Aluminum Acetate Solution Research Articles

Evaluation of the Stability and Antibacterial Activity of Burow's and Neo-Burow's Solutions was Prepared Using Different Methods

Burow's solution is a 13% aluminum acetate solution used for treating chronic suppurative otitis media. However, multiple formulations for Burow's and neo-Burow's solutions are used as in-hospital preparations. Each formulation uses different types and amounts of reagents, and takes a different time to prepare. Thus, the ions, including aluminum ion (Al3+), and other molecules in the prepared Burow's and neo-Burow's solutions are not identical, and the pH also differs. Furthermore, details about the antibacterial activity of these preparations are unknown. This study evaluated the stability and antibacterial activity of four Burow's and two neo-Burow's solutions prepared using different methods. Preparation times ranged from 20 min to 3 d, and the pH ranged from 2.2 to 4, meaning some solutions were more acidic or more basic than the pH 3 devised by Burow. In addition, the Al3+ concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 1.51 mol/L, meaning some solutions were more concentrated or diluted than 13% aluminum acetate (0.64 mol/L). One of the Burow's solutions we prepared produced a white residue after 14 d, making it difficult to ensure stability. In addition, confirming the antibacterial activity of another Burow's solution against the test bacteria was problematic. Despite the differences in pH and Al3+ concentrations between the various Burow's and neo-Burow's solutions, the antibacterial activity was equivalent. It was considered necessary to use the basic data obtained in this study to select a formulation for each hospital. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of each formulation in clinical settings will be a subject for future study.

Ternary ZnO/ZnAl2O4/ Al2O3 composite nanofiber as photocatalyst for conversion of CO2 and CH4

Electrospinning is a flexible synthesis method which not only facilitates the preparation of the nanofibers with dramatically improved surface area, but also takes advantage of the structural defects to form heterojunctions with photocatalytic activities. In this study for the first time, a continuous layer of composite ceramic nanofiber was fabricated by employing two-nozzle electrospinning method to make the nanofiber from a 12: 3: 3: 13: 87 (percent ratio) solution of aluminum acetate: boehmite nanoparticle: zinc acetate: polyacrylonitrile: dimethylformamide respectively. The step by step thermal post-processing was performed on the nanofiber to decompose the polymeric part and achieve a pure ceramic phase. Characterization of the ceramic nanofiber was conducted using Fe-SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA-DTA, BET and UV–Vis techniques. The SEM and XRD results confirmed that the ceramic nanofiber with average diameter of 160 nm was composed of ZnO, Al2O3 and ZnAl2O4 phases. The resultant nanofiber was used as a photocatalyst for conversion of CO2 in presence of CH4 as the reductant and UV–A irradiation under mild conditions. The maximum conversion percentages of CO2 and CH4 after 240 min were 20% and 11.7% respectively.The present study proposes a method for preparing a ternary nanofiber of Al2O3, ZnO, and ZnAl2O4 with the potential to be used as a photocatalyst for conversion of CO2 in presence of CH4.

Synthesis of Al2O3-0.5B2O3-SiO2 fillers by sol-gel method for dental resin composites

