Surface Treatment Of Aluminum Research Articles

Development of Printed Pouch Film and Flexible Battery

This study investigates the properties of various adhesives and assesses the effects of the coating and drying conditions of aluminum surface treatment agents on adhesion strength and chemical resistance. The adhesion between aluminum and the polymer film is improved through the application of a surface treatment agent to the aluminum surface. This study examines the initial adhesive strength of a manufactured pouch film with respect to the drying temperature and time and evaluates its adhesive strength in the presence of moisture. The results indicate that the residual moisture on the aluminum surface weakens the adhesive strength and significantly affects electrolyte resistance. A noticeable reduction in strength was observed after water spraying, when the drying temperature and time were relatively low during the initial strength measurement. Among the adhesives used for aluminum and CPP lamination, olefin adhesives exhibit less susceptibility to electrolyte effects and have higher adhesive strengths compared to urethane and ester adhesives. Leveraging these characteristics, flexible pouch cells were manufactured and their stability was evaluated. The results confirm that the flexible cells demonstrate excellent stability, exhibiting potential for application in wearable devices.

Joining of Polymer to Aluminum Alloy AA1050 By Friction Spot Welding

The friction spot welding process is used to join the hybrid joint of aluminium to polymer. AA 1050 Aluminum alloy and polyethylene polymer (type of plastic) were used for joining. Aluminium surface treatment was done to increase the wettability of it. The surface treatment was done by electrochemical treatment. Two parameters of the joining process were used: (1, 1.5 and 2) min. (920, 1340 and 1500) rpm for time and rotational speed, respectively. Many tests for the joint are done: shear test and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using the Minitab program, the effect of the parameters on the joint was analysed. The maximum value of the shear force was (1587 N) at 1.5 min. time and 1340 rpm rotational speed. The minimum shear force was (589 N) at 1 min. time and 920 rpm rotational speed. The joints which were tested failed by an interfacial shear with a ductile fracture of the polymer side. The process of joining mechanism occurred through a mechanical interlocking between the molten polymer and the surface of the AA 1050 aluminium specimen, cohesive and adhesive. The average thickness for the joint of the tested specimens was 4µm.

High-Performance Layered Oxides for Sodium-Ion Batteries Achieved through Combined Aluminum Substitution and Surface Treatment

Layered sodium transition metal oxides belong to electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries that combine, in a better way, high performance with environmental requirements. However, their cycling stability is still far from desirable. Herein, we demonstrate a rational approach to control the cycling stability of sodium-deficient nickel manganese oxides, Na2/3Ni1/2Mn1/2O2, with two- and three-layer stacking through Al substitution and Al2O3 treatment. Layered Na2/3Ni1/2Mn1/2O2 oxide displays a limited ability to accommodate aluminum in its structure (i.e., up to 8 at. %). The substitution of Ni ions with electrochemically inactive Al3+ ions and keeping the amount of Mn ions in Na2/3Ni1/2−xAlxMn1/2O2 leads to the stabilization of the two-layer stacking and favors the participation of lattice oxygen in the electrochemical reaction in addition to Ni ions. This results in an increase in the specific capacity of the Al-substituted oxides. Furthermore, the kinetics of the cationic migration between layers occurring during oxide cycling was manipulated by oxide morphology. The best cycling stability is observed for Na2/3Ni0.42Al0.08Mn1/2O2 having a column-like morphology of stacked plate-like particles along the common faces. The treatment of the layered oxides with Al2O3 mitigates the Mn dissolution reaction during electrode cycling in the NaPF6-based electrolyte, thus contributing to a high cycling stability.

Effects of Aluminum Surface Treatment on Joining Strength of Aluminum/CFRP Friction Stir Spot Welding

Effects of Aluminum Surface Treatment on Joining Strength of Aluminum/CFRP Friction Stir Spot Welding

A Study on the Effects of Surface Energy and Topography on the Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum Alloy

The bonding properties of adhesives are mainly affected by surface roughness, topography and chemical adsorption. In this paper, we studied the effects of surface pretreatment of Al 2024-T3 (bare) in terms of surface roughness, topography and surface free energy. Surface pre-treatment included solvent cleaning, FPL etching, PAA and CAA treatment. The surface energy and roughness of the aluminum surface were significantly increased by the anodizing treatment. Single lap shear and fatigue tests were performed to investigate bonding properties and durability. The evaluation revealed that the surface energy and surface roughness resulting from the aluminum surface treatment had a significant impact on bonding properties and durability. PAA treated surfaces had the highest bonding strength, and CAA treated surfaces had superior bonding retention performance in hot water or salt spray environments. The results of the fatigue test most clearly demonstrated how the surface pretreatment of the aluminum alloy differently affected bonding performance.

Nanoparticles enhanced interfaces of Glass fiber laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy (GLARE) fiber metal laminates

AbstractFiber metal laminates (FMLs) based on unidirectional glass fabric and aluminum alloy 7075‐T6 sheet bonded with 5052 epoxy, were prepared by vacuum molding followed by hand layup method. Interface of metal‐adhesive was improved by a series of surface treatments of aluminum sheets, which increased the surface roughness (Ra) of aluminum from 227 to 1067 nm. Matrix was modified by incorporation of graphene nanosheets (GNs) and nanodiamonds (NDs). In‐order to optimize the quantity of nano‐reinforcements three different proportions were used, that is, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%, inclusive of equal proportions of GNs and NDs. For comparison, pristine epoxy based FMLs were also fabricated. Synergetic effect of GNs and NDs improved the tensile strength by 25%, inter laminar shear strength (ILSS) 46%, and fracture toughness 70%, by combination of GNs and NDs up to 0.5 wt%. Surface roughness test and water drop contact angle test were performed to evaluate the surface roughness of aluminum, while the microscopic analysis was conducted to observe the fracture behavior of FMLs. Finite element method (FEM) for numerical validation of experimental results was also performed. From the results, it was concluded that combination of aluminum surface treatment and matrix modification improved the overall performance of FMLs.

Indentation Creep Response and Rupture Mechanisms in GLARE: Experimental and Statistical Evaluation

Abstract Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are structural materials that play a vital role in the aviation sector, in which they are exposed to cyclic long-term loading. This article investigates creep response and rupture mechanisms of glass laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy (GLARE) FMLs based on microindentation creep testing. Specimens were manufactured by compression molding, and experiments were conducted under different test parameters, namely, aluminum surface treatment (in terms of surface roughness), creep chamber temperature, indentation load, and run time. In addition, rupture mechanisms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The individual interaction of control parameters on creep strain and mass loss response was studied using Taguchi method. Among the studied factors, specimen condition and creep chamber temperature predominantly control creep rupture, whereas load and time were less important, as confirmed by statistical predictions using linear regression.

Experimental investigations on effect of surface treatment of aluminum based metal matrix composites using laser

Laser sintering is one of the most widely used methods for fabricating advanced materials such as metal matrix composites (MMC). It offers a great deal of flexibilities to deal with complex shapes. Laser sintering is also a critical method to deal with constituents of metal matrix composites with higher melting point and hardness. In the present work, an attempt is made to present an experimental study wherein Al-MMC is fabricated first with the powder metallurgy route. Then surfaces of MMC are treated with laser. The effect of laser treatment on hardness and wear property is investigated. The treatment of laser on the surface of MMC resulted in increased hardness as compared to untreated MMC, and the wear resistance is found better along with the increased percentage of reinforcement particles. The work also presents a study on the application of laser to process Metal Metric Composite. It gives an idea of different associated process parameters like laser power, scanning speed, and their effect on MMC.

The Effect of Aluminium Surface Treatments on the Bonding Properties of Silica-Modified Epoxy Adhesive Joints: A Statistical Approach

A full factorial design is carried out to investigate the effects of different surface treatments, the inclusion of silica microparticles and the use of wash primer on the apparent shear strength and adherent strength of single-lap aluminium joints. Scanning electron microscopy, surface energy and roughness measurements are performed to characterise the aluminium surface. The results show that the use of wash primer decreases the apparent shear strength of the joints significantly. The cohesive failure of the primer is the main cause of the reduction in strength. On the other hand, the inclusion of 10 wt.% of silica microparticles in the adhesive layers increases the shear strength by 26%. Surfaces treated with NaOH for one minute, without using a wash primer, result in the most resistant joint. In contrast to the apparent shear strength, adherent strength is most effective when only degreasing is considered.

Superhydrophobic properties of aluminium produced by surface abrasive blasting, anodic oxidation and fatty acid impregnation

ABSTRACT An innovative low-cost method of aluminium surface treatment to obtain stable superhydrophobic properties is presented. An aluminium anodising method was combined with surface abrasive blasting as a mechanical pre-treatment to obtain combined microscale roughness and nonporous surface structure. The produced layer was impregnated with fatty acid. The surface morphology was examined by SEM and optical microscopy. The influence of the process parameters on the wettability of the aluminium surface was investigated. The features of the prepared samples were tested in terms of the durability of the coating. The test results confirm the stable superhydrophobic properties of the obtained layers with contact angle larger than 150° and roll-off angle less than 5°.

Influence of Aluminum Surface Treatment on Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Thermoplastic-Based Hybrid Laminates.

Hybrid laminates consist of layers of different materials, which determine the mechanical properties of the laminate itself. Furthermore, the structure and interfacial properties between the layers play a key role regarding the performance under load and therefore need to be investigated in respect to industrial applicability. In this regard, a hybrid laminate comprised of AA6082 aluminum alloy sheets and glass and carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (polyamide 6) is investigated in this study with a focus on the influence of aluminum surface treatment application on tensile and fatigue behavior. Four different aluminum surface treatments are discussed (adhesion promoter, mechanical blasting, phosphating, and anodizing), which were characterized by Laser Scanning Microscopy. After the thermal consolidation of the hybrid laminate under defined pressure, double notch shear tests and tensile tests were performed and correlated to determine the resulting interfacial strength between the aluminum sheet surface and the fiber-reinforced plastic, and its impact on tensile performance. To investigate the performance of the laminate under fatigue load in LCF and HCF regimes, a short-time procedure was applied consisting of resource-efficient instrumented multiple and constant amplitude tests. Digital image correlation, thermography, and hysteresis measurement methods were utilized to gain information about the aluminum surface treatment influence on fatigue damage initiation and development. The results show that fatigue-induced damage initiation, development, and mechanisms differ significantly depending on the applied aluminum surface treatment. The used measurement technologies proved to be suitable for this application and enabled correlations in between, showing that the hybrid laminates damage state, in particular regarding the interfacial bonding of the layers, can be monitored not just through visual recordings of local strain and temperature development, but also through stress-displacement hysteresis analysis.

Effect of Laser Treatment and Hydrophobization on the Corrosion-Electrochemical Behavior of Aluminum

The effect of laser treatment of aluminum samples on the properties of the surface hydroxide oxide layer is studied. It is shown that treatment in air leads to an increase in the thickness of the oxide layer and the almost complete disappearance of hydroxide forms, which results in deterioration of the protective properties of this layer due to its higher defectiveness and porosity. It is found that the optimal treatment regime for aluminum, the surface of which is covered by an oxide layer with a significant fraction of hydroxides, is laser irradiation in an inert argon gas medium with small (1–2 vol %) oxygen content. Laser treatment leads to the formation of a protective surface layer that effectively inhibits the anodic dissolution of aluminum in a model corrosion medium, borate buffer solution at pH 7.4. It is shown that the initial hydroxide oxide film and the oxide film formed during laser treatment processing are hydrophilic, that is, they are well moistened with water. The surface treatment of aluminum in the initial state and after laser irradiation with a solution of vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) leads to the formation of a hydrophobic adsorption layer and a significant decrease in the currents of anodic dissolution. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is shown that silane adsorption occurs both with the participation of silicon atoms and carbon atoms of an alkene bond. The hydrophobic layer of adsorbed silane on the laser-treated surface has a greater thickness and has a higher inhibiting effect on the anodic dissolution of aluminum than in the case of the initial aluminum surface.

6061 Aluminum Surface Treatment by High Quality Coloring Anodic Film

Electrochemical techniques can be used in the various fields, such as anodization, deposition, etching, polishing, pitting, and corrosion applications. In this paper, we focus on the high quality coloring anodic film fabrication. In the prior technologies, anodization generally has the main purpose of surface decoration or corrosion resistance. However, in the high technologies, the characteristics of film thickness, anti-voltage value, surface roughness, surface color and hardness of the anodic film have been strict requirements. The key parameters of anodization such as, electrolyte composition, current-voltage curve pattern, temperature, current density, time, final voltage, efficiency, and electricity affect the quality of anodic film. In order to make a high quality anodic film, this paper provided a detail anodization process and discussed the quality of anodic film.

Influence of anodization of aluminum 2024 T3 for application in aluminum/Cf/ epoxy laminate

This work deals with the processing and characterization of aluminum/carbon fiber/epoxy composites obtained from anodized and non-anodized aluminum plates. In this work, the electrochemical treatment employed was the phosphoric anodization, after chemical stripping. After this treatment, the fiber metal laminate (FML) coupons were laminated, the aluminum plates were interleaved with CF/epoxy prepreg layers. The next step was the use of hot compression molding technique in order to prepare the FML with and without anodized aluminum surface treatment, for comparison purposes. Several characterization techniques were used, such as: impact and perforation resistance analysis, laminar, translaminar (Iosipescu) and compression shear strength, in addition to optical macroscopy. After the analysis of the results, it was verified that the electrochemical treatment slightly reduces the impact and the perforation resistance of FML studied, because a more adhered interface promotes larger internal tensions and consequently reduces the capacity to absorb energy until failure. However, the adhesion properties were shown to be superior in the composites produced with the anodized plates. Additionally, the treatment proved to be an important means of obtaining FMLs, since most of the plates produced with non-anodized aluminum delaminated after a few weeks in stock, while the FML obtained from anodized aluminum did not delaminate after months of their production.

Nanoporous surface treatment of aluminium by anodisation in oxalic acid

Purpose: Well-ordered nanoporous anodic surface on aluminium substrate was obtained by anodisation method in 0.3 M of oxalic acid as an electrolyte. The objective of this perusal is to describe a system for the magnifying diameter of pores and resistance of demolition of the oxide layer at various voltages. The effect of voltage and time of anodisation process in which obtaining the required structure in AAO film. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed on a setup for anodisation considering variables parameters. In this study, AAO Templates were prepared in oxalic acid of 0.3 M concentration under the potential range of anodisation 30-40 V at relatively temperatures range from 20-30°C of an electrolyte. Anodic voltage, current density and temperature of electrolyte were adopted as electrical parameters during anodisation. Before anodisation starts two crucial pre-treatment i.e. annealing and electropolishing are finished. Findings: The diameter of pores and pitch of pores are well-proportional to anodisation voltage and process time. The pore diameters were 85 nm, 138 nm, 184 nm, 248 nm with having 9, 16, 27, 37 porosity % respectively. The thickness of AAO film in all cases has been found to be maximum or constant after one hour in second step anodisation. The anodisation parameters like voltage, the time duration of the anodisation process and temperature are very essential features which influencing the fabrication of an AAO film. Research limitations/implications: The anodisation process is very easy to perform but very complex to understand as there are many parameters which may affect it. Practical implications: After that, the second step anodisation for the next half hour, there will be no change in the thickness of AAO film but after that dissolution rate starts over the formation rate and finally thickness will be decreasing. Originality/value: Therein is numerous macropores in the membrane with the size of pores variation from 163 to 248 nm. The diameter of pores, thickness, and pore density of AAO film was determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which exhibited that homogeneous honeycomb-like structure has appeared on the entire surface where anodisation performed precisely.

Enhanced corrosion protection property of Li-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) film modified by 2-guanidinosuccinic acid with excellent self-repairing and self-antibacterial properties

The long-lasting chrome-free, corrosion-resistant surface treatment of aluminum is of crucial importance. In our work, we prepared an intrinsic self-repairing and self-antibacterial film of single step in-situ grown inorganic lithium (Li), aluminum (Al)-containing layered double hydroxides film modified by 2-guanidinosuccinic acid (denoted as GLDHs) on the surface of 6 N01-T5 Al alloy by a facile method with enhanced corrosion protection performance. A series of electrochemical tests and neutral salt tests (NSS) showed that the corrosion resistance performance of GLDHs was significantly improved as compared with blank LiAl-LDH film. Interestingly, an artificial defect in the GLDHs film exhibited remarkable performances of self-repairing. After immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for certain time, new LiAl-LDH film at the Al alloy surface were formed, which was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP), elemental analyzer, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). A self-repairing mechanism was proposed and discussed. Furthermore, GLDHs also exhibited excellent self-antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The high self-antibacterial performance of GLDHs film could attribute to the modified 2-guanidinosuccinic acid. Our full demonstration of the multifunctional GLDHs film is considerably beneficial to the researchers to further understand its potential for the practical application in the field of corrosion protection of aluminum and aluminum alloy.

Apal – 36 Years Serving the Aluminium Industry and Surface Treatment

Apal – 36 Years Serving the Aluminium Industry and Surface Treatment

Pre-Treatment in the Surface Treatment of Aluminum

Pre-Treatment in the Surface Treatment of Aluminum

Effects of various aluminum surface treatments on the basalt fiber metal laminates interlaminar adhesion

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are a new class of advanced materials consisting of metal and fiber reinforced polymer layers. Surface treatment of the metal layers can have significant effects on the interlaminar properties and thus the overall properties of FMLs. The aim of this study was to apply four different surface treatment methods on the aluminum layers and investigate their effects on the flexural behavior of a FML made up of Al2024, basalt fibers and epoxy Epon 828. To study the surface morphologies and fracture surface of samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM) and profilometry were utilized. Results of the four methods applied, showed that the mechanical abrasion and alkaline etching treatments were not found suitable for enhancing the flexural properties due to weak interfacial adhesive bonding. OM images revealed that the adhesive failure was the failure type of mechanical abrasion and alkaline treated samples. On the other hand, Forest Products Laboratory etching (FPL-etching) and anodizing treatments caused significant improvements in the flexural properties. The improvements are attributed to the formation of surface oxide layers containing microscale pits. The microscale pits provided appropriate sites for the penetration of the polymer resin, which caused strong interfacial bonding by mechanical interlocking mechanism. Moreover, SEM and OM images indicated that the main failure type of FPL-etching and anodized samples was the cohesive failure.

Interface strength and degradation of adhesively bonded porous aluminum oxides

For more than six decades, chromic acid anodizing has been the main step in the surface treatment of aluminum for adhesively bonded aircraft structures. Soon this process, known for producing a readily adherent oxide with an excellent corrosion resistance, will be banned by strict international environmental and health regulations. Replacing this traditional process in a high-demanding and high-risk industry such as aircraft construction requires an in-depth understanding of the underlying adhesion and degradation mechanisms at the oxide/resin interface resulting from alternative processes. The relationship between the anodizing conditions in sulfuric and mixtures of sulfuric and phosphoric acid electrolytes and the formation and durability of bonding under various environmental conditions was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the oxide features. Selected specimens were studied with transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to measure resin concentration within structurally different porous anodic oxide layers as a function of depth. Results show that there are two critical morphological aspects for strong and durable bonding. First, a minimum pore size is pivotal for the formation of a stable interface, as reflected by the initial peel strengths. Second, the increased surface roughness of the oxide/resin interface caused by extended chemical dissolution at higher temperature and higher phosphoric acid concentration is crucial to assure bond durability under water ingress. There is, however, an upper limit to the beneficial amount of anodic dissolution above which bonds are prone for corrosive degradation. Morphology is, however, not the only prerequisite for good bonding and bond performance also depends on the oxides’ chemical composition.