Aluminum Packaging Research Articles

Corrosion study of cola soft drink cans

The study of corrosion in aluminium packaging is fundamental to ensuring the quality and safety of the product. The varnish layer present on metal packaging aims to minimize any interaction between the food or drink and the metal, as well as minimizing the corrosion process. The acidic nature of soft drinks, as well as the ions present in solution, such as phosphates, benzoates or chlorides, play a strong role in the oxidative process of aluminum. This study evaluated the corrosion of the body of aluminum cola cans. The beverage was first characterized and the results obtained were: pH =2.5; 7.5 oBrix; chloride concentration of 0.17g/L, acidity 0.17 %m/m; density 1.04 g/mL and concentration of reducing sugars was 11.3 %m/m. The corrosion of aluminum in model solutions with different concentrations of citric acid and NaCl was studied via linear polarization for samples with and without varnish. The statistical analysis carried out, via factorial design 23 with a triplicate at the center point, showed that the corrosion rate (CR) of the sample with varnish was significantly influenced by temperatures above 45 oC in the range of chlorides studied. On the other hand, the CR of the sample without varnish was strongly influenced by the combination of high temperatures and high chloride concentrations. Removing the varnish resulted in a higher activation energy (AE = 67.48 kJ/mol) when removed with acetone and then polished with sandpaper compared to the sample with varnish (AE = 88.92 kJ/mol). From a kinetic point of view, this showed the protective effect of this layer and its effectiveness against corrosion. The ΔHo and ΔGo activation parameters of the process were positive, showing that corrosion is an endothermic process with increased disorder when the varnish is removed, respectively. It is therefore important to buy the product with the packaging in good condition to guarantee the integrity of the protective layer and its quality, since oxidation of the aluminum can lead to products that compromise the quality of the food or drink.

Laju perubahan kadar air dan vitamