Aluminum Curtain Wall Research Articles

Architectural problems encountered in the interaction of stick aluminium curtain wall systems with the building structure

Çubuk alüminyum giydirme cepheler (ÇAGC) Türkiye’de en yaygın kullanılan giydirme cephe sistemleridir. Bu sistemler mimari çeşitlilik sağlamaya elverişli doğaları, modüler yapıları, üretim ve montaj kolaylığı ile ekonomik olmaları gibi pek çok olumlu özellikler sunmaktadır. Mimari özelliklerinin yanı sıra ÇAGC sistemleri yapı taşıyıcı sistemine asılan elemanlar olarak yapılar üzerinde önemli yük etkileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu yük etkileri sadece durağan düşey yükler kadar rüzgar ve deprem gibi önemli dinamik ve yanal etkileri de içermektedir. Ayrıca yük aktarımı tek yönlü de değildir. Yapı taşıyıcı sistemlerinin düşey ve yanal yer değiştirmeleri de giydirme cepheler üzerinde yük etkileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu karşılıklı etkileşimin sağlıklı bir şekilde gerçekleşmesi ÇAGC tasarım ve uygulamalarında verilen mimari kararlar ile yakından ilişkilidir. Yaygın kullanılan giydirme cephe sistemleri oldukları için ÇAGC sistemlerin tasarım ve uygulamalarında mimari hatalara rastlanmaktadır. Bu hatalar genellikle inşaat süreçlerinin geç aşamalarında ortaya çıkmakta ve yapı mimarisi ile taşıyıcı sistem davranışlarını etkileyecek çözümlerin üretilmesini gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında ÇAGC tasarım üretim ve uygulama süreçleri incelenmiş, bu süreçlerde verilen mimari kararların giydirme cephe ile yapı taşıyıcı sistemini nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen ÇAGC sistem uygulamaları arasından mimari hatalar içeren örnekler seçilerek bu örnekler bazında sorunların nedenleri ve çözüm yöntemleri incelenmiş, sınıflandırmaları yapılmıştır. ÇAGC tasarım ve uygulamalarında hataların önlenmesi için başta mimarlar ve mühendisler olmak üzere bütün paydaşların sürecin başından itibaren beraber çalışmaları gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.

Wind Resistance Performance Evaluation of Cable-Type Curtain Wall System on Reinforced Concrete High-Rise Buildings

In this research, a cable-type wall system that could replace the conventional aluminum curtain wall system for reinforced concrete high-rise buildings is proposed. The cable-type wall system is a newly developed system, which could be used as an existing exterior skin system, and can effectively support the wind load acting on the exterior of the high-rise buildings by the pre-induced initial tension force to the cable supporting the glass. The main advantages of the cable-type wall system are that the expense of construction could be reduced due to the simplicity of the construction. The experiment of structural analysis and air/water tightness was performed to evaluate its feasibility of industrialization. The structural performance of the cable-type wall system was evaluated through the structural analysis and the full-scale experiment to predict the initial pre-tension force and the design load displacement of the vertical one-way cable-type wall system that can be used for a typical floor of the high-rise building. The initial pre-tension force and structural behavior of the cable were analyzed by using the structural design program MIDAS-Gen. The maximum deformation value in the structural test was found to satisfy the AAMA condition, which is equal to the size of the facade skin system. The air/water tightness test was conducted to verify the performance. Test results show that the cable-type wall system satisfies the air/water tightness performance standards ASTM E283, E331 and AAMA 501.1-05 which are the most basic standards that the facade system must provide. As a result of this study, it is expected that the proposed cable-type wall system could be used for facade system, not only the structural performance but also air/water tightness performance are secured.

