Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate Research Articles

Mechanistic Study of the Influence of Reactant Type and Addition Sequence on the Microscopic Morphology of α-Al2O3

To perform an in-depth study of the crystal growth habits and phase changes of alumina and its precursors in reaction systems, this paper studied the effects of reactant type and addition order on the morphology of alumina using hydrothermal methods with different precipitants and aluminum sources as reactants. Research has shown that sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate can be used as precipitants to prepare adhered spherical alumina and irregular short rod alumina, while potassium bicarbonate can be used as a precipitant to prepare hexagonal flake alumina. Using aluminum sulfate octahydrate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, and aluminum nitrate, nine hydrates were prepared as aluminum sources, and agglomerated alumina, irregular short rod-shaped alumina, and fused alumina were obtained. The order of reactant addition affects the precursor phase of alumina, thereby affecting the microstructure of alumina after calcination, resulting in flake alumina with pores and short rod alumina. The results of this paper will provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of alumina with different micromorphologies.

Protective effects of myricetin and morin on neurological damage in Aβ1–42/Al3+ -induced Alzheimer’s disease model of rats

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder with unclear pathogenesis. Single-target drugs have very limited efficacy in treating AD, but synthetic multi-target drugs have poor efficacy and safety. Therefore, finding suitable natural multi-target drugs against AD is of great interest for research studies. We chose two flavonols, myricetin and morin, for the relevant study. In this study, we used microinjection of Aβ1–42 oligomers into the CA1 region of rat hippocampus, combined with gavage of Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) solution to establish AD rat models, and myricetin and morin were selected as intervening drugs to explore the protective effects against neurological impairment. Experimental results showed that myricetin or morin could reduce the production of Aβ, Tubulin-associated unit (Tau), and Phosphorylated tubulin-associated unit (p-Tau), down-regulate the expression of relevant inflammatory factors, reduce hippocampal cell apoptosis in rats. There was a significant increase in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, catalase, total superoxide dismutase, and the content of glutathione in the brain tissue. However, the content of malondialdehyde, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase were decreased in the brain tissue. These two flavonols can regulate the imbalance of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. In conclusion, Myricetin or morin can effectively improve learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats induced by Aβ1–42/Al3+ through anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic features.

Highly Stretchable, Fast Self-Healing, Self-Adhesive, and Strain-Sensitive Wearable Sensor Based on Ionic Conductive Hydrogels.

Conductive hydrogels integrate the conductive performance and soft nature, which is like that of human skin. Thus, they are more suitable for the preparation of wearable human-motion sensors. Nevertheless, the integration of outstanding multiple functionalities, such as stretchability, toughness, biocompatibility, self-healing, adhesion, strain sensitivity, and durability, by a simple way is still a huge challenge. Herein, we have developed a multifunctional chitosan/oxidized hyaluronic acid/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/poly(acrylic acid)/tannic acid/Al3+ hydrogel (CS/OHA/HPMC/PAA/TA/Al3+) by using a two-step method with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), acrylic acid (AA), tannic acid (TA), chitosan (CS), oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA), and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O). Due to the synergistic effect of dynamic imine bonds between CS and OHA, dynamic metal coordination bonds between Al3+ and -COOH and/or TA as well as reversible hydrogen, the hydrogel showed excellent tensile property (elongation at break of 3168%) and desirable toughness (0.79 MJ/m3). The mechanical self-healing efficiency can reach 95.5% at 30 min, and the conductivity can recover in 5.2 s at room temperature without stimulation. The favorable attribute of high transparency (98.5% transmittance) facilitates the transmission of the optical signal and enables visualization of the sensor. It also shows good adhesiveness to various materials and is easy to peel off without residue. The resistance of the hydrogel-based sensors shows good electrical conductivity (2.33 S m-1), good durability, high sensing sensitivity (GF value of 4.12 under 1600% strain), low detection limit (less than 1%), and short response/recovery time (0.54/0.31 s). It adhered to human skin and monitored human movements such as the bending movements of joints, swallowing, and speaking successfully. Therefore, the obtained multifunctional conductive hydrogel has great potential applications in wearable strain sensors.

