Aluminum Pieces Research Articles

Experimental investigation for enhancement of heat and mass transfer during regeneration of zeolite 13X-water pair

The effect of adding metal pieces in the adsorbent bed for enhancing the effective thermal conductivity and drying kinetics is investigated for the Zeolite 13X bed. Aluminum, stainless-steel pieces ranging in size from 1.5 cm to 2 cm, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles are chosen, and the total weight added to the bed is approximately 2 % of the adsorbent weight. The different semi-theoretical drying models like Lewis, Page, Logarithmic, Henderson, and Pabis and empirical models like Weibull and Gaussian model are used for the analysis. Adsorption and desorption of Zeolite 13X-water integrated with various metal pieces revealed a decrease in the adsorption capacity of adsorbents with metal pieces and increased bed moisture content for powdered aluminum oxide. It can be noticed that the desorption process was improved by including the metal pieces in the adsorbent bed.; Desorption rates range from 19.54 % for the bed mixed with straight aluminum pieces and 21.43 % for the bed filled with stainless steel. The desorption rates for the bed containing nanoparticles of aluminum oxide and spiral aluminum pieces are 20.48 % and 22.21 %, respectively. The experimental investigation on efficiency enhancement revealed that the desorption process of an adsorbent bed with straight aluminum pieces increased efficiency by 12.38 %, while the bed with aluminum oxide and stainless steel increased efficiency by 17.75 % and 23.20 %, respectively. The effectiveness of an adsorbent bed with spiral aluminum pieces is enhanced by 27.68 %. The drying kinetics analysis of zeolite 13x regeneration using semi-theoretical and empirical models which showed good agreement with experimental results.

Underwater Adhesives from Redox-Responsive Polyplexes of Thiolated Polyamide Polyelectrolytes.

We report the fabrication of optically clear underwater adhesives using polyplexes of oppositely charged partially-thiolated polyamide polyelectrolytes (TPEs). The thiol content of the constituent PEs was varied to assess its influence on the adhesive properties of the resulting glues. These catechol-free, redox-responsive TPE-adhesives were formulated in aquo and exhibited high optical transparency and strong adhesion even on submerged or moist surfaces of diverse polar substrates such as glass, aluminium, wood, and bone pieces. The adhesives could be cured under water through oxidative disulphide crosslinking of the constituent TPEs. The polyamide backbone provided multi-site H-bonding interactions with the substrates while the disulphide crosslinking provided the cohesive strength to the glue. Strong adhesion of mammalian bones (load bearing capacity upto 7 kg/cm2 ) was achieved using the adhesive containing 30 mol % thiol residues. Higher pH and use of oxidants such as povidone-iodine solution enhanced the curing rate of the adhesives, and so did the use of Tris buffer instead of Phosphate buffer. The porous architecture of the adhesive and its progressive degradation in aqueous medium over the course of three weeks bode well for diverse biomedical applications where temporary adhesion of tissues is required.

Farklı İki Metal Grubun Geri Kazanımı İçin Gravite Ayırıcısı Tasarımı

This study, "Design of a Gravity Separator for the Recovery of Two Different Metal Groups", represents important research aiming to recover metals in a sustainable way and reduce the amount of waste. This study aims to separate metals according to their density differences. It is an effective method, especially for the separation of different metals such as copper and aluminum. Therefore, this study investigates how this technology can be used more efficiently.As a result of the literature review, existing gravity separation techniques were evaluated. This formed the basis for a new and novel gravity separator design based on existing knowledge. This design is designed to have a capacity of one ton per hour. This capacity demonstrates usability on an industrial scale. The designed separator aims to separate mixed copper and aluminum pieces and convert them into pure granule raw material.During the implementation phase, it was tested how this design would perform in the field. As a result of these tests, it is aimed to recover approximately 8760 tons of waste material annually. This makes a positive contribution to the environment by recycling large amounts of waste material. In conclusion, this study highlights an important method for sustainable recovery of metals. The effective use of gravity separation technology is of great importance in reducing the amount of waste and protecting natural resources. This study is an important step in highlighting sustainability and environmentally friendly practices.

Design and characterization of a novel supported epoxy film adhesive reinforced by Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles

Film adhesives made from epoxy resin are typically used in different industries including transportation and aerospace to attach aluminum substrates together. These film adhesives offer a series of advantages including ease of application and handling, control over the adhesive thickness, minimal waste and uniform product as compared to other forms of adhesive like paste adhesives. Here, we try to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of these adhesives as well as to address poor ductility and weak fracture toughness of cured epoxy as major disadvantages. We used two dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx nanoparticles (NPs) which is the most well-known member of the emerging MXene family. MXenes a recent class of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, have attracted many attentions since they were synthesized in 2011.The particular structural and functional characteristics of MXenes make them good candidate for multifunctional composites. The addition of inorganic MXene NPs to epoxy matrix at 1 phr accompanied by phenolic resin (novolac type) improves the tensile strength, modulus, and toughness of the adhesive by 16.49%, 43.51%, and 17.19%, respectively. Using MXene NP-containing epoxy film adhesives for attaching aluminum pieces together, we realized that the presence of MXene increases the single-lap shear strength and T-peel strength by 32.69% and 37.94%, respectively.in addition, the thermal stability of the MXene NP-containing film adhesives was improved, as indicated by 10.51% increase in the initial degradation temperature.

Nonlinear acoustic characterization of heterogeneous plasticity in bent aluminium samples

Knowledge of the state of plastic deformation in metallic structures is vital to prevent failure. This is why non-destructive acoustic tests based on the measurement of first order elastic constants have been developed and intensively used. However, plastic deformations, which are usually heterogeneous in space, may be invisible to these methods if the variation of the elastic constants is too small. In recent years, digital image correlation techniques, based on measurements carried out at the surface of a sample, have been successfully used in conjunction with finite element modeling to gain information about plastic deformation in the sample interior. Acoustic waves can penetrate deep into a sample and offer the possibility of probing into the bulk of a plastically deformed material. Previously, we have demonstrated that nonlinear acoustic methods are far more sensitive to changes in dislocation density than linear ones. Here, we show that the nonlinear Second Harmonic Generation method (SHG) is sensitive enough to detect different zones of von Mises stress as well as effective plastic strain in centimeter-size aluminium pieces. This is achieved by way of ultrasonic measurements on a sample that has undergone a three-point bending test. Because of the relatively low stress and small deformations, the sample undergoes plastic deformation by dislocation proliferation. Thus, we conclude that the nonlinear parameter measured by SHG is also sensitive to dislocation density. Our experimental results agree with numerical results obtained by Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling. We also support the acoustic results by X-ray Diffraction measurements (XRD). Although intrusive and less accurate, they also agree with the acoustic measurements and plastic deformations in finite element simulations.

Deep learning regression for quantitative LIBS analysis

One of the most promising innovation strategies for sorting and recycling post-consumer aluminium scrap is using quantitative Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis. However, existing methods to estimate alloying element concentrations based on LIBS spectra, such as linear univariate regression and Machine Learning models, are still too limited in their performance to achieve the accuracy demanded by the industry. Therefore, this study presents novel Deep Learning approaches and compares their performance to those of traditional univariate regression and Machine Learning methods in terms of RMSE, MAE, and R2 value. For this evaluation, two sample sets of aluminium pieces are used: one containing 27 certified aluminium reference samples and the second containing 733 post-consumer scrap pieces for which the ground truth concentrations are determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF).Adopting multiple loss functions, one for each element, has proven its significant value for the regression performance. It improves the results for all performance metrics in the Scrap Sample set, and the same is true for the Reference Sample set, except for the coefficient of determination of Fe, Mn and Mg. In addition, the proposed methodology considers the learning prioritisation problem to prevent that learning the concentration of the base element is prioritised over the alloying elements. Although the effect of excluding the base alloy aluminium from the learning is small and not always positive for the performance, demonstrating this effect is also considered valuable. Since the average RMSE on the prediction is just 0.02 wt% for Al and Si, and not more than 0.01 wt% for Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, and Zn, the best-performing Deep Learning model shows promise for the future of LIBS in metal sorting applications.

Design of experiments to evaluate the equation to obtain the operating parameters in a 3-axis Numerical Control Machine

This article aims to evaluate the efficiency of the application of equations with which the operating parameters of the manufacturing process are obtained in a three-axis numerical control machine, in order to determine through analysis tests which is the most appropriate option when planning production in machines of this type. The methodology applied to obtain the results is based on the collection and analysis of data generated on a test bench to submit it to a design of 2K experiments, whose response variable is based on the roughness of the surface; using a roughness meter to determine the difference in finishes on a piece of aluminum 6160 T6 and jointly in the machining time; comparing theoretical vs real times. To obtain the comparative analysis, the revolutions per minute and the progress of the cutting tool will be considered as variables, it is expected that this will contribute to identifying the adjustment values that provide better results and standardize the correct use of the equations involved in obtaining the parameters.

Improving appearance and mechanical strength of aluminum-polypropylene/talc composite friction stir joint using a novel tool design

In this research, friction stir joining of aluminum-polypropylene/talc composite was investigated due to the numerous applications of aluminum-polymer joints in automotive and aerospace industry. A novel tool design, including a rotary/stationary holder, was used to improve the appearance and mechanical performance of friction stir lap joints by preventing the mixed molten polymer and aluminum particles from exiting the stirred zone. Effect of tool transverse speed on the joint microstructure and strength was investigated. Using the rotary/stationary holder, tensile-shear strength of the joints increased (by ~ 45 to ~ 220% at various transverse speeds). Since during the tensile-shear test all joints failed from the aluminum/stirred zone interface, joint strength was affected by the formation of anchor-like aluminum pieces in the composite substrate as the mechanical locks, reaction layer at the joint interface, and large voids near the aluminum/stirred zone interface. Joining at the optimum transverse speed led to the highest tensile-shear peak load of 315 N.

Solid Foam Ru/C Catalysts for Sugar Hydrogenation to Sugar Alcohols─Preparation, Characterization, Activity, and Selectivity

Sugar alcohols are obtained by hydrogenation of sugars in the presence of ruthenium catalysts. The research effort was focused on the development of solid foam catalysts based on ruthenium nanoparticles supported on active carbon. This catalyst was used in kinetic experiments on the hydrogenation of l-arabinose and d-galactose at three temperatures (90, 100, and 120 °C) and two hydrogen pressures (20 and 40 bar). Kinetic experiments were carried out with binary sugar mixtures at different d-galactose-to-l-arabinose molar ratios to study the interactions of these sugars in the presence of the prepared solid foam catalyst. The solid foam catalyst preparation comprised the following steps: cutting of the open-cell foam aluminum pieces, anodic oxidation pretreatment, carbon coating, acid pretreatment, ruthenium incorporation, and ex situ reduction. The carbon coating method comprised the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, followed by a pyrolysis process and activation with oxygen. Incorporation of ruthenium on the carbon-coated foam was done by incipient wetness impregnation (IWI), using ruthenium(III) nitrosyl nitrate as the precursor. By applying IWI, it was possible to prepare an active catalyst with a ruthenium load of 1.12 wt %, which gave a high conversion of the sugars to the corresponding sugar alcohols. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, HR-TEM, TPR, and ICP-OES to interpret the catalyst behavior in terms of activity, durability, and critical parameters for the catalyst preparation. Extensive kinetic experiments were carried out in an isothermal laboratory-scale semibatch reactor to which gaseous hydrogen was constantly added. High selectivities toward the sugar alcohols, arabitol and galactitol, exceeding 98% were obtained for both sugars, and the sugar conversions were within the range of 53–97%, depending on temperature. The temperature effect on the reaction rate was very strong, while the effect of hydrogen pressure was minor. Regarding the sugar mixtures, in general, l-arabinose presented a higher reaction rate, and an acceleration of the hydrogenation process was observed for both sugars as the ratio of d-galactose to l-arabinose increased, evidently because of competitive interactions on the catalyst surface.

