Aluminum Tubes Research Articles

Unveiling the fundamentals of flow boiling heat transfer enhancement on structured surfaces.

Micro- and nanostructured surfaces offer the potential to enhance two-phase heat transfer. However, the mechanisms behind these enhancements are not well-understood due to insufficient diagnostic methods, leading to reliance on trial-and-error surface development. We introduce in situ boroscopy to investigate microscale bubble dynamics during flow boiling nucleation and subsequent flow regime development. This method was applied in saturated flow boiling experiments within chemically etched aluminum and copper tubes. Although the surfaces have self-similar surface structures, our findings revealed varied heat transfer coefficient enhancements, with increases of up to 391% on aluminum and 41% on copper. Using boroscopy, we identified key mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement. We further used mercury porosimetry to determine the impact of pore size distribution on thermal performance. The boroscopy technique introduced here not only elucidates the underlying processes of flow boiling heat transfer enhancement but also has potential applications for the study of other two-phase phenomena.

A modular, human body-mimicking phantom with active thermoregulation capabilities for validation and verification of convective hyperthermia devices

Objectives This study aims to design and fabricate a modular phantom for hyperthermia applications, addressing interpatient variability in thermal regulation mechanisms like sweating rate, metabolic heat production, and blood redistribution. Materials & methods The phantom can be constructed in various weights and dimensions by connecting identical units. Each unit consists of an agar-based block, an ethyl cellulose-based top layer, a heat source, deep and superficial water circulation, and a sweating mechanism. Agar and ethyl cellulose gels mimic the thermal properties of human tissues and fat respectively. The blocks are wrapped in PVC foil to prevent water evaporation. A heating wire, coiled around an embedded aluminum tubing simulates metabolic heat production. A superficial water circulation mimics skin capillaries. A water pump ensures a steady flow rate throughout the tubing system. Sweat production is simulated using a water pump and perforated tubing. A programmed controller maintains core temperature in a normal operating mode and simulates an anesthetized patient in anesthesia mode. Results Temperature uniformity and regulation were assessed under varying environmental conditions. The phantom effectively regulated its core temperature at 37.0 °C +/- 0.7 °C with an ambient temperature ranging between 21 °C and 30 °C. Activating the water circulation reduced the maximum temperature gradient within the phantom from 4.70 °C to 1.92 °C. Conclusion The versatile phantom successfully models heat exchange processes. Its thermal properties, dimensions, and heat exchange rates can be tuned to mimic different patient models. These are promising results as an effective tool for hyperthermia device validation and verification, representing human physiological responses.

Breaking mechanical performance trade-off in 3D-printed complex lattice-inspired multi-cell tubes under axial compression

It is a long-standing challenge to balance the structural load capacity and toughness in the design of lightweight multi-cell tubes. To tackle this challenge, we provide two kinds of complex lattice-inspired composite multi-cell tubes. The composite multi-cell tubes consist of inner polylactic acid (PLA) complex lattice-inspired multi-cell tubes and outside aluminum tubes. The energy absorption capacity of these multi-cell tubes was evaluated under quasi-static axial compression. The effect of cross-sectional topology and thermal exposure were considered in the experiment. The results show that the integration of PLA tubes within aluminum tubes significantly enhances their energy absorption performance, effectively addressing the limitations posed by the low fracture strain of PLA. The synergistic effect between the aluminum and PLA tubes mitigates the fracture instability and distributes the load more evenly, resulting in improved specific energy absorption (SEA) and mean crushing force (MCF) up to 103.32% and 184.38%, respectively. In these composite tubes, a global self-similar layout can markedly enhance its energy absorption. However, their mechanical properties decrease significantly at 323K compared to room temperature. Overall, this research provides a novel approach to enhancing the mechanical performance of PLA tubes, paving the way for their application in engineering fields requiring lightweight and high-strength structures.