Low-cost preparation and characterization of high-purity mullite nanofibrous membranes

Among the family of high-quality fiber materials, mullite fiber membrane is a promising one that possesses abilities of both the thermal resistance and oxidation resistance under high temperature. High-purity mullite nanofibrous membranes were prepared by electrospinning method with low-cost aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AC) as the aluminum source. The effects of sintering temperature and AC content on the phase structure, microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of the mullite nanofibrous membranes were investigated. The results show that the sintering temperature as low as 1000 °C is the very appropriate temperature for obtaining the high-purity mullite nanofibers with smooth surface. The minimum thermal conductivity of 0.029 W m−1 K−1 and maximum tensile strength of 6.11 MPa are gained from the mullite nanofibrous membranes with AC content of 2 mmol. The mullite nanofibrous membranes with excellent properties can be selected as an ideal candidate for thermal insulation and reinforced applications.

Synthesis of polyaluminum chloride: Optimization of process parameters, characterization and performance investigation for water treatment

The present work was aimed to synthesis of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) using calcium oxide as a basification agent and optimization of process parameters on the yield of medium polymer species in PAC. The synthesis parameters were concentration of aluminum chloride hexahydrate (0.4 to 0.8 M), basicity ratio (2.0 to 2.4), reaction temperature (60 to 80 °C) and time (180 to 360 min). The performance of PΑC for water treatment was also investigated. The monomeric, medium polymeric and colloidal species of PAC were determined by Ferron test method. The PAC samples were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transformer infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS). The turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) of water samples were also determined using turbidimeter and UV–vis methods, respectively. The optimum yield of medium polymeric (Alb) content in PΑC species was predicted to 74.6 %, and the verification experiment result was 73.5 % at 0.5 M, 2.2, 75 °C and 273 min. The performance of PAC for water treatment revealed that the removals efficiencies of turbidity and NOM were reached to 98 % (pH = 7.2) and 86 % (pH = 6.8), respectively, at coagulant dose of 15 mg L−1 as Al. The residual aluminum concentration in the treated water was <0.2 mg L−1 which confirmed that the PAC could be used to treat drinking water.

Exploring the potential use of aluminium nitride nanoparticles in the delivery of flutamide anticancer drug

Aluminium nitride (ALN) is a widely studied material due to its unique physicochemical properties. In drug delivery, AlN is also important, because it is biocompatible and can be well-tolerated by living organisms. AlN nanoparticles can be utilized in controlled release mechanisms to achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we present a simple and cost-effective method to synthesize aluminium nitride nanoparticles, which were then characterized using various analytical techniques including SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, and XRD. For this purpose, an equimolar ratio of aluminium chloride hexahydrate was treated with urea and, subsequently, addition of ammonia afforded a viscous gel and detailed thermal treatments in the required time led to the desired ALN nano-powder. Next, we investigated the potential of the fabricated ALN nanostructure for delivering of flutamide, a potent nonsteroidal antiandrogen in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in women. This study showed ∼67% drug loading and proved that release of flutamide is significantly influenced by both pH and release time. Therefore, the drug release was gradual under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 28% release); whereas, the release rate was significantly accelerated in pH 6.0 (73% release) within 48 h. Furthermore, the in vitro cellular toxicity assay was conducted on human OVCAR-3 cancer cells to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ALN nanoparticles. The results of MTT assay confirmed that this material can be considered as a promising nano-vehicle for delivering of flutamide.

Preparation and Properties of Multifunctional Nanocellulose-Reinforced PVA Ionic Hydrogel

In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), nanocellulose crystals (CNC), glycerol, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) were used to prepare PVA-CNC ionic conductive hydrogels by a one-pot freeze-thaw method. The microscopic morphology and internal structure of the hydrogel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spec-troscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and sensing properties of the hydrogel were tested by a universal material testing machine and LCR digital bridge, and the anti-freezing performance and water retention performance of the hydrogel were analyzed and compared. The results show that different concentrations of nanocellulose can significantly affect the mechanical strength of the hydrogel. When the content of CNC is 2%, the hydrogel has high tensile properties (elongation at break 384.29%) and firmness (up to 1.92 MPa). The open-circuit voltage of the hydrogel-based self-powered device can reach 0.815 V. In the bending sensing test, it was monitored that the resistance of the hydrogel changes rapidly at different bending angles, indicating that the hydrogel has good strain sensitivity. The addition of glycerol makes the hydrogel have high water retention rate, good mechanical properties and certain conductivity at −20 °C. The ionic conductive hydrogels prepared in this work have certain application potential in sensors, human-computer interaction, and flexible wearable devices.

