CA group during postsurgical orthodontic treatment. Preventing iatrogenic deterioration of periodontal support surrounding the incisors is crucial during presurgical and postsurgical phases.

Simultaneous labial and lingual augmented corticotomy assisted presurgical orthodontics in class III patients: the morphological aspects of the mandibular anterior ridge with cone-beam computed tomography

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the changes in alveolar bone following the simultaneous performance of labial and lingual augmented corticotomy (LLAC) in patients with insufficient alveolar bone thickness on both the labial and lingual sides of the mandibular anterior teeth during presurgical orthodontic treatment.Materials and methodsThirth-five surgical patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were included: 19 (LLAC group) accepted LLAC surgery during presurgical orthodontic treatment, and 16 (non-surgery group, NS) accepted traditional presurgical orthodontic treatment. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were obtained before treatment (T0) and at the completion of presurgical orthodontic treatment (T1). The amount of vertical alveolar bone and contour area of the alveolar bone in the labial and lingual sides of mandibular incisors were measured.ResultsAfter presurgical orthodontic treatment, the contour area of the alveolar bone at each level on the lingual side and alveolar bone level on both sides decreased significantly in the NS group (P < 0.001). However, the labial and lingual bone contour area at each level and bone level increased significantly in the LLAC group (P < 0.001). The bone formation rate in the lingual apical region was the highest, significantly different from other sites (P < 0.001).ConclusionsDuring presurgical orthodontic treatment, LLAC can significantly increase the contour area of the labio-lingual alveolar bone in the mandibular anterior teeth to facilitate safe and effective orthodontic decompensation in skeletal Class III patients.Clinical relevance: This surgery has positive clinical significance in patients lacking bone thickness (< 0.5 mm) in the labial and lingual sides of the lower incisors.

Accuracy of intraoral ultrasound to evaluate alveolar bone level: an ex vivo study in human cadavers.

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of an intraoral ultrasound(US) device to evaluate alveolar bone by comparing it between different raters and to microCT (µCT) measurements. 38 teeth distributed across three human cadavers were prepared by placing two notches on the facial enamel surface. The maxillary and mandibular teeth were imaged with a custom-designed intraoral 20MHz ultrasound and µCT with 0.03mm voxel size. µCT was considered the reference standard for this study. For each sample, the distance from the inferior border of the most apical notch to the tip of the alveolar bone crest on the facial aspect of the teeth was measured from the US and µCT images. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard deviation were calculated. The intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability for both the µCT and US alveolar bone measurements were found to be excellent (intra-examiner ICC was 0.998 for µCT and 0.997 for US, inter-examiner ICC was 0.996 for µCT and between 0.947 and 0.950 for US). The accuracy of the US was found to be good compared to µCT (ICC between 0.885 and 0.894). The study demonstrated that intraoral ultrasound is highly reliable and accurate compared to the µCT reference standard for evaluating facial alveolar bone height.

CBCT Evaluation of Alveolar Bone Change and Root Resorption after Orthodontic Treatment: A Retrospective Study.

For years, there has been a long debate about the impact of orthodontic treatment on the periodontium of patients. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of orthodontic forces on the periodontium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the height of the alveolar bone at the four surfaces of specific teeth and the root length of the central incisors before and after orthodontic treatment. CBCTs from a group of fifty patients were evaluated before (T0) and after orthodontic treatment (T1). Evaluations of the alveolar bone were performed by measuring the distance from the most apical point of the marginal portion to the CEJ at the buccal (B-ABL), lingual (L-ABL), mesial (M-ABL), and distal (D-ABL) surfaces of the central incisor (CI), first premolar (1st PM), and first molar (1st M). Meanwhile, root resorptions were evaluated by measuring the distance from the center of the tooth at the CEJ to the most apical point of the central incisor. The reduction in the alveolar bone level was highest at the buccal segment (75%) and lowest at the distal (42%) segment, although the decrease was not statistically significant. Root resorption, in terms of reduction in the total length, was detected in the upper central incisor. Fixed orthodontic treatment can produce a significant reduction in root length, but not at the level of the alveolar bone.