Enhanced Crashworthiness Parameters of Nested Thin-Walled Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer and Al Structures: Effect of Using Expanded Polypropylene Foam

The in-plane loading conditions of carbon fiber/epoxy composite (CFRP) and aluminum nested-tube-reinforced expanded polypropylene (EPP) blocks were empirically examined. This study used crashworthiness metrics to estimate the best design configuration under quasi-static loading rates. The experimental phase began with lateral loading testing of single and nested aluminum and CFRP specimen. In-plane crushing experiments were performed on EPP foam blocks reinforced with nested tubes. Both single and nested aluminum tubes had comparable force–response curves and maintained their load-bearing capacity throughout testing. Despite a load-carrying capacity drop above a particular displacement threshold, the CFRP specimens had superior specific energy absorption (SEA) values due to their lightweight nature. The triple-tube nested specimens with two smaller tubes exhibited the best SEA results (1.72 and 1.88 J/g, respectively, for the aluminum and CFRP nested samples). During concurrent tube deformation, the nested samples showed a synergistic connection that increased energy absorption, especially in the EPP foam blocks with reinforced tubes. The study also examined the effects of building nested specimens with aluminum exterior tubes and CFRP inner tubes, and vice versa. This method showed that CFRP tubes within aluminum outer tubes lowered specimen weight (from 93.1 g to 67.7 g) and energy absorption (from 160.2 J to 153.3 J). However, the weight reduction outweighed the energy absorption, increasing SEA values for certain composite material configurations (from 1.72 J/g to 2.26 J/g).

Small-scale BLEVE: Near-field aerial shock overpressure and impulse

This paper presents an investigation into one of the most damaging hazards associated with Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), specifically focusing on the near-field overpressure and impulse effects. Experiments were conducted at a small-scale to study the overpressure and impulse using aluminum tubes with a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 300 mm. The tubes were filled with pure propane liquid and vapor. The controlled variables, in this work included the failure pressure, the liquid fill level, and the weakened length along the tube top. These variables control the strength of the overpressure characterized by the peak overpressure amplitude, duration of this overpressure event, and the resultant impulse. Notably, these experiments at a small scale included experiments with a 100 % liquid fill level. This further confirmed that the vapor space is the main driver of the lead overpressure hazard. High-speed cameras and blast gauges effectively illustrated the progressive formation of the shock wave in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Furthermore, various predictive models available in the literature are discussed in this paper and new correlations were developed to quantify the overpressure duration and impulse. The current analysis aims to predict the potential consequences of overpressure events during a BLEVE.

Investigation of new confined concrete-filled aluminum tube piles: Experimental and numerical approaches

This research aims to introduce and test a Confined Concrete-Filled Aluminum Tube Pile (CCFAT) as an innovative composite pile that embodies a distinctive amalgamation of favourable material characteristics. Experimental tests were carried out to achieve this goal by analysing the vertical and lateral responses of various configurations and slenderness ratios (Lm/D) (ranging from 10 to 20) of CCFAT piles. As a reference group, two traditional piles were also manufactured and tested under identical conditions for comparison purposes. Additionally, the finite element approach was applied to validate the experimental results. The findings indicated that CCFAT piles have either higher or at least equivalent ultimate vertical capacity to that of reference piles. Additionally, the results proved the superior ultimate lateral capacity of the CCFAT piles compared to the reference ones. The results also showed a constant maximum bending moment dept in the CCFAT piles with a Lm/D ratio of 10, with a slight increase observed for CCFAT with a Lm/D ratio of 20 under lateral loading, which could be attributed to the rigidity of the CCAFT piles. Moreover, the outcomes of the finite element analysis indicated that both ultimate vertical and lateral capacities improve with the increase in the number of piles. The sensitivity analysis showed that the dilatancy angle plays the most important role in determining the vertical capacity of the piles, while the lateral capacity was significantly determined by the internal friction angle. Finally, fitted charts were produced and validated in this study to help researchers estimate the ultimate vertical and lateral capacities of CCFAT piles depending on the stiffness of the pile groups.

Evaluation and development of flow condensation correlations using the data from low GWP refrigerants in an axial micro-fin aluminum tube

To mitigate global warming, the world is transitioning to refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP). Supporting this shift requires a model that can accurately predict the heat transfer and pressure drop of new refrigerants, crucial for designing efficient heat exchangers. Existing models, however, are largely based on currently deployed refrigerants and primarily developed for unexpanded micro-fin tubes with spiral angles of 6° to 30°. Their applicability to new refrigerants, especially in expanded micro-fin tubes, is uncertain. This study assesses the performance of four well-known condensation models for six emerging refrigerants—R-32, R-454B, R-454C, R-455A, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze(E)—against experimental data. Initially, the Han and Lee (2005) model shows the best prediction accuracy with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 22.1 %. To enhance the accuracy of heat transfer models for new refrigerants and geometries with large temperature glides, two approaches are proposed. The first approach applies a simple correction factor, reducing the MAD of the Cavallini et al. (2009) model from 68.2 % to 15.4 %. The second approach uses the variable metric method for minimization, fitting new constants to the data. This optimization results in the Kedzierski and Goncalves (1997) model achieving the highest accuracy, with a MAD of 13.1 %. For pressure drop models, the Cavallini et al. (1997) model is the most accurate with a MAD of 6.4 %, followed by the Haraguchi et al. (1993) model with a MAD of 9.4 %. Due to its simplicity, the Haraguchi et al. (1993) model is a practical option for predicting frictional pressure drop.