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the formation of aluminoborosilicate obtained by the sol-gel method, characterize the microstructure, morphology and texture of the synthesized glass powder, and use them as filler in dental resin composites. The sol-gel method was employed for the synthesis of glass particles with composition Al2O3-0.5B2O3-SiO2, using the solutions of aluminum acetate, boric acid, nitric acid and TEOS alcoholic solution. Glass particles were obtained by calcination of xerogel at 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C, and were characterized by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis, field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM), particle sizing analyzer by laser diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR-AT). The glass particles calcinated at 500 and 600°C were silanated using a concentration of 10% (wt%) of 3-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPTS) in acetone medium. The dental resin composite comprises of a mixture of bis-phenol-A bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylate (Bis-GMA), tri(ethylene-glycol)-dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), bis-phenol-A ethoxylate-dimethacrylate (BisEMA), urethane-dimethacrylate (UDMA), 2-(Dimethylamino)-ethyl-methacrylate (DMAEMA) and camphorquinone with the silanated glass particles. DTA analysis reveals a glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from 735 to 820°C. BET analysis showed the surface area of the glass powders between 6.4 and 20.6m2/g, and no porosity was detected by BET measurements. XRD analyses reveal the formation of amorphous glass systems for powders calcined at 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C. SEM-FEG observation revealed irregular morphology of the agglomerates, no surface porosity and particle size ranging between 56 to 740nm. Particle size increases slightly with increase of the calcination temperature. XRD and DTA analyses reveal that the synthesized powders are amorphous independently of the calcination temperature. The position and intensity of the bands in the FTIR spectra were influenced by the temperature of calcination, showing structural changes of the glass with the heating, mainly the hydroxyl groups that are removed from the calcination at 600°C. The silanization with MPTS reduces the surface area indicating that the silane promotes the formation of strong agglomerates, since even using a high-energy planetary ball mill after silanization, the powders were not properly desaglomerated, increasing the surface area of the powders after silanization. The flexural strength (FS) and compressive strength (CS) for the dental composite employing the synthesized Al2O3-0.5B2O3-SiO2 silanated glass particles are compatible with commercial dental composites (Charisma, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany; and Llis, FGM, Brazil).

Core–Shell Electrospun Hollow Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Fibers

In this work, core–shell electrospinning was employed as a simple method for the fabrication of composite coaxial polymer fibers that became hollow ceramic tubes when calcined at high temperature. The shell polymer solution consisted of polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP) in ethanol mixed with an aluminum acetate solution to act as a ceramic precursor. The core polymer was recycled polystyrene to act as a sacrificial polymer that burned off during calcination. The resulting fibers were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to confirm the presence of gamma-phase aluminum oxide when heated at temperatures above 700 °C. The fiber diameter decreased from 987 ± 19 nm to 382 ± 152 nm after the calcination process due to the polymer material being burned off. The wall thickness of these fibers is estimated to be 100 nm.

Herpes zoster in a 6-month-old infant with 13-year follow-up: a retrospective case report

Objective The purpose of this report is to present a case of herpes zoster in a 6-month-old infant, conservatively managed without oral antivirals, and its 13-year follow-up, demonstrating no sequelae or recurrences. Clinical Features A 6-month-old white female infant presented with a vesicular rash of the right lower extremity to a chiropractic office. The rash consisted of grouped vesicles on erythematous plaques, the characteristic herpetiform lesion, distributed in the S1 dermatome of the right lower extremity only. The infant's history was significant for exposure to chicken pox at age 1 week through siblings. Consequently, only one vesicle developed, representing subclinical chicken pox. The clinical diagnosis of herpes zoster was made. Intervention and Outcome The infant was treated conservatively at home. Treatment consisted of aluminum acetate (Burow) solution compresses 3 times each day, followed by a loose dressing. The lesions crusted in 1 week and completely resolved in 2 weeks. Follow-up, consisting of 13 years of observation, demonstrated no evidence of sequelae, such as postherpetic neuralgia, or recurrence. Conclusion Herpes zoster is uncommon in infants; however, it may occur. The presentation of the rash is characteristic; but otherwise, the condition differs from that in adults in that it is mild and not associated with postherpetic neuralgia. In uncomplicated cases, conservative treatment measures support the quick resolution with no sequelae.

Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum Oxide Submicro-Rings

In this note, we report the physical and chemical properties of aluminum oxide submicro-rings (AO-SMRs) obtained by using electrospinning technique. The AO-SMRs were synthesized from aluminum acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions by applying simple elec- trospinning technique. The PVP ((C6H9NO)n, MW ~1,300,000) solution was prepared by dissolving 0.62 g PVP in 10 mL ethanol (99.9%) stirring for 2 hrs at room temperature. The aluminum acetate solution was made by dissolving 5 g of aluminum acetate (C2H5AlO4, MW 140.65) in 5.0 mL distilled water and 6.3 mL ethanol then stirred for 5 hrs at room temperature. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. The aluminum acetate solution was mixed with PVP solution at 1:1 volume ratio and stirred at room temperature for 5 hrs. The electrospinning solution was obtained after stirring the diluted 7 mL of mixed solution with 2 mL of ethanol for 30 min. The viscosity of the electrospinning solution was checked with a viscometer (AD SV-10), and the average viscosity of the solution was 17 ± 2 cP at 295.8 K. The electrospinning solution was transferred to a plastic syringe (5.0 mL) with a needle of 21 gauge. The syringe was mounted on a syringe pump (KDSci- entific) and an electrically grounded drum collector was covered with aluminum foil. The revolution of the collector was fixed at 100 ± 1 revolutions per minute. Electric fields (Nano NC) of 0.96 and 1.04 kV/cm were applied between the needle and the collector then dense SMR composites were collected on the aluminum foil. We checked the viscosity dependence on the SMR fabrication. When the viscosity of the solution was lower than the SMR collection condition (17 ± 2 cP), neither SMRs nor fibers were collected since the solution was too sparse. Only fibers were collected without mixing with SMRs over 67 cP of the viscosity because the solution was too dense to electro- spin as a ring. In order to check the decomposition temperature of the SMR composite, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermo analysis (DTA) were conducted (Figure 1). Dehydration of SMR composite was mainly has occurred until 573 K. Most PVP and hydrocarbons in the SMR composite were decomposed at about 873 K. 13 The obtained SMR composite was calcined to obtain AO-SMRs at two different temperatures named 573 and 873 K. X-ray diffraction (XRD, PHILIPS (Netherlands), X'Pert-MPD System) was performed to identify the crystallinity of the AO-SMRs in glancing mode. XRD study (Figure 2) re- vealed that only metallic aluminum was formed in crystalline phase and the crystallinity of aluminum oxide was not detected. This implies that aluminum oxide was formed as amorphous phase. As the calcination temperature increased, the crystallinity of Al decreased by a change of the oxidation state of aluminum from metallic to oxide.

Ultraviolet Photoresponse of Pure and Al doped ZnO Polycrystalline Thin Films by Inkjet Printing

AbstractPure ZnO, and Al doped ZnO, 120 -300 nm thin films on glass substrates, were synthesized by inkjet printing technique using zinc and aluminum acetate solution as precursors and a two stage heat treatment process to obtain polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure with the mean grain size of 25 and 30 nm respectively. All films exhibit a transmittance above 85-90% in the visible wavelength range below 700 nm. In the Al doped films the UV absorption spectra show a strong absorption onset below 380nm followed by shoulders centered around 325 nm depending on the film thickness. The electrical conductivity of Al doped ZnO thin films is larger by two orders of magnitude than that for pure ZnO films while the photoconductivity increases by about three orders of magnitude under UV irradiation. The photoresponse of the films with UV irradiation in terms of the rise and decay times in the frequency range from 5 to 500 Hz is also presented and discussed.

Palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning

Palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina nanofibers have been successfully synthesized by electrospinning using palladium chloride incorporated into a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and aluminum acetate. Palladium agglomerate sizes and the surface morphology of the electrospun nanofibers were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Palladium nanoparticles appeared to be well dispersed within the electrospun nanofiber structure. X-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy techniques were used to identify the crystalline form and distinguish between oxidized and metallic palladium particles after heating and hydrogenation.