Evaluation of 4 and 8 Weeks of Healing in a Murine Implant Model.

Dental implants are increasing in prevalence as desirable options for replacing missing teeth. Unfortunately, implants come with complications, and animal models are crucial to studying the pathophysiology of complications. Current murine model experiments can be lengthy, with 8 weeks of extraction socket healing before implant placement. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of decreasing extraction healing time from 8 to 4 weeks in a dental implant mouse model. Thirty-one 3-week-old C57BL/6J male mice underwent maxillary first and second molar extractions followed by 8 (control) or 4 (test) weeks of extraction socket healing before implant placement. Mice were euthanized after 4 weeks of implant osseointegration. Samples were analyzed via microcomputerized tomography and histology. When mice received implants 4 weeks after extractions, there was no statistical difference in initial bone crest remodeling or surrounding bone volume compared to those after 8 weeks of healing. Histologically, the hard and soft tissues surrounding both groups of implants displayed similar alveolar bone levels, inflammatory infiltrate, osteoclast count, and collagen organization. A 4-week extraction healing period can be utilized without concern for osseointegration in a murine implant model and is a viable experimental alternative to the previous eight weeks of healing. While small animal implant models are less directly applicable to humans, advancements in experimental methods will ultimately benefit patients receiving dental implants through improved prevention and treatment of complications. Subsequent research could investigate occlusal effects or whether healing time affects prognosis after induction of peri-implantitis.

Root Resorption and Alveolar Bone Changes in the Maxillary Canine Retraction Using NiTi Closed-Coil Springs Versus Elastomeric Chains: A Split-Mouth Trial.

To compare apical root resorption and alveolar bone changes induced by the maxillary canine closure procedure performed on patients with Angle Class I malocclusion using NiTi closed-coil springs versus elastomeric chains. Thirty-one adult patients who had been instructed to undergo bilateral maxillary first premolar extraction completed a randomized clinical trial split-mouth study with a double-blind design. Elastomeric chains will be used on the left side, and NiTi closed-coil springs will be used on the right side for patients with even numbers. Elastomeric chains will be used on the right side of patients with an odd number, whereas NiTi closed-coil springs will be used on the left side of patients. For each patient, cone-beam computed tomography of the maxillary canine and lateral cephalometric radiographs were carried out before and after treatment to evaluate apical root resorption and perform cephalometric measurements. The tooth root length decreased by 0.90 ± 0.60 mm in the NiTi closed-coil spring group. The alveolar bone level increased by 0.53 ± 0.66 mm on the buccal side and by 0.79 ± 0.72 mm on the lingual side. These changes were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In the elastomeric chain group, the tooth root length was decreased by 0.92 ± 0.69 mm, and the levels of vertical buccal and lingual alveolar bone increased significantly (P < 0.001). Compared to NiTi closed-coil springs and elastomeric chain groups, there was a 0.03 ± 0.878 mm difference in the tooth root length; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.878). Elastomeric chains and NiTi closed-coil springs both generated tooth root resorption, but the results were comparable and the difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between the elastomeric chain and NiTi closed-coil spring groups regarding the changes in alveolar bone loss around the maxillary canines.

Radiographic diagnosis of periodontal diseases - Current evidence versus innovations.