Modeling and Design of Cookware for Induction Heating Technology With Balanced Electromagnetic and Thermal Characteristics

Improving the cooking experience of induction-heating users involves, among other factors, an optimized power distribution at the bottom of the cooking vessel. Conventional ferromagnetic cookware presents high efficiency but unequal temperature distribution with flat inductors, which subsequently leads to uneven cooking results. In this work, we propose an alternative to the traditional cookware arrangement by inserting some aluminum pieces in the ferromagnetic bottom of cookware. This arrangement combines the optimal inductive performance of the ferromagnetic iron an the high thermal conductivity of aluminum. The performance of the proposed arrangement is analyzed by means of a multiphysics tool including electromagnetic and heat transfer sub-models which is applied to predict both the equivalent electrical circuit and the temperature distribution in cookware. As a result, a balanced trade-off between efficiency and temperature distribution is evidenced with the proposed solution. Experimental results also corroborates the predictions of the proposed solution.

Enhancing the performance of conventional coffee beans drying with low-temperature geothermal energy by applying HPHE: An experimental study

Abstract The unpredictable weather in Indonesia results in a less effective conventional coffee beans drying process, which usually uses solar energy as a heat source. This experiment aimed to examine the performance of the coffee beans drying using low-temperature geothermal energy (LTGE) with solar energy as the energy source. Heat pipe heat exchanger, which consists of 42 straight heat pipes with staggered configuration, was used to extract the LTGE. The heat pipes have 700 mm length, 10 mm outside diameter with a filling ratio of 50%, and added by 181 pieces of aluminum with a dimension size of 76 mm × 345 mm × 0.105 mm as fins. LTGE was simulated by using water that is heated by three heaters and flowed by a pump. Meanwhile, to simulate the drying process with conventional methods, a system of solar air collectors made of polyurethane sheets with a thickness of 20 mm and dimensions of length × width × height = 160 cm × 76 cm × 10 cm, respectively, was used in this study. Zinc galvalume sheet with 0.3 mm thickness was installed and coated by the black doff color throughout the inner of the container wall. The result showed that the drying process with LTGE and solar energy is faster than with solar energy or geothermal energy only. The drying coffee beans using the hybrid system can speed up the drying coffee beans time by about 23% faster than the solar energy only.

Using Cooling System for Increasing the Efficiency of Solar Cell

According to future predictions, reliance will be largely on solar panels to provide electrical energy. Given its importance, the factors that maintain or increase its efficiency must be studied. Among the factors that reduce its efficiency are temperature, shade, dust and many others. The effect of the temperature on the performance and efficiency of a photovoltaic (pv) panel is the one of the main important facing the renewable energy, especially in hot regions, e g. South part of iraq. The high temperature to which the pv module is exposed in hot weather reduces the open circuit voltage and the efficiency. In this work, use two methods for cooling, namely water cooling and air cooling. The first method of cooling was air cooling by using dc fan that placed in the back of pv module. While the second method water cooling divided in two techniques, the first technique done by using two pieces of aluminum for cooling (water cooling blocks) placed in the rear of pv module and the second technique of water cooling by using copper perforated tube for spraying water placed in the front of pv module. The average of experimental results shows that the use of technique spraying water cooling are highest enhancement in efficiency than others techniques (water cooling blocks and dc fan) and more effective at high pv temperatures.

Strength Analysis of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Joint Under Minimize Rotation Speed of FSW Tool

Friction stir welding (FSW) broadly used in the same grade as aluminium alloy but for aluminium alloy material it requires high speed rotation of FSW tool which develops high temperature on tool. In this paper process parameter of FSW are studied based on the strength of welding joint and predict FSW tool speed as low as possible according to the past literature. Constant machining parameters are tool rotation of FSW is 800 rpm and welding speed 15 mm/min. In this work analysing the strength variation of welding joint under two mode of pre-heating temperature on the work-piece then variation of cooling medium apply after preheating to change the grain structure of work-piece. In this work the FSW process is passed over two pieces of aluminum at once and the effect of tool rotation and temperature of the tool is discussed by preparing the sample for testing according to the ASTM dimension.