わが国および欧米におけるブロー氏液（酢酸アルミニウム溶液）の処方に関する比較検討と提言

Burow's solution, an aluminum acetate solution used in hospitals, exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against various microorganisms that are commonly observed in chronic supprative otitis media, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, its method of preparation and formula vary among countries.In this study, the prescription for Burow's solution in Japan was compared with those in BP and USP. In BP and USP, Al (OH) (CH3CO2) 2 is prepared by mixing aluminum sulfate, acetic acid and calcium carbonate at a molar ratio of 1 : 4 : 3, and in the preparation procedure in USP, more acetic acid is added at the time of use to produce Al (CH3CO2) 3. In Japan, the method in the Teine-Keijin Hospital manual is commonly used, and the above 3 ingredients are mixed at a molar ratio of approximately 1 : 2 : 1.5. The discrepancy in the mixing ratio arises from the difference in the aluminum sulfate used. The aluminum sulfate stipulated in BP and USP is a hydrous compound containing 51.0-59.0% anhydrous aluminum sulfate, whereas the ingredient used in the Teine-Keijin Hospital manual consists only of anhydrous aluminum sulfate. In the latter case, the use of anhydrous aluminum sulfate results in very low dissolution rate (>24 hr for 1 L preparation), and the amount of acetic acid to produce Al (OH) (CH3CO2) 2 is lacking.In conclusion, the use the hydrous aluminum sulfate stipulated in BP and USP (formula : Al2 (SO4) 3·14-18 H2O) instead of anhydrous aluminum sulfate would enable a highly stable Burow's solution to be prepared easily.

Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Burow's Solution (Aluminum Acetate Solution), a Hospital Preparation, and Development of Its Rapid Preparation Method

Burow's solution, or aluminum acetate solution, is effective in inhibiting various microorganisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that are commonly observed in chronic suppurative otitis media. It takes several days to prepare Burow's solution using aluminum sulfate, and the pharmaceutical properties of the solution are not fully understood. In this study, the effect of storage (5 months) of Burow's solution prepared according to the Teine-Keijin Hospital manual on its pharmaceutical properties and antibacterial activities was examined. We also attempted to develop a rapid preparation method of aluminum acetate (or 1.7% aluminum) solution using two commercially available compounds of aluminum acetate basic (Al(2)O(CH(3)CO(2))(4), Al(OH)(CH(3)CO(2))(2)). The properties of Burow's solution, pH, osmolarity and antibacterial activity, were the same among different preparations and its storage for 5 months at 4 degrees C had no effect on these properties. The antibacterial potency of Burow's solution was dependent on aluminum concentration and its antibacterial potency against S. aureus and several MRSA strains was of the same magnitude. In a rapid preparation, aluminum acetate basic was mixed with appropriate amounts of tartaric acid and acetic acid, and the suspension was boiled for 2-2.5 hr until dissolved. The rapidly prepared aluminum acetate solution showed the same pharmaceutical properties and antibacterial activities as those of Burow's solution. The newly developed preparation method for aluminum acetate solution is expected to be convenient and feasible for hospital treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media.

Antibacterial Activity of Weak Solutions of Aluminum Salts

It was as early as 1857 that Burow 1 first recommended a weak solution of aluminum acetate as a wet dressing for the treatment of numerous cutaneous diseases. He had previously learned from a chemist that this aluminum salt preserved certain organic materials used in the manufacture of sugar. Since Pasteur's classical discoveries were made between 1860 and 1865, Burow could not have known that the pharmacological effectiveness of aluminum acetate depended even in part on antibacterial action. By the early part of the twentieth century, Burow's solution was frequently used in the treatment of diseases of bacterial origin, such as furunculosis. 2 In more recent years, the antibacterial property of Burow's solution is seldom mentioned in the literature, and its pharmacological effect is attributed to astringent and buffer action. Kionka 3 reported that a 20% solution of a mixture of aluminum lactate and tartrate killed streptococci in 5 minutes.

Antibacterial activity of weak solutions of aluminum salts.