Accurate diagnosis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases relies significantly on radiographic examination, especially for assessing alveolar bone levels, bone defect morphology, and bone quality. This narrative review aimed to comprehensively outline the current state-of-the-art in radiographic diagnosis of alveolar bone diseases, covering both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) modalities. Additionally, this review explores recent technological advances in periodontal imaging diagnosis, focusing on their potential integration into clinical practice. Clinical probing and intraoral radiography, while crucial, encounter limitations in effectively assessing complex periodontal bone defects. Recognizing these challenges, 3D imaging modalities, such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), have been explored for a more comprehensive understanding of periodontal structures. The significance of the radiographic assessment approach is evidenced by its ability to offer an objective and standardized means of evaluating hard tissues, reducing variability associated with manual clinical measurements and contributing to a more precise diagnosis of periodontal health. However, clinicians should be aware of challenges related to CBCT imaging assessment, including beam-hardening artifacts generated by the high-density materials present in the field of view, which might affect image quality. Integration of digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence-based tools in intraoral radiography software, the enhances the diagnostic process. The overarching recommendation is a judicious combination of CBCT and digital intraoral radiography for enhanced periodontal bone assessment. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to weigh the benefits against the risks associated with higher radiation exposure on a case-by-case basis, prioritizing patient safety and treatment outcomes.

High-intensity interval training mitigates the progression of periodontitis and improves behavioural aspects in rats.

To investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on periodontitis (PD) progression and behavioural outcomes. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: non-trained (NT); non-trained with PD; HIIT with PD; and HIIT. The HIIT protocol, involving daily treadmill sessions, spanned 8 weeks, with PD induced by ligature after the 6th week. Behavioural tests were conducted to assess anxiety and memory. Post euthanasia, we evaluated the systemic inflammatory profile and oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus and amygdala. A morphological evaluation and elemental composition analysis of the mandibular alveolar bone were performed. PD exacerbated alveolar bone level, bone surface damage and alterations in calcium and phosphorus percentages on the bone surface (p < .05), while HIIT attenuated these changes (p < .05). HIIT improved systemic inflammatory markers altered by PD (tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-10, TNF-α/IL-10 and IL-1β/IL-10 ratios, p < .05). PD animals exhibited lower total antioxidant capacity and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the amygdala and hippocampus, respectively (p < .05). HIIT maintained these parameters at levels similar to those in NT animals. HIIT improved anxiety and memory outcomes altered by PD (p < .05). HIIT attenuates systemic inflammation, anxiety and memory outcomes promoted by PD.

Polarized M2 macrophages induced by glycosylated nano-hydroxyapatites activate bone regeneration in periodontitis therapy.

To investigate the association between periodontal macrophage polarization states and the alveolar bone levels, and to assess whether glycosylated nano-hydroxyapatites (GHANPs) could improve bone regeneration in periodontitis by inducing macrophage M2 polarization. The change of macrophage polarization state in inflammatory periodontal tissues (with bone loss) was examined using clinical gingival samples. The relationship between macrophage phenotype and bone level in periodontal bone loss and repair was evaluated using a mouse periodontitis model. The effect of GHANPs on macrophage polarization was assessed by the in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation. The polarization-related markers were detected by immunofluorescence staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. The therapeutic effect of GHANPs on alveolar bone loss was explored in experimental periodontitis by histological staining and micro-CT analysis. A lower macrophage M2/M1 ratio was observed in periodontitis-affected human gingival tissues. The results of animal experiments demonstrated a positive correlation between a lower Arg-1/iNOS ratio and accelerated alveolar bone loss; also, the proportion of Arg-1-positive macrophages increased during bone repair and regeneration. The administration of GHANPs partially restored M2 macrophage polarization after LPS stimulation. GHANPs increased alveolar bone repair and regeneration in experimental periodontitis induced by ligation, potentially related to their macrophage M2 transition regulation. The findings of this study indicate that the induction of macrophage M2 polarization can be considered a viable approach for enhancing inflammatory bone repair. Additionally, GHANPs show potential in the clinical treatment of periodontitis.