Synthesis and characterization of Anderson-Evans type polyoxometalates, antibacterial properties.

In the present work, the new aluminium-substituted polyoxometalates of the Anderson-Evans type have been prepared and structurally defined by the reaction of aluminium (III) chloride hexahydrate and sodium tungstate dihydrate/sodium molybdate dihydrate in an aqueous basic medium. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, TGA, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR analysis revealed that these polyoxometalates had the following formula: [Ph4P]3[Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·4H2O 1, [Ph4P]3[Al(OH)6W6O18]·4H2O 2, [C7H10N]3[Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·4H2O 3, [C7H10N]3[Al(OH)6W6O18]·4H2O 4. The compounds 1 and 2 show promising antibacterial activity against gram-positive Staphylcoccus aureus ATCC 25923 and gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 bacteria.

Long-term prognosis of vaccine-induced contact allergy to aluminium: Third patch-test with additional test preparations.

A high incidence of local itching subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy was observed in clinical trials of a new aluminium adsorbed pertussis vaccine in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the 1990s. A total of 495 children with itching nodules were patch tested with aluminium chloride hexahydrate 2% and an empty Finn Chamber®, 377 (76%) with positive reactions. When 241 of them were re-tested some years later 186 (3 out of 4) had unexpectedly lost their patch test reactivity. To investigate the long-term prognosis of vaccine-induced contact allergy to aluminium by a third patch test about 20 years after Patch test I. Twenty individuals with positive and 11 with negative results in Patch test II were tested a third time with the same sensitisers as in in the first two tests. Three additional aluminium preparations were also tested. A total 15 out of 20 persons with positive results in the second test had lost their patch test reactivity. Two of 11 with negative tests had turned positive again. The addition of the preparations gave no conclusive results. Contact allergy to aluminium caused by vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines in childhood seems to fade away with time as measured by loss of patch test reactivity.

Thermal Decomposition of Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate to Produce Aluminum Oxide

Thermal Decomposition of Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate to Produce Aluminum Oxide

High-strength, anti-freeze, transparent and recyclable composite organohydrogel for flexible strain sensor

Hydrogels have received widespread attention as flexible strain sensors in the fields of human motion detection and health monitoring. However, the presence of large amounts of water in traditional hydrogels leads to poor mechanical properties and low anti-freezing, which severely limits their applications. Herein, a novel PVA/DMSO/CMC/AlCl3/TA/LiCl (PDCATL) composite organo-hydrogel was developed by freeze-thaw and salt solution immersion methods, using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) and tannic acid (TA) dissolved in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water binary solvent. The PDCATL organohydrogel exhibited high tensile strength and elongation at break (up to 1.90 MPa and 587%), which can withstand >6000 times its own weight, good anti-freezing and excellent transparency (>90% light transmission). The PDCATL organohydrogel still maintained excellent transparency, flexibility, recyclability and signal sensing capability at low temperatures (−20 °C). The PDCATL organohydrogel also had good strain sensitivity (GF = 1.82) as a wearable strain sensor and can be used to detect motion and physiological activity signals in various parts of the human body. This study will provide a viable avenue for the application of hydrogel sensors in the fields of visual human-computer interaction, wearable sensors, visual optical detection and medical health detection.

In-situ formation of an aluminum phosphate coating with high calcite-lattice matching for the surface consolidation of limestone relics

The surface weathering of open-air limestone caused by long-term acid-rain erosion and thermal stress is an urgent issue to solve. In this study, seven concentrations of diammonium phosphate and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (fixed molar ratio of 1000:1) were used to generate aluminum phosphate protective materials in situ with high lattice matching with calcite for surface consolidation. The compatibility test, mechanical property evaluation, and protective mechanism of the material were elucidated by color change, porosity, permeability, surface hardness, infinite compressive strength, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that aluminum phosphate had good aesthetic compatibility and water–vapor exchange balance with the matrix and surrounding environment. Meanwhile, the surface coating grown by crystal accumulation could play a role in filling pores and agglomerated particles, thereby improving the hardness (83.5 HD), infinite compressive strength (4.05 MPa), and acid-rain erosion resistance of the limestone weathering layer. Aluminum phosphate can play a vital role in the treatment and prevention of limestone surface-weathering diseases and has high research value and broad application prospects.