It was as early as 1857 that Burow 1 first recommended a weak solution of aluminum acetate as a wet dressing for the treatment of numerous cutaneous diseases. He had previously learned from a chemist that this aluminum salt preserved certain organic materials used in the manufacture of sugar. Since Pasteur's classical discoveries were made between 1860 and 1865, Burow could not have known that the pharmacological effectiveness of aluminum acetate depended even in part on antibacterial action. By the early part of the twentieth century, Burow's solution was frequently used in the treatment of diseases of bacterial origin, such as furunculosis. 2 In more recent years, the antibacterial property of Burow's solution is seldom mentioned in the literature, and its pharmacological effect is attributed to astringent and buffer action. Kionka 3 reported that a 20% solution of a mixture of aluminum lactate and tartrate killed streptococci in 5 minutes.

A medical treatment for stasis ulcers.

Chronic, nonspecific ulcers of the leg, commonly called stasis ulcers or varicose ulcers, have presented a difficult therapeutic problem for many years. Some of the medicaments and treatments that we have used are Unna's paste bandages, adhesive dressings, scarlet red ointment, chlorophyll preparation ointment (Chloresium), vitamin A ointment, vitamin D ointment, vitamin A and D ointment, ultraviolet light, dry heat such as an incandescent bulb under a wire cradle, x-rays in small doses (5 r at a time), ammoniated mercury ointment, gentian violet solution (aqueous and alcoholic), pantothenyl alcohol (Panthenol) ointment, aluminum acetate (Burow's) solution, boric acid solution and ointment, and occlusion, ligation, and stripping of veins by competent surgeons; none has offered more than fair results. Streptokinase-streptodornase (Varidase) and trypsin (Tryptar) have been used to clear the ulcers of crusts and detritus, but otherwise were not helpful. Antibiotic ointments were no more effective than other bactericidal ointments and solutions.

植物成分の微量化学的檢出法 (第6報)

Flavonol derivatives, such as rutin, show a sensitive yellow coloration by aluminum ion. For example, absorption spectrum of the aluminum compound of rutin shows absorption maxima at 274mμ and 416mμ. The authors carried out determination of flavonols by the colorimetry of their yellow coloration in 0.75% aluminum acetate solution (pH 3.74). The yellow coloration of the flavonol derivatives produced by aluminum or magnesium ion is very similar to that of potassium chromate solution so that it would be convenient to prepare a series of standard solutions of the chromate prior to colorimetry. Partition paper chromatography of flavonols, such as rutin, myrcitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, myrcetin and morin, was carried out and, after development with BuOH:H2O:AcOH=5:4:1, or PhOH:H2O:AcOH=40:9:1 as solvents, flavonol spots were sprayed with 2.5% aluminum acetate, dried, and their Rf values measured.Further, crude methanolic extracts of about ten kinds of plants containing flavonol, such as rutin and kaempherol, were also studied by the above method.

Bacterial Flora of Normal Skin: A Study of the Effect of Sulfathiazole and Some Ointment Bases

The growing importance of local sulfonamide therapy in dermatology (1, 2, 3, 4) and the relative paucity of literature dealing with the effects of ointment bases on skin bacteria has prompted the present investigation. The latter problem was partially studied by Pillsbury, Livingood and Nichols (5) in a previous report. These workers used the method of Price (6) as modified by Pohle and Stuart (7) in determining the effect of various cutaneous applications in changing the rate at which bacteria were removed from the skin during a standard scrubbing technic. They found, in brief, that certain ointments, when applied to the skin for periods varying between several minutes and one hour, resulted in a rise in bacteria recovered as compared to scrubbing experiments where no applications were used. The ointments used included petrolatum, lanolin, 3% and 5% ammoniated mercury in ointment, IJ.S.P., 3% and 5% ammoniated mercury in an emulsion type base, phenylmercuric nitrate (1:1,500) in an emulsion type base, and lastly ointment U.S.P. Similar effects were noted with distilled water, 0.02% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, 0.1% aerosol in water, 0.5% aqueous solution of aluminum acetate and the simple wearing of rubber gloves. A suggestion was made that this rise in bacterial count might be due to the softening action of the various applications allowing better removal of bacteria, surface debris and superficial stratum corneum. The opposite action was observed following the local use of 70% ethyl alcohol and Castellani's Carbolfuchsin paint. Of interest, in connection with these findings, is a study by Cromwell and Leffler (8) using a technic similar to the above workers. They found that astringent substances (ethyl alcohol and potassium alum) have a hardening action on the epidermis and, thereby, prevent bacteria from being scrubbed off the skin. By contrast, other substances (sodium sulphide and ammonium suiphide) which tend to soften the epidermis result in a rise in bacterial count.