SUPPLIER PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS METHOD

This research was conducted in Hyundai Aluminium Co., Ltd. The company is a manufacturer and applicator for the job, especially aluminium curtain wall installation. Glass materials needed to form a curtain wall unit that these materials are not produced by Hyundai Aluminium Co., Ltd. To the researchers intend to determine the priority criteria, sub-criteria and consistency of thought or opinion of the respondents who are staff at Hyundai Aluminium Co., Ltd. in determining the glass supplier. In this study, the authors use the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the priority of criteria, sub-criteria that compared global priority and will test the level of consistency of answers. The order of importance of criteria on the results of this research is Quality (.290), accuracy of delivery (0.279), price (0.238) and Service (0.193). Sequence global priority sub-criteria are H1 (0.174), K1 (0,138), D1 (0.114), K3 (0.096), H2 (0.063), K2 (0.056), L3 (0.034), D2 (0.025), L2 (0,023), L1 (0.006). Consistensi Value Ratio (CR) among criteria and sub-criteria inter smaller than 0.1 (CR, 0.1) which means that the answers of the respondents consistently.

Application of building design strategies to create an environmentally friendly building envelope for nearly zero-energy buildings in the central European climate

The paper contributes to the fulfilment of the environmental targets of the EU by introducing an innovative solution for envelopes of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB). It presents the development of an environmentally friendly alternative to aluminium curtain wall systems for new constructions or renovations.The research and development were from the early stages led by design strategies for low embodied energy and embodied carbon structures. The first technical concept was analysed using comparative life cycle assessment (LCA). Prototypes were tested to verify their technical performance (air- and water tightness, fire resistance, acoustic properties, short- and long-term hygrothermal monitoring). The final pre-production design was subjected to a detailed LCA, and various possibilities for its improvement were suggested and assessed.The early-stage LCA showed a high potential for reduction of the embodied environmental impact by utilization of natural materials. The results of the experimental testing proved that thus developed curtain wall system fulfilled the standard technical requirements. The detailed pre-production LCA study proved that the fabrication of one panel of the curtain wall system being developed causes significantly lower environmental impact compared with a panel of a common aluminium curtain wall system.

보강두께 및 방법에 따른 실리콘 폴리머 구조용 실링재의 부착성능 평가

This paper describes the adhesion performance of silicone polymer structural sealant in aluminum curtain wall system. There is marked contrast between standard details and actual details of structural sealant in south Korea. Therefore, this paper explores the capacity of actual detail and repaired system. Test variables included the construction of norton tape and boundary sealant, repaired method and thickness of sealant. The one-way laminated glass panels were supported on two sides and subjected lateral load for condition of wind load applied. The test results indicated that norton tape affects the stiffness and strength of connection between glass and aluminum frame. On the other hand, the boundary sealant affects the ductility of that. There is are no significant effects of sealant thickness and repaired method on strength of connection, and observed the difference between measured capacity of specimens and design capacity of those. Therefore, the proposed reduction ratio based on measured results to reflect the actual construction details.

Fire resistance tests of large glazed aluminium curtain wall test specimens – results comparison

Four test specimens, glazed aluminium curtain walls in full configuration, were tested. Curtain walls had the same transom – mullion structure, with: • transoms and mullions made of the same aluminium profiles, with two types of insulation inserts (in each test one type of the insulation inserts), • glass panes of the same glass product group and dimensions of: ◦ 1680× 3198mm (width × height) for biggest glass pane orientated vertically, ◦ 1980× 1628mm (width × height) for biggest glass pane orientated horizontally. • non-transparent panels of the same construction and dimensions, • similar design (profiles, and consequently glass panes and panels of the same construction on the exposed area). Two test specimens were tested for external fire exposure, and two for standard fire exposure. Dimensions of exposed surfaces were 5000× 4500mm (width × height) for external fire exposure and 5000× 4800mm (width × height) for internal fire exposure. As a result the heated area was over 2 times greater than the minimum heated area required in EN 1364-3:2006 [3]. The distance between the mullion fixing anchors was 5000mm in both cases. All tested specimens were of the same transom – mullion structure with aluminium profiles sections of 50× 115mm (transoms) and 50× 130mm (mullions), fig. 1. Two types of insulations inserts were used in profiles, each type for pair of tests (external and internal fire exposure). Two types of glass panes were used in test specimens, each type for pair of tests (external and internal fire exposure). Glass panes were of symmetrical structure.