The Effect of using Compound Techniques (Passive and Active) on the Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Performance

This experimental study explores the effect of using compound technique (passive techniques (packing the shell side with small cylindrical aluminium pieces) and active techniques (air injection or bubble generation) were securitized. It is conducted for both configurations (parallel and counter) flow with applying both techniques (compound) at the same conditions in a double pipe heat exchanger. The main objective of this study is to indicate the effect of employing the two techniques simultaneously and compare the outcomes without and with the passive (packing) method under the same conditions. The heat transfer of heat exchanger in terms of cost and size has been For this purpose the test rig is prepared by designing and making a suitable heat exchanger equipped with flow meters and thermocouples for measuring flow rates and temperatures (Tin and Tout) of both fluids (hot and cold) . The hot fluid is heated in a small tank by electrical heater with temperature controller from (TEquipment). The results show that the performance parameters of the heat exchanger enhanced about (15%) for case of applying the both techniques together and (25)% for case of using active method only.

Green synthesis silver nanoparticles via Eichhornia Crassipes leaves extract and their applications

Recent times sustained efforts have been made in the bottom-up approach and biological Ag nanoparticles synthesis, in present work synthesized silver nanoparticles via green synthesis from the Eichhornia crassipes (EC) leaf extract AgNPs at room temperature with pH of 10–12. Synthesized AgNPs characterized thoroughly for phase purity and morphology by various characterization techniques. Phytochemical activities of Eichhornia crassipes (EC) leaf extract were shown that main constituents flavonoids, quercetin enhances the conversion of Ag ​+ ​to Ag0. This is also confirmed through the electronic property (EHOMO and ELUMO) of EC leaf extract, which was analyzed through quantum chemical studies. Further the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was screened on E. coli and S. aureus. The result reveals that AgNPs has good antibacterial properties towards the bacteria E. coli. The AgNPs is dedicated also in testing the effectiveness of aluminum corrosion in the acid system at room temperature using Tafel plots, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and AC impedance spectroscopy techniques. Corroded aluminum pieces were observed by using the SEM technique.

Boiling Heat Transfer in a Micro- Channel Complex Geometry

"This prediction demonstrates an inclusive investigation on" single-phase and two- phase pressure drop properties and flows boiling" instabilities in micro-channels to resume the concepts in the boiling heat transfer tests". The predictions of "single-phase and two- phase heat transfers" in the aluminum micro-channel heat sink have been investigated". "Different heat fluxes and different mass fluxes have been applied "(each mass flow rate under numerous heats fluxes) in an aluminum parallel channel test piece is tested". "It was built up from a piece of aluminum," twenty-five mm wide by twenty-five mm long and ten mm high"."R113 working fluid temperature was constant (25°C) for all prediction tests; "Therefore the heat applies have been applied "in the ranges of (40-600 Watts) "The processes and iteration loops have reached for the prediction heat transfer properties "for three mass flow rates are (0.0125;0.015 and 0.0175 kg/s) "respectively;" and another heat transfer properties. "The aluminum micro-channels heat sink" with 0.5 mm channel height and 0.5 mm channel width "is heated via a wire electrical heater device". "The single-phase and two-phase flows are important parameters" for geometrical configuration of the aluminum micro-channels under variations heat applied". The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between "prediction heat transfer coefficients and mini-scale heat sink geometrical configuration". Heat-transfer coefficients and pressure drops are investigated"." For sub-cooled and saturated boiling data acquired with Single-phase and boiling flows," The single-phase consequences are seen to be location-following, regular with a fully developed laminar flow. All the prediction boiling heat transfer coefficients are seen to have reasonably relied on as mass fraction and mass flux"."" Nevertheless, some are seen to have relied on heat flux whereas others are not. The convective boiling consisting is seen to have a boiling heat-transfer coefficient that is moderately relied on mass flow rate, gas mass fraction, and heat applied"." The prediction work presented here provides one of the first investigations into how to get single-phase" and two-phase properties" data via computer programming. In the end, "the single-phase and two-phase" heat transfer coefficients are reported" for square aluminum micro-channels heat sink under" boiling tests".