Characterization and application of in situ curcumin/ZNP hydrogels for periodontitis treatment

BackgroundPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in tooth-supporting tissues. Controlling inflammation and alleviating periodontal tissue destruction are key factors in periodontal therapy. This study aimed to develop an in situ curcumin/zinc oxide (Cur/ZNP) hydrogel and investigate its characteristics and effectiveness in the treatment of periodontitis.MethodsAntibacterial activity and cytotoxicity assays were performed in vitro. To evaluate the effect of the in situ Cur/ZNP hydrogel on periodontitis in vivo, an experimental periodontitis model was established in Sprague‒Dawley rats via silk ligature and inoculation of the maxillary first molar with Porphyromonas gingivalis. After one month of in situ treatment with the hydrogel, we examined the transcriptional responses of the gingiva to the Cur/ZNP hydrogel treatment and detected the alveolar bone level as well as the expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the periodontal tissues of the rats.ResultsCur/ZNPs had synergistic inhibitory effects on P. gingivalis and good biocompatibility. RNA sequencing of the gingiva showed that immune effector process-related genes were significantly induced by experimental periodontitis. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (Ceacam1), which is involved in the negative regulation of bone resorption, was differentially regulated by the Cur/ZNP hydrogel but not by the Cur hydrogel or ZNP hydrogel. The Cur/ZNP hydrogel also had a stronger protective effect on alveolar bone resorption than both the Cur hydrogel and the ZNP hydrogel.ConclusionThe Cur/ZNP hydrogel effectively inhibited periodontal pathogenic bacteria and alleviated alveolar bone destruction while exhibiting favorable biocompatibility.

ORTHODONTIC EXTRUSION TECHNIQUE AS A METHOD FOR ALVEOLAR BONE VOLUME INCREASE BEFORE DENTAL IMPLANTATION. CLINICAL CASE

Objectives: Tooth extraction and replacement with dental implant represents a common treatment choice, when teeth are hopeless. We presented a clinical case, the treatment of which was carried out by the method of orthodontic extrusion technique. This technique can increase alveolar bone level and also soft tissue level. The increased amount of alveolar bone can improve primary implant stability and be compared with bone regeneration techniques. The purpose of presenting this clinical case is to emphasize the efficiency of orthodontic extrusion. Methods and materials: A 45-year-old female patient referred by the general dentist regarding cosmetic defect and tooth mobility in the area of the anterior upper teeth. During the examination, her upper right central incisor was found to be mobile, with diastema and slight congestion in the anterior teeth Photographs, CT and X-ray studies of the patient were used. The patient was bonded with .018 slot Roth prescription ceramic brackets (Dentaurum, Germany). After achieving the optimal results of orthodontic treatment and the necessary extrusion of the upper right central incisor, the tooth was removed and replaced with a dental implant. After six months, the patient had a crown with a screw fixation of zirconium dioxide with ceramic application Results: As a result of orthodontic extrusion, clinically significant increase in alveolar bone and gingival tissue was reported. This resulted significant qualitative and quantitative improvements in the implant site. As the clinical case was in aesthetic zone, we could also rehabilitate beautiful smile of patient and increase her self-esteem. Conclusions: Summing up the above and the results of the treatment of this patient, we can definitely say that orthodontic extrusion technique is effective for implant site development. As we have described, this can effectively move the facial gingival margin and allow for esthetic restoration of implant placed in the extruded tooth position without any bone graft.

Melatonin Decreases Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats with Experimental Periodontitis and Osteoporosis: A Morphometric and Histopathologic Study.

Periodontitis and post-menopausal osteoporosis include common chronic bone disorders worldwide, with similar etiopathogenetic events. This study evaluated the effect of systemic melatonin administration on the alveolar bone destruction of periodontitis progression in an experimental periodontitis model in osteoporotic rats. Forty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups: control (C; n = 6); osteoporosis (O; n = 6); ligated periodontitis (LP; n = 8); osteoporosis- and periodontitis-induced (O+LP; n = 8); osteoporosis- and periodontitis-induced through 30 mg/kg/day melatonin administration (ML30; n = 8); and osteoporosis- and periodontitis-induced through 50 mg/kg/day melatonin administration (ML50; n = 8). The rats underwent bilateraloophorectomy and were maintained for 4 months to induce osteoporosis. After 4 months, 4-0 silk ligatures were placed submarginally around the mandibular first molar of each rat to induce experimental periodontitis, and melatonin was administered in the ML30 and ML50 groups for 30 days. Changes in alveolar bone levels were clinically measured, and tissues were histopathologically examined. Osteoclastic activity in the LP and O+LP groups was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05), but was similar in the C, O, and ML30 groups (p > 0.05). RANKL activity was the highest in the O+LP group, while melatonin decreased RANKL activity in the melatonin-administered groups (p < 0.05). Systemically administered melatonin significantly decreased alveolar bone loss in the ML30 and ML50 groups compared with that in the periodontitis groups (p < 0.05). Melatonin inhibited alveolar bone destruction by decreasing the RANKL expression and inflammatory cell infiltration and increased osteoblastic activity in a rat model with osteoporosis and periodontitis.