The Assembled Structure Analysis of Energy Conservation and Material Saving Unit Sheet Aluminum Curtain Wall

The joint between all plains in unit sheet aluminum curtain wall which is hanged on main body architecture is plugboard combination. The change of ambient temperature and wind load generates the change of expansion joints, which are the performance index of curtain wall required gas and water tightness, among curtain walls and suspension members. Thus obtained value of expansion joint among curtain walls is very important to guide the curtain wall’s installation. Here, an assemble structure model of curtain wall has firstly been established, the changing law of expansion joints among curtain walls has also been obtained under all kinds of work conditions based on previous model and the ANSYS software’s application. Some better suggestions have been also provided associating the construction technical specification. It can provide future protection for revised this technical specification, and accelerate the scientific normalization of the design in construction curtain wall.

Discussion on low-carbon economy and low-carbon building technology

The paper introduced low-carbon economy and low-carbon technology, and proposed the de-tailed technical measures of low-carbon build-ing technology. Moreover, it has quantitatively calculated the “implicit” CO2 emission of C40 and C50 concrete columns, aluminium curtain wall, wall paintings and common floor decora-tion materials. The calculation results show that it is preferable to use high strength concrete, reduce the usage of aluminium materials and use wooden floor according to location. The paper can be a reference for quantitative meas-urement to the low-carbon technology and en-ergy efficiency.

Stiffness Considerations in Dimension Stone Anchorage Design

Abstract Modern building facade design concepts consider all cladding materials, including dimension stone cladding, as nonstructural elements designed to transmit localized gravity and lateral loads to the primary building structural elements. In practice, the structural backup behind dimension stone cladding can take a wide variety of forms, including cast-in-place concrete shear walls, brick and concrete masonry units, aluminum curtain wall system framing, hot and cold rolled steel subframes, and precast concrete panels and members. The flexural stiffness of these backup systems can vary widely, with cast-in-place concrete shear walls on one end of the stiffness spectrum and aluminum curtain framing on the other. The stiffness of dimension stone cladding relative to the backup system can have a significant effect both on the stresses induced in the cladding and the loads transmitted through the cladding anchors. Likewise, the stiffness of the anchor elements and the backup system can affect the loading and stress distribution within the cladding panels. This paper addresses some of the issues associated with the interaction of dimension stone cladding panels, panel anchors, and metal backup structures, and the effects of relative stiffness on load and stress distributions. Information is presented that was obtained from laboratory tests and analyses for new designs, as well as investigations of dimension stone cladding failures.

Insulation plan of aluminum curtain wall-fastening unit for high-rise residential complex

Aluminum curtain wall system is commonly used in high-rise residential complex. For the energy-efficient curtain wall system, the insulation performance of the fastening unit, which enjoins the curtain wall unit to the slab, should be improved because in Korea, hot water pipes for radiant heating are typically installed on the slab in residential buildings. However, this fastening unit composed of metals with high thermal conductivity, acts as a thermal bridge that increases heat loss. Therefore, in this study, we aim to develop a more effective insulation method for the fastening unit. Three alternative fasteners coated with urethane foam and insulation paint were selected (Case 1: using the existing fastener; Case 2: coating the upper part of fastener with urethane foam; Case 3: coating the entire surface of fastener with insulation paint; Case 4: coating the upper part of fastener with urethane foam and the lower part with insulation paint). The heat loss and economical efficiency of each case were analyzed through the three-dimensional annual transient heat transfer simulation and payback period method, respectively. Case 4, compared to Case 1, was found to show the best performance of reducing the annual heat loss by 8.14%. From an economical efficiency perspective, however, Case 2 was found to have the shortest payback period of 2.27years.

Edificio de «La Caixa», Madrid, España

This eight-storey building, for «La Caixa», occupies a city block on the downtown avenue of Paseo de la Castellana in Madrid. The lower floors have cants on their four corners, which fade away gradually giving the building a more original note. All of the floors are developed about a central core, and the lower floors are to be used for «La Caixa» needs. The foundations were carried out on the basis of reinforced concrete piles. Metal pillars were used for the structure, and the flooring system was on the basis of a continuous reinforced slab. The exterior of the building was executed in the form of an aluminium curtain wall, with finishing touches in a U shape which break up the glazed surface.