Non-uniformity Correction Algorithm for THz Array Detectors in High-Resolution Imaging Applications

One of the major challenges in THz imaging using array detectors is the responsivity non-uniformities across different pixels. This is caused by different pixels responding differently and non-linearly to the same incident field. Unfortunately, such responsivity non-uniformities cannot be corrected by the traditional amplitude normalization method, which only accounts for linear responsivity. Therefore, we propose a pixel calibration scheme that corrects a non-linear responsivity of individual pixels. This calibration scheme is particularly useful in a multi-frame sub-pixel imaging technique, which assumes that all pixels have the same characteristics. Using this imaging technique would allow us to achieve an image pixel size smaller than a detector pixel size, in much faster acquisition time compared with most existing systems employing a single-pixel detector. We demonstrate the performance of our pixel calibration approach through THz imaging of various objects by the multi-frame sub-pixel imaging technique. For a square aluminum piece as a test sample, total variation (TV) in the THz image is reduced by at least 12% after applying the pixel calibration. Finally, we present example uses of our proposed technique in moisture distribution imaging. The proposed technique holds promises towards rapid THz high-resolution imaging in non-destructive testing (NDT) and quality control (QC) applications.

Experimental Measurement of Thermal Conductivities in a Thin Heterogeneous Structure of Thermal Diodes

Thermal diode has a wide application in the field of thermal management and thermal control. This article reports experimental results about measurement of the thermal conductivities of a novel thin layer (the thickness is about 0.3mm) for thermal diode applications. The layer consists printing paper, nylon mesh and liquid water, which are sealed between two pieces of aluminum, thus has a heterogeneity sublayers structure. It is shown that the thermal conductances are different in the two opposite through-plane directions. At 75 ˚C, the thermal conductivity is 0.457 W/mK in the conductive direction, more than 3 times larger than that in the opposite direction (0.133 W/mK). This phenomenon is due to the one-direction flow of working fluid. The thermal performance is dependent on the operating temperature and liquid water content in the structure.

Investigating the influence of Taekwondo body protectors size on shock absorption.

This study aims to compare and analyze the difference of impact force attenuation according to size and impact location on a Taekwondo body protector. Body protectors sized 1 to 5, were impact tested by equipment based on the specifications in the European standard manual (EN 13277-1, 3). The impactor release heights were set to match impact energies of 3 and 15 J. The impactor was made from a 2.5 kg cylindrically cut piece of aluminum. Each body protector was impacted 10 times at the two impact energies and two locations. The differences in performance for each body protector size were compared using a two-way analysis of variance with a significance level of p< 005. The effect sizes were investigated using a partial eta squared value (η2). The significant mean differences between the body protector size and impact area (p< 005) and the average impact time of impact strengths 3 and 15 J were 0.0017 and 0.0012 s, respectively In addition, when an impact strength of 15 J was applied, the maximum resulting impact force exceeded 2000 N for both locations on all sizes. Furthermore, at an impact strength of 3 J size 3 significantly reduced the impact force more than the other sizes; however, size 1 showed the greatest shock absorption at an impact of 15 J. The results of this study show that the shock absorption of body protectors does not increase according to size; i.e., a larger body protector does not reduce the impact load more effectively. To improve safety performance, we recommend a maximum impact force of 2000 N or less for all body protectors.

Processing of Used Beveraged Waste for Production of Hydroge Gas with Electrolysis Process Using NaOH Catalyst

The production of hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel cell which is a renewable energy, is now in great demand by utilizing waste aluminum beverage cans and added water using NaOH catalyst by electrolysis process. The research method will be carried out by inserting 1 gram of aluminum pieces into a tube and 300 ml of distilled water followed by a NaOH catalyst. Both faucets are opened to release air during the filling process. The faucet is closed when the height of the solution in both tubes is the same. Then turn on the DC flow, then adjust the voltage according to the variable. The filling period is recorded until the specified reaction time. The results of the gas volume obtained are recorded, and the hydrogen obtained is determined by the flame test. From the research it can be concluded that the hydrogen gas produced from the reaction can be identified by means of a flame test. The characteristics of hydrogen gas appear in flames which tend to disappear in the air. At Al 5 gr Weight : 5 M NaOH concentration is the largest volume of hydrogen. The reaction time of 150 minutes will produce a lot of hydrogen gas. The largest volume of hydrogen gas lies at a voltage of 20 volts.