Water flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in smooth, etched, and herringbone aluminum tubes

Designing next generation heat exchangers for efficient heat transfer and minimal material consumption is required for sustainable development of society. While several heat transfer augmentation techniques are available, extended surfaces have been the most widely adopted due to their relative ease of integration and high heat transfer enhancement. However, since extended surfaces are mainly applicable for soft metals, and require significant capital investment for manufacturing, we propose scalably fabricated microstructures as an alternative and scalable heat transfer augmentation technique. Our etching-based structures are cost-effective, scalable, and applicable to a wide array of metallic tubing. The conformal microstructures, which have length scales ranging between ∼ 1 to 12 μm, are introduced through chemical etching of internal tube walls using hydrochloric acid. To test the water flow boiling performance of our etched surfaces, experiments were conducted on 0.25-inch diameter aluminum tubes over a range of mass and heat fluxes spanning 200 kg/(m2·s) <G < 380 kg/(m2·s) and 60 kW/m2 <q″ < 125 kW/m2, respectively. Using deionized water as the working fluid, an enhancement of up to 104 % in the tube-averaged heat transfer coefficient with a concurrent increase of up to 65 % in pressure drop was observed. The increase in the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop is attributed to the microstructures increasing the surface roughness and creating additional nucleation sites for bubble entrapment. When compared to commercially available finned herringbone tubes, we observed that for certain operating conditions, the enhancement in heat transfer due to use of microstructures in smooth tubes can exceed that of the enhancement observed using un-structured herringbone tubes. However, the pressure drop due to the increased surface area and fluid flow disruption of the chevron shaped herringbone fins always exceeded the etched aluminum round tube. This work provides insights and understanding related to how chemical etching and surface structuring can be utilized as an alternative passive heat transfer enhancement technique in flow boiling applications.

Crushing performance of an additively manufactured bio-inspired hybrid energy absorption profile

Abstract Bio-inspired structures have applications in various industries, including automotive, defense, aerospace, and biomedical industries, owing to their combination of high-strength and lightweight properties. To enhance their energy absorption performance, a novel design was developed by integrating a spiral component, inspired by the cross section of the date palm tree trunk (Latin: Phoenix dactylifera), into an empty aluminum tube. The energy absorption performance of a bio-inspired hybrid energy-absorbing profile (BIHEAP) was experimentally and numerically investigated. To ensure the reliability of the numerical studies, finite element models were generated using ANSYS LS-DYNA and subsequently validated through axial crushing tests. Design optimization studies were carried out using surrogate-based models, such as the response surface model and Kriging surrogate models, to increase the energy absorption performance of the BIHEAP, which has three different design variables (spiral revolution, wall thickness, and number of spiral tubes). The initial design of the BIHEAP exhibited a specific energy absorption capacity (SEA) and crush force efficiency (CFE) that surpassed those of the empty aluminum tube by 17.2 % and 4.6 %, respectively. The optimized BIHEAP design demonstrated SEA and CFE values that were 21.4 % and 32 % greater than those of the empty aluminum tube, respectively. When the initial and optimized BIHEAP design were compared, it was found that SEA and CFE was increased by 3.5 % and 26.1 %, respectively.