To Compare the Efficacy of Tap Water Iontophoresis Versus Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate in the Treatment of Palmoplantar Hyperhidrosis

Background: The excessive sweating of the body beyond the physiological need is termed as hyperhidrosis. Objective: this study aimed to determine the efficacy of tap water iontophoresis and aluminium chloride for treatment of palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. Study design: It is randomized control trial based interventional study. Material and Method: This study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Niazi Medical and Dental College, Sargodha. The duration of the study was six month from July 2022 to December 2022. The patients diagnosed with hyperhidrosis were selected for this research. The patients included in the group 1 were treated with tape water iontophoresis (TWI). The patients included in group 2 were treated with 20% aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AC) liquid solution. This treatment was given for 4 weeks. Adherence monitoring was done by participant self-report diary and results were assessed. Results: The average value of the production of sweat was calculated. The average value of both groups indicates a difference greater than 0.05, which is non-significant. The average value was observed to be 9.76 ± 2.3 g for group no. 1, and the average percentage of production of sweat was also get lowered. While in the case of group no. 2 the reduction of the average value of sweat was 4.3 ± 1.58 and there is a reduction of percentage value up to 65.8 ± 9.87 % observed and the value for group no. 1 was significant according to the value of p. When the results of HDSS (hyperhidrosis disease severity) were compared, no significant difference was observed in the values of both groups. But at the end of the study, when the mean value of hyperhidrosis disease severity was compared in both groups, there were significant changes in group 2. Conclusion: This study was conducted to determine the treatment efficacy of tap water and aluminum chloride in controlling sweating up to normal level. It was observed that tap water along with a direct current of palmer was a much more efficient way to control the sweating level. Keywords: Hyperhidrosis, direct current, tap water iontophoresis, Aluminum Chloride hexahydrate, Hyperhidrosis severity scale (HDSS).

α-Linolenic acid alleviates aluminum toxicity in RAW264.7 cells by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects

Aluminum is an inorganic contaminant and has adverse effects on human and animal health by mainly accumulating in the immune system to exert toxicity. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), a crucial dietary component, possesses various bioactivities. Nevertheless, the effects of ALA on Al-induced toxicity have not been sufficiently understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the possible mechanism of aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O, Al) exposure to RAW264.7 cells and the response of ALA through an RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). RNA-seq results demonstrated that Al exposure resulted in 2106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 53 pathways, including the NF-κB, enriched by the KEGG analysis. 200 of the 2106 DEGs were modulated in ALA-pretreated group, which were enriched into 36 pathways, containing the NF-κB. qRT-PCR results displayed the RNA-seq's reproducibility and reliability. Western blot analysis confirmed that the protection of ALA against Al toxicity was associated with NF-κB mediated JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3 pathway and HO-1 activation. These results elucidated the protection of ALA against Al-induced toxicity from a new perspective and provided a potential therapy for Al treatment.

Life Cycle Assessment of a system for the extraction and transformation of Waste Water Treatment Sludge (WWTS)-derived lipids into biodiesel

In recent years, the demand for biofuels has been growing exponentially, as has the interest in biodiesel produced from organic matrices. Particularly interesting, due to its economic and environmental advantages, is the use of the lipids present in sewage sludge as a raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel. The possible processes of this biodiesel synthesis, starting from lipid matter, are represented by the conventional process with sulfuric acid, by the process with aluminium chloride hexahydrate and by processes that use solid catalysts such as those consisting of mixed metal oxides, functionalized halloysites, mesoporous perovskite and functionalized silicas. In literature there are numerous Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies concerning biodiesel production systems, but not many studies consider processes that start from sewage sludge and that use solid catalysts. In addition, no LCA studies were reported on solid acid catalysts nor on those based on mixed metal oxides which present some precious advantages, over the homogeneous analogous ones, such as higher recyclability, prevention of foams and corrosion phenomena, and an easier separation and purification of biodiesel product. This research work reports the results of a comparative LCA study applied to a system that uses a solvent free pilot plant for the extraction and transformation of lipids from sewage sludge via seven different scenarios that differ in the type of catalyst used. The biodiesel synthesis scenario using aluminium chloride hexahydrate as catalyst has the best environmental profile. Biodiesel synthesis scenarios using solid catalysts are worse due to higher methanol consumption which requires higher electricity consumption. The worst scenario is the one using functionalized halloysites. Further future developments of the research require the passage from the pilot scale to the industrial scale in order to obtain environmental results to be used for a more reliable comparison with the literature data.