Effects of Coriander on the Repair Process of Experimentally-induced Periodontitis in Rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Coriandrum sativum L. (CSL) seed extract on gingival levels of antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and on alveolar bone and attachment levels after experimental periodontitis induction in rats and compare it with low-dose doxycycline (LDD). Forty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into 5 groups as follows: 1 = periodontally healthy (control); 2 = periodontitis; 3 = periodontitis + CSL (32 mg/kg); 4 = periodontitis + CSL (200 mg/kg); and 5 = periodontitis + LDD (6 mg/kg). Gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1βeta (IL-1β) immunoreactivity was detected immunohistochemically. Alveolar bone area in the furcation space (ABA), alveolar bone loss (ABL), and attachment loss (AL) were evaluated histomorphometrically. The SOD level was lower in group 5 than in groups 2, 3, and 4. The IL-1β level was highest in group 4. The TNF-α level was statistically higher in groups 2 and 4 than in groups 1, 3, and 5. The IL-6 level was highest in group 4. Its level was higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 5. ABA was less in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to groups 1 and 5. ABL was less in group 5 than in groups 2, 3, and 4. AL was greater in group 4 than in group 5. The use of 200 mg/kg CSL showed a pro-inflammatory effect and IL-1β and TNF-α levels decreased after 32 mg/kg CSL application in the treatment of periodontitis.

Alveolar Bone Loss in a Ligature-Induced Periodontitis Model in Rat Using Different Ligature Sizes.

Ligature-induced periodontitis model has been widely used as a preclinical stage for investigating new treatment modalities. However, the effect of different ligature sizes on alveolar bone loss has never been studied. Therefore, we examined alveolar bone loss in this rat model using different sizes of silk ligatures, as well as healing after ligature removal. Left maxillary second molars of Sprague-Dawley rats were ligated with 3-0, 4-0, or 5-0 silk ligatures (n = 4-5/group) for 14 days before harvested maxillae and gingival tissues. For subsequent experiment, animals were ligated for 14 days using the ligature size that induced the most alveolar bone loss before ligature removal and sacrificed at 0, 7 and 14 days (n = 5-6/group). All maxillae and gingival tissues were harvested to evaluate alveolar bone level, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States). Data from all experiments were tested for normality using Shapiro-Wilk test. Data between ligatured and nonligatured teeth were compared using Student's t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Differences among different ligature sizes were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by multiple comparisons with post-hoc test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The alveolar bone loss of ligated teeth was substantially higher than that of control after 14 days of ligation. While 3-0 and 4-0 resulted in significantly greater bone loss than 5-0 silk, the 3-0 group had the lowest rate of ligature loss. Therefore, alveolar bone healing postligature removal was investigated further using 3-0 silk. The results showed no significant bone level change at 2 weeks after ligature removal. In term of IL-1β and TNF-α levels, there was no statistically significant difference in IL-1β level between groups at any time point, while TNF-α was undetectable. These data showed that 3-0 silk was the most effective ligature size in promoting alveolar bone loss comparing with 4-0 and 5-0 silk. During the 2-week period following ligature removal, spontaneous bone healing was not observed.

Clinical and radiographic periodontal status in hypertensive patients with or without obstructive sleep apnea 10 years after diagnosis and CPAP initiation.