Numerical and experimental study of energy absorption in multilayer tubes manufactured through spinning forming process under quasi-static axial loading

Currently, dual-layer tubes play a pivotal role in sectors like nuclear, oil, gas, and steam generation. Recent research focuses on enhancing energy absorption in these tubes using the spinning forming process. This thin-walled nature benefits their application as efficient energy absorbers in transportation like trains and aircraft. A novel approach integrates coarse and fine-threaded ridges between steel and aluminum layers to create a mechanical interlock using the spinning forming technique. This interlock enhances the bond through flow forming, resulting in robust dual-layer tubes. Interlayer connection strength is rigorously tested through shear tests, pre and post flow forming, indicating a significant post-flow forming enhancement. This process substantially bolsters the overall structural integrity of dual-layer tubes. In crush tests, both single-layer and dual-layer steel and aluminum tubes undergo pressing through flow forming. Comparative analysis of energy absorption parameters—specific energy and crushing percentage—reveals notable performance differences. An annealed version of the tube with an aluminum layer is also included due to prior aluminum layer failures. Among dual-layer samples, the flow formed variant with fine-threaded ribs exhibits superior energy absorption and bonding. Finite element simulation of the pressed dual-layer sample demonstrates an 8.42 % deviation between simulated and experimental energy absorption outcomes. The study highlights that tightly bonded layers result in enhanced bonding characteristics.

Axial Impact Performances of Composite Aluminum Foam Tubes

An improved melt foaming method is employed to fabricate composite aluminum foam tubes (CAFTs) with varying diameter ratios, achieving metallurgical bonding between the aluminum foam and aluminum tubes. Based on the structural characteristics of aluminum foam‐filled tubes and traditional numerical formula for calculating the energy absorption properties of metal foams, a new calculation formula is proposed to accurately evaluate energy absorption performance of CAFTs under axial load, enabling more precise numerical calculation of total energy absorption. Furthermore, drop weight impact tests and finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the axial impact performance and deformation mechanism of CAFTs. The influence of diameter ratio on crashworthiness and energy absorption performance is also analyzed. As the diameter ratios decrease, both the impact resistance and total energy absorption of CAFTs increase, while the degree of tube damage gradually decreases. Moreover, finite element simulation results demonstrate that metallurgical combination between aluminum foam and aluminum tubes effectively transfers stress to thin‐walled tubes with better load‐bearing performance, preventing concentrated collapse of aluminum foam core. Additionally, the presence of aluminum foam provides robust restraint against deformation or rupture in thin‐walled tubes.

A novel multi-spot structure for joining aluminum and steel dissimilar thin-walled tubes by magnetic pulse crimping

Lightweight manufacture for dissimilar thin-walled tube structures without additional liner support has always been a challenge. A novel magnetic pulse multi-spot joining structure was proposed for the non-weight gain mechanical connection of 6061 aluminum to SPCC (Steel Plate Cold-rolled Common) steel thin-walled tubes. Mechanical properties, microscopic features, and joining mechanism of the magnetic pulse crimping (MPC) joints were explored based on simulation and experiments. Under the geometric conditions of flyer tube with an outer diameter of 30 mm and a thickness of 1 mm, the optimal preformed groove depth and discharge energy for the MPC joints were 2 mm and 16 kJ, respectively. The corresponding maximum tensile and torsional strength were 10.6 kN and 131.2 N m, respectively. The corresponding relative thinning rate of aluminum outer tube was 13 %. The failure forms of the MPC joints were all pull out and torsion out failures. During the high-speed joining of aluminum tube to steel tube, stress concentration phenomena occurred successively at the circumferential bottom fillet, axial bottom fillet, and axial upper edge of the groove. This was due to a certain height difference between the circumferential and axial directions of the groove. It was related to induction distance, discharge energy, skin effect, proximity effect, and tip effect in the coupled field. The yielding and instability of the groove in the steel inner tube would lead to a decrease in the fitting area of the aluminum outer tube filled groove and the relative thinning rate of the aluminum outer tube. This caused a decrease in the mechanical interlocking force at the groove, which was detrimental to the mechanical properties of the MPC joints. This article provides a new approach and data support for the lightweight manufacture of dissimilar thin-walled tube structures.

Natural and sustainable thermal storage solution for solar distillation system using sensible fiber material and latent PCM: Enhanced energy storage application