A Facile Method to Fabricate Al2O3-SiO2 Aerogels with Low Shrinkage up to 1200 °C.

Monolithic Al2O3-SiO2 composite aerogels were synthesized by using inexpensive aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). By adjusting the molar ratio of Al and Si, the best ratio of high-temperature resistance was found. The resultant aerogels (Al:Si = 9:1) exhibit high thermal performance, which can be identified by the low linear shrinkage of 5% and high specific surface area (SSA) of 283 m2/g at 1200 °C. Alumina in these aerogels mainly exists in the boehmite phase and gradually transforms into the θ-Al2O3 phase in the process of heating to 1200 °C. No α-Al2O3 is detected in the heating process. These Al2O3-SiO2 composite aerogels are derived from a simple, low-priced and safe method. With their high thermal performance, these aerogels will have a wide application in high-temperature field.

Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances.

A modulating effect of aluminium regarding type IV reactions might exist but has not been further investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on patch test reactions when adding aluminium chloride hexahydrate (Al-Cl) to common test preparations. Al-Cl in different concentrations was added to nickel sulphate 15.0% aqua (Ni), methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqua (MI) and fragrance mix I 10.0% aqua/ethanol (FM I). The Ni preparations were tested in 120 consecutive patients. MI and FM I were tested in participants known to have contact allergy to the respective allergen. McNemar's test was used to decide which Ni preparation had the highest sensitivity. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to calculate pairwise comparison in summarized test score for the preparations with MI and FM I. Adding Al-Cl 20.0%/30.0% to Ni identified twice as many patients with contact allergy to nickel compared to Ni without Al-Cl. Adding Al-Cl 20.0%/10.0% to MI, decreased the patch test reactivity compared to MI without Al-Cl. No differences in patch reactivity were noticed when adding Al-Cl to FM I. Al-Cl 20.0% or 30.0% seems to enhance the patch test reactivity to Ni 15.0% aqua.

Characterization of flexible aluminosilicate bulk fibers and fibrous mats fabricated by facile electrospinning

This paper reports a facile electrospinning method to synthesize aluminosilicate fibers by using aluminum chloride hexahydrate as single aluminum precursor, which contains no harmful or hazardous chemicals in the precursor sol. The results of Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry show that the sols are diphasic. The thermal decomposition behavior, crystallization process and microstructure of the fibers are discussed in detail. The main components of aluminosilicate fibers heat-treated at 1200 °C are mullite (Al6Si2O13), alumina (α-Al2O3) and amorphous silica, while the alumina phase disappears when the molar ratio of Si to Al is below 1.5. The diameter and microstructure of fibers with different Si/Al molar ratios are obviously different, which is related to the large difference in conductivity of spinning sols. Bulk fibers and fibrous mats with good flexibility can be easily obtained by using alternative collectors. The tensile strength of the fibrous mats can reach 2.63 MPa and 1.52 MPa after heat-treated at 1000 °C and 1200 °C, respectively. The aluminosilicate fibers fabricated in this work has a noticeable potential in high temperature fields and related applications.

A Case of Idiopathic Aquagenic Wrinkling of the Palms Successfully Treated with 20% Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate.

A Case of Idiopathic Aquagenic Wrinkling of the Palms Successfully Treated with 20% Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate.

“Wood-Bark Sign” in Dermoscopy of Aquagenic Syringeal Acrokeratoderma

“Wood-Bark Sign” in Dermoscopy of Aquagenic Syringeal Acrokeratoderma