DIPHTHERITIC INVOLVEMENT OF THE LIPS, WITH ABSENCE OF SIGNS IN THE NOSE AND THROAT

No mention can be found in the literature of cases in which diphtheria involved the lips and buccal membranes alone, with repeated negative clinical signs in the nose and throat. Believing this to be the first report of such an involvement, we present the following report: J. M. W., a colored girl aged 10 years, was admitted to the children's burn ward at the Cincinnati General Hospital Oct. 16, 1937, with an extensive (60 per cent total body area) second and third degree burn from fire. The face and neck were spared. She was in deep shock. Intravenous dextrose and a blood transfusion were given immediately, along with other antishock therapy. In view of the extent of the burn, she did well; daily transfusions were given and the burned areas were treated locally with wet dressings of solution of aluminum acetate and green soap tub baths as soon as the

DERMATITIS CAUSED BY DIETHYLENE GLYCOL IN TOBACCO

P. H., a white man, aged 39, an aviator, complained of a dermatitis of the left index and middle fingers of six weeks' duration and of the left upper lip of four weeks' duration. Two months before, he had been in a hospital for a period of six months because of fracture and amputation of one thigh. He stated that there was no personal or family history of allergy. The eruption was pruritic. It consisted of pinpoint to pinhead size vesicular and scaling lesions on an erythematous base. The borders were ill defined and gradually faded into the normal skin. Wet dressings of solution of aluminum acetate were prescribed for two days, and this was followed by a single fractional dose of superficial x-ray irradiation and zinc ointment U. S. P. Two weeks later the eruption on the fingers was greatly improved but that on the lip remained unchanged. In

ACUTE DERMATITIS DUE TO OPIUM PREPARATIONS

The list of irritants responsible for recurrent attacks of acute dermatitis has been so rapidly extended within the last decade that one must be constantly alert for well recognized and new irritating substances whenever a case of dermatitis is seen. Hazen, 1 in discussing various dermatoses caused by irritants, did not mention opium or any of the preparations derived from it. Weber, 2 in an exhaustive list of cutaneous irritants, included morphine, but did not mention preparations of opium. The following case is reported because the dermatitis followed the use of opium, both externally and internally. The clinical observations were corroborated both by the patch test and by the results of experimental internal administration. REPORT OF CASE L. P., a boy, aged 6 years, was treated for a local superficial infection around the scrotum. The attending physician at first used solution of aluminum acetate, but because there was no

Dangers in the use of aluminum acetate solution as a wet dressing

Dangers in the use of aluminum acetate solution as a wet dressing

LACQUER DERMATITIS

July 13, 1920, M. K. B., a man, aged 32, came to me, with a dermatitis of his forearms and hands. It was a rather acute papulovesicular dermatitis which suggested external irritants as its origin. He had spent a day in the woods the week before, and the dermatitis had come on soon afterward. I concluded it was a dermatitis due to contact with irritating plants, probably poison ivy. I treated him with wet dressings of aluminum acetate solution, and he soon recovered. The same patient came to me again, July 6, of this year. He had a papulovesicular dermatitis of his forearms and hands, acute, but not intense, consisting for the most part of discrete inflammatory lesions. This time there was no history of contact with vegetation that might have caused the trouble. There seemed to be no doubt, however, that it was an external irritant dermatitis, and I