AbstractThe current research work involves the design and performance assessment of a solar still, which is a conventional single‐slope basin‐type solar still (CSSBTSS) and a modified single‐slope basin‐type solar still (MSSBTSS) under the meteorological conditions of Solan city, Himachal Pradesh, India (30.90° N, 77.09° E). The individual and the combined effect of different sample quantities of sensible Himalayan Rambaan fibers (HRFs) and mass of latent paraffin wax (PW) A48 on the performance of MSSBTSS is evaluated and compared with CSSBTSS. The use of HRF material enhanced the evaporation rate significantly and improved the daytime distillates. Besides, different masses of latent PW filled inside the aluminum tubes improved the nocturnal distillates. For the analysis, three cases have been considered which are, namely: Case 1, solar still with sensible HRFs (MSSBTSS‐HRF); Case 2, solar still with latent PW A48 (MSSBTSS‐PW); and Case 3, solar still with sensible and latent material (MSSBTSS‐HRF‐PW). The results showed that the maximum thermal efficiency for Cases 1 and 2 was improved by 30.02% and 42.41% with five sample quantities of HRF material and 5000 g of PW. For Case 3, the maximum energy efficiency was 90.71% with a gain of 45.16% over CSSBTSS. The economic analysis concluded that the cost per liter of distillate yield produced using MSSBTSS‐HRF‐PW and CSSBTSS is ₹1.5 and ₹1.6, respectively. These outcomes showed the great potential of MSSBTSS‐HRF‐PW approach towards enhancing the overall performance and cost‐effectiveness of solar still.

Friction Investigation of Closed-Cell Aluminium Foam during Radial-Constrained Test.

The energy-absorbing capacity and friction phenomena of different closed-cell aluminium foam-filled Al tube types are investigated through experimental compression tests. Concerning the kind of investigation, free, radial-constrained and friction tests occurred. The radial-constrained compression test results confirm that the process requires significantly more compression energy than without the constrain. Pushing away different pre-compressed foams inside the aluminium tube, the static and kinematic frictional resistances can be determined and the energy required to move them can be calculated. Knowing the value of the energy required for the frictional resistance, we can obtain how much of the energy surplus in radially inhibited compression is caused by the friction phenomena. The main goal present study is to reveal the magnitude of friction between the foam and the wall of the tube during the radially constrained test. The investigation used 0.4 and 0.7 g/cm3 density closed-cell aluminium foam whilst a compressive test was applied where the force-displacement data were recorded to calculate the absorbed energy due to friction. Considering the results of the test, it can be stated that 18% of the invested energy was used to overcome friction in the case of lighter foam and almost 23% with 0.7 g/cm3 foam during the radial-constrained test.

Innovative structure to mount demand feeders to concrete raceways at a production fish hatchery

AbstractObjectiveAs a type of automatic feeder, demand feeders reduce labor costs and can improve fish‐rearing efficiencies. However, mounting demand feeders can be problematic because of the variety of nonstandardized fish‐rearing units. This article describes an innovative, simple, sturdy, and durable demand feeder mount for rectangular, concrete raceways.MethodsThe feeder mount was made from aluminum and sits flat on a raceway wall or walkway. A horizontal base plate, secured to the wall by vertical plates, holds a vertical riser of aluminum tubing. Attached to this tubing is a rod that secures the demand feeder.ResultThis feeder mount design has proven durable over several years of actual use. Over this time, it has needed no maintenance other than occasional cleaning with water to remove spilled fish food. The feeder can be easily and quickly removed from the mount by simply pulling a pin and sliding the feeder off of the tubing. The mount is constructed to dramatically reduce tripping hazards and occupational safety and health risks.ConclusionThis simple, inexpensive (~US$50 to construct), and no‐maintenance mount is a viable solution to the typically difficult problem of mounting demand feeders to concrete raceways used for trout production.

Evolution of Microstructure During Stress Relieving Heat Treatment of 1S Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are extensively used in nuclear research reactors due to its low neutron absorption coefficient, good heat transfer properties, excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance in air and water environment combined with desirable mechanical properties along with considerable radiation stability. The thin walled tubes are normally manufactured through port hole die extrusion route and used in 'O' tempered condition. The thin tubes in 'O' tempered condition are undergone canning operation which may alter the microstructural features to some extent which may affect mechanical properties. The paper describes the extent to which microstructural and subsequently mechanical properties are altered due to the simulated canning process and further requirements of stress relieving heat treatment to restore the microstructural features and mechanical properties. The following studies are carried out with 1S aluminum tube in 'O' tempered state, simulated canning condition and stress relieved at different temperature, - hardness measurement, X ray line profile analysis for dislocation density measurement, tensile properties measurement using ring tensile testing, electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis for recrystallization fraction determination and changes in texture components. It is found that the canning operation changes dislocation density, micro-strain, coherent domain size which are well reflected in hardness and ring tensile testing. Subsequent stress relieving at 350°C for 2 hrs. leads to improvement of mechanical properties appreciably.