Through inflammation and hyposalivation, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suggested to affect periodontal status over time. Our aim was to compare the clinical and radiographic periodontal status of hypertensive patients with or without long-term presence of OSA, treated or untreated with continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP). In 2007-2009, a screening for OSA was conducted among 394 hypertensive primary care patients. Polygraphy was used to create three groups: no OSA, non-CPAP, or adherent CPAP based on the apnea hypopnea index (AHI). After 10 years, a cross-sectional sleep and periodontal examination including a clinical and radiographic examination, a questionnaire, and a matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8)chair-side test was conducted. Based on levels of alveolar bone, bleeding on probing (BoP),and probing pocket depth (PPD), patients were categorized into four periodontal stages: periodontal health/gingivitis and three periodontal disease stages. Periodontal status and periodontal stages were compared between the OSA (n = 49), non-CPAP (n = 38),or adherent CPAP (n = 34) groups. The 121 patients (53% women) had a median age of 71 years. No differences were seen between the OSA groups regarding median number of teeth (p = .061), teeth/implants, (p = .107), plaque index (p = .245), BoP (p = .848), PPD ≥ 4 mm (p = .561), PPD ≥ 6 mm (p = .630), presence of MMP-8 (p = .693) except for bone loss (p = .011). Among patients with stage periodontal health/gingivitis a significant difference was seen, as 70% of those were categorized as no OSA, 20% as non-CPAP, and 10% as adherent CPAP (p = .029). Differences were not seen in periodontal disease stages. Hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) did not have an adverse clinical periodontal status compared to patients without OSA. However, when combining radiographic and clinical status into periodontal stages, patients without OSA more frequently exhibited periodontal health or gingivitis compared to patients without OSA, regardless of CPAP treatment.

Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of mandibular incisor alveolar bone changes for the intrusion arch technique: A retrospective cohort research.

: Alveolar bone loss is a common adverse effect of intrusion treatment. Mandibular incisors are prone to dehiscence and fenestrations as they suffer from thinner alveolar bone thickness. : Thirty skeletal class II patients treated with mandibular intrusion arch therapy were included in this study. Lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography images were taken before treatment (T1) and immediately after intrusion arch removal (T2) to evaluate the tooth displacement and the alveolar bone changes. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation was used to identify risk factors of alveolar bone loss during the intrusion treatment. : Deep overbite was successfully corrected (P < 0.05), accompanied by mandibular incisor proclination (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant change in the true incisor intrusion (P > 0.05). The labial and lingual vertical alveolar bone levels showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05). The alveolar bone is thinning in the labial crestal area and lingual apical area (P < 0.05); accompanied by thickening in the labial apical area (P < 0.05). Proclined incisors, non-extraction treatment, and increased A point-nasion-B point (ANB) degree were positively correlated with alveolar bone loss. : While the mandibular intrusion arch effectively corrected the deep overbite, it did cause some unwanted incisor labial tipping/flaring. During the intrusion treatment, the alveolar bone underwent corresponding changes, which was thinning in the labial crestal area and thickening in the labial apical area vice versa. And increased axis change of incisors, non-extraction treatment, and increased ANB were identified as risk factors for alveolar bone loss in patients with mandibular intrusion therapy.

To intrude or not to intrude? A systematic review of the controversy surrounding orthodontic intrusion on reduced periodontium

The main objective of this review was to evaluate the effects of orthodontic intrusion on patients with reduced periodontium. Additionally, this review aims to explore the potential for attachment gain and tissue regeneration in these patients and identify optimal therapeutic conditions to mitigate any negative effects of intrusion. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Duplicate electronic searches of the PubMed, Cochrane, EMC Premium, and Science Direct databases were performed by two independent reviewers. Data extraction and quality assessments, including risk of bias evaluation using the Cochrane and ROBINS-I tools were conducted. From an initial pool of 418 articles, 29 were selected after title and abstract screening for full-text review. Following thorough full-text reading, 15 studies were ultimately included in the analysis. The total number of patients included in the studies is 528, who underwent orthodontic intrusion on reduced periodontium. Studies indicated a decrease in periodontal pocket depth and an increase in clinical attachment with ortho-periodontal treatment. Alveolar bone level outcomes varied, showing both increases and losses. Authors generally observed improved papillary regeneration and reduced gingival recessions. Clinical studies involving combined ortho-periodontal treatment showed that orthodontic intrusion on a reduced but healthy periodontium can be considered a beneficial treatment for the periodontium, provided that potential adverse effects are carefully monitored.

Comparison of Peri-Implant Health Parameters among Obese and Non-Obese South Indian Population.

Implant therapy is gaining immense importance in people presenting with missing teeth due to its increased life expectancy. There is a high concern regarding the link between obesity and peri-implant diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the peri-implant health parameters among the obese and non-obese South Indian population. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Chennai, India among 859 patients who reported between January 2022-November 2022 and had a minimum of single implant in function for at least 1 year after crown cementation. Among 859 patients, 428 were non-obese (Group A) and 431 were obese (Group B). Patient's data including the menopausal status was recorded. Clinical parameters including peri-implant probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and radiographic parameter including alveolar bone level (ABL) was recorded and compared between both the groups using independent t-test. The mean PPD among non-obese and obese population were 2.58 ± 0.03 and 4.09 ± 0.04, respectively. The mean CAL among non-obese and obese population were 2.87 ± 0.02 and 4.19 ± 0.01, respectively. The mean ABL among non-obese and obese population were 2.06 ± 0.01 and 3.17 ± 0.03, respectively. Independent t-test revealed there was statistically significant difference in PPD (P = 0.04), CAL (P = 0.05) and ABL (P = 0.04). The present study suggests that the obese individuals demonstrated high peri-implant probing depth, clinical attachment loss and alveolar bone loss as compared to non-obese individuals.

Relation between Osteoporosis and Alveolar Bone Level in Postmenopausal Women (A clinical and Radiographic Study)

Relation between Osteoporosis and Alveolar Bone Level in Postmenopausal Women (A clinical and Radiographic Study)

Evaluation of alveolar bone level after orthodontic clear aligners treatment: A retrospective study

Introduction: Clear aligners have increased in popularity as an alternative to conventional fixed equipment in orthodontic treatment. However, the impact of clear aligner orthodontic therapy on the periodontium, particularly the periodontal tissues, has generated curiosity in research. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between clear aligner orthodontic treatment and the height of the alveolar bone level. Materials and Method: Ninety-two panoramic radiographs (pretreatment and posttreatment) from 46 adult patients treated with clear aligner therapy were selected for the current study. Linear measurements have been performed in the panoramic radiographs to measure the alveolar bone. Patient data, including age, gender, type of malocclusion, duration of the orthodontic treatment, inter-proximal striping done or not during the orthodontic treatment, and changes in alveolar bone level in millimeters, were documented. Results and Discussion: Posttreatment significantly increased alveolar defects (p=&lt;0.001). Moreover, the pretreatment and posttreatment alveolar bone defect was compared in different teeth that showed that significant difference in teeth #21(p=0.007), #17(p=0.006), #31(p&lt;0.001), #32(p=0.011), #33(p =0.003), #41(p &lt;0.001), #42(p =0.003) and #44(p&lt;0.001), #45(p &lt;0.001) and #46 (p=0.009). Comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment alveolar bone defects also showed significant differences in patients with interproximal striping (p=&lt;0.001). Other variables exhibited no significant differences (p&gt;0.05). Pretreatment and posttreatment mean differences in alveolar bone defects were statistically significant across all the studied variables (p&lt;0.05) except in the Class III malocclusion (p=0.082). Moreover, there is a significant positive correlation observed between the age of the study participants and pretreatment (p=0.007) and posttreatment bone defects (p=0.002) along with pretreatment and posttreatment alveolar bone defect (p= &lt;0.001). Conclusion: This study advances the understanding of the complexities surrounding malocclusion, clear aligner orthodontic treatment, and alveolar bone height.