Alumni Fund Research Articles

THE WORLD'S OLDEST UNIVERSITY AND ITS FINANCING EXPERIENCE: A STUDY ON AL-QARAWIYYIN UNIVERSITY (859-990)

Al-Qarawiyyin University's independence in terms of finances had been a significant and influential factor in making it possible for the university to maintain its high quality. Therefore, this paper aims to examine and analyse the financial sources for the development and operation of this university. It reviews and analyses historical data through relevant literature and documents. Waqf played a significant role in providing financial assistance to the university's communities and in strengthening its academic quality. There were four significant types of waqf sources which were the individual fund, the collective waqf fund, the Sultan fund and the alumni fund along with different other types of charities, i.e. sadaqah. This article adds new knowledge by examining the financing experiences of the world's oldest university. It is expected that the instance of Al-Qarawiyyin University may contribute to finding out a solution for the funding crises in contemporary institutions. This review is hoped to constitute a significant contribution to scholarship in general and act as a suggestion for solving the contemporary funding crisis of higher educational institutions.
 
 Keywords: Al-Qarawiyyin University, financing higher education, Morocco, Waqf.
 
 Cite as: Hoque, M. N., & Abdullah, M. F. (2021). The world's oldest university and its financing experience: A study on Al-Qarawiyyin University (859-990). Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 24-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp24-41

The peaceful atom comes to campus

Youthful idealism, institutional ambition, and Cold War sensibilities all helped shape the Michigan Memorial–Phoenix Project, the University of Michigan’s tribute to fallen World War II soldiers.

074 Wound Healing Enhancement by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields

The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on soft tissue are not well characterized. This study utilized a diabetic wound model to examine the effects of PEMF effects on soft tissue healing. Methods: Wounds were created on the dorsum of db/db and wild type C57BL6 mice. Mice were exposed to PEMF (4.5 ms pulse/15 hz) for 8 hrs/day for 14 days. Gross closure was assessed with digital analysis of area changes over time. Histological examination assessed granulation and epithelial gap, cell proliferation (BrdU), and endothelial cell density (CD31). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated in the presence or absence of PEMF for 8 hrs and VEGF/FGF2 was measured in culture supernatants by ELISA. Results: Mice exposed to PEMF had accelerated wound closure at day 7 (wound area as % of original, db/db: 60%(PEMF) vs. 78%(control), C57BL6: 15% vs. 42%, p < 0.05) and day 14 (db/db: 21% vs. 55%, C57BL6: 8% vs. 28%, p < 0.05), with increased granulation and cell proliferation (db/db day 7: 52 ± 8 vs. 31 ± 5 cells/HPF (200x)). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher CD31 density in wounds exposed to PEMF at day 7 (vessels/HPF, db/db: 28 ± 4 vs. 17 ± 4, C57BL6: 41 ± 7 vs. 28 ± 6) and day 14 (db/db: 32 ± 6 vs. 21 ± 5, C57BL6: 48 ± 5 vs. 40 ± 5). HUVECs in PEMF exhibited 5‐fold higher levels of FGF2 compared to controls after 30 min (20.50 pg/ml ± 6.75 vs. 4.25 pg/ml ± 0.75), with no change in VEGF through 8 hrs. Conclusions: PEMF accelerates closure time and endothelial cell proliferation in wound healing. Upregulation of FGF2 in HUVECs exposed to PEMF suggests that release of angiogenic growth factors may explain increased vascular density and accelerated wound closure. Clinical uses include treatment for diabetic ulcers and other non‐healing wounds.This work is supported in part by the Alumni Fund, Alumni Association of SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (MJC).

145 Biological Effects of Calreticulin on Wound Repair

Calreticulin (CRT) is a major classic Ca‐binding chaperone protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, CRT has been recognized to have widespread extracellular effects as well. In the current study we show that CRT increases both epithelial migration and granulation tissue formation in models of porcine and murine wound repair. Partial thickness wounds were created on the paravertebral area of pigs (n = 4) and 0.1% and 0.5% CRT, and PDGF (positive control) applied for 4 consecutive days. In wounds harvested at 5 days, CRT induced a 28 and 22% greater extent of reepithelialization than PDGF and Tris/Ca buffer control, respectively (% healed = 56/CRT; 40.5/PDGF; 44/control). In addition, CRT stimulated earlier granulation tissue formation in a dose‐dependent manner (cumulative dermal depth, microns: 1615/CRT; 1250/PDGF; 1325/control). A similar granulation tissue inducing effect of CRT was also observed in a steroid‐impaired pig model. As a diabetic model of wound repair, two 5 mm circular full‐thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of db/db mice; the wounds were splinted open with silicone rings and covered with occlusive dressing (n = 24). After 5 days of treatment with 0.1, 0.5, and 5% CRT, a dose‐dependent 8‐, 4.5‐, and 2‐fold increase in granulation tissue formation was observed (p < 0.05). However, there was no apparent effect on wound closure. Tissue sections showed a highly cellular dermis in the CRT treated wounds. In addition, CRT (50 pg/ml) stimulated wound closure in a scratch plate assay using fibroblasts by 45%, in 48 hrs, compared to 2% for the control. Therefore, CRT may be a novel agent for wound healing by acting as a chemoattractant for cells involved in wound remodeling and in epithelial migration.Suppported by Calretex, LLC. NJ, USA (LIG) and the Alumni Fund, Alumni Association Downstate College of Medicine (MJC).

A Third World international health elective for U.S. medical students. The 16-year experience of the State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn.

The Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health at the State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn (SUNY, HSCB) instituted an eight-week third world international health elective for fourth year medical students in 1980. Since that time, ninety students have participated. The purposes of this elective are to provide fourth year medical students with an opportunity to observe and study the structure and functions of a health care delivery system in a third world country, to provide medical service, and to have a cross-cultural experience. The emphasis in this elective is on public health, preventive medicine, and primary care. There is a high level of student competition for this elective, with 46.9% of applicants having been accepted over a fifteen-year period. Although women comprise 40% of the average medical school class, they represent 50% of participants in this elective program. The percentage of African-American and Hispanic students has been 20%. These two minority groups represented from 8% to 10% of the student body during the period under study. Careful screening, including an examination of academic records and personal interviews, has resulted in the selection of highly motivated, adaptable, and dedicated students who have performed well at overseas sites. Student satisfaction levels with this elective are extremely high, with most rating it the best experience of their medical school years. Students undergo extensive preparation prior to going overseas. This covers issues related to individual health and safety, travel and lodging, and the nature of the host country culture, health care system, and assignment site. Our students are especially experienced at cross-cultural understanding because of the unusual diversity of the patients they treat in Brooklyn, and the ethnic diversity of local hospital staffs and the medical school class. This Brooklyn experience in cross-cultural understanding has been cited by many participants as having been the best preparation for functioning in a foreign culture. The Alumni Fund of the College of Medicine has strongly and consistently supported this elective both with philosophical commitment and financial grants to help defray travel costs. This type of support is unusual among medical schools in New York City. Overseas preceptors have willingly given of their time and institutional resources to make these experiences available and meaningful for students.

A Question of Standards

I See by my university news-letter that Professor Mollusk is exhibiting at the Hamstring Galleries and that Instructor Snivel has been awarded the Squeegee Fellowship, all of which is supposed to impress the daylights out of me and make me contribute generously to the alumni fund.

Middlesex Alumni Fund

Middlesex Alumni Fund

The Cause of Cardiac Insufficiency — The Half-Insane — Harvard Medical Alumni Fund — Medical Notes

The Cause of Cardiac Insufficiency — The Half-Insane — Harvard Medical Alumni Fund — Medical Notes