Experimental and numerical investigation of crashworthiness of multicell metal/CFRP tubes

Metal/CFRP hybrid thin-walled structures combine low-density and high-strength carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) with low-cost and stable failure form aluminium, which have drawn increasing attention in the transportation industry. A theoretical model was developed to predict the average crushing force of a hybrid multicell under axial compression. The model captures the main energy dissipation mechanism of the hybrid tube under axial compression, and the average crushing force is determined by a quasi-static compression test. The obtained results show that the average crushing force predicted by the theoretical model is in good agreement with the experimental results. However, the geometry size and configuration of multicell thin-walled structures have important effects on crashworthiness. Therefore, it is necessary to study the parametrization of hybrid multicell tubes. First, the simulation model of the multicell tube is established, and quasi-static experiments verify its accuracy. Second, finite element analysis was used to compare the effects of the geometric size of the cell and the multicell structure of different configurations on the energy absorption characteristics. It is clear that with the increase in the thickness of the large aluminium tube, the specific energy absorption (SEA) and crush force efficiency (CFE) both show an upward trend. In addition, with the increase in the ply number of the CFRP tubes, the SEA also shows a minor monotonic increasing trend. Finally, various hybrid tubes with different configurations are designed, and the C-C4-AL tube (the aluminium tube surrounded by four small-size CFRP tubes being placed inside a CFRP tube.) configuration has the most significant energy absorption (EA) and peak crushing force (PCF).

Energy absorption characteristics and deformation mechanism of TPMS and plate-lattice-filled thin aluminum tubes

Energy absorption characteristics and deformation mechanism of TPMS and plate-lattice-filled thin aluminum tubes

A Novel Cooling Device for Kidney Transplant Surgery.

Background: Prolonged warm ischemia time (WIT) in kidney transplantation is associated with numerous adverse outcomes including delayed graft function and decreased patient and graft survival. Circumventing WIT lies in maintaining renal hypothermia and efficiently performing the vascular anastomosis during this portion of the procedure. Although numerous methods of intra-operative renal cooling have been proposed, most suffer from practical limitations, and none have been widely adopted. Herein we describe a novel device specifically designed to maintain renal hypothermia during kidney transplant surgery.Methods: Aluminum tubing was organized in a serpentine pattern to create a malleable, form-fitting cooling jacket to manipulate renal allografts during transplant surgery. Adult porcine kidneys were used to test the device with 4°C saline as coolant. Kidneys were placed at 24°C; surface and core temperatures were monitored using implanted thermocouples. Anastomosis of porcine kidney vessels to GORE-TEX® vascular grafts in an ex-vivo operative field was performed to assess the functionality of the device.Results: The device maintained surface and core graft temperatures of ≤5°C after 60 minutes of WIT. Furthermore, the device provided hands-free retraction and support for the allograft. We found that ex-vivo anastomosis testing was enhanced by the presence of the cooling jacket.Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that our novel device is a practical tool for renal transplantation and can maintain sufficiently cool graft temperatures to mitigate WIT in an ex-vivo setting. This device is the first of its kind and has the potential to improve kidney transplant outcomes by eliminating WIT during graft implantation.

Blast protection of vehicle underside through fireball extinction by water

The aim of this research is the study of blast mitigation using water within the context of underbelly vehicle protection. The interaction of a shock wave generated by an explosive charge, with a relatively small quantity of water, in a vehicle underside environment has been investigated. The simulant vehicle underside was almost a cube with open side faces and a volume of about 7 m3. The deformation of target plates bolted onto the vehicle simulant floor was assessed. These were either unprotected or protected by plastic bags filled with water. Three quantities of water were tested: 4, 10 and 15 kg. Both the residual deformation of the test plate and the maximum dynamic deformation were assessed. This latter was obtained by the squeezing of a hexagonal aluminum tube and by digital image correlation. The results showed that both deformations, residual and dynamic, of a 5 mm thick steel plate decreased when it was protected by water. Water was more effective in reducing deformation parameters than using an equivalent mass of steel. The protective effect of water was also tested with a 1 kg TNT equivalent charge in a steel-pot on a 5 mm thick armor plate. In this case as well, it could be shown that for both deformations – residual and dynamic - the armor plate was less deformed when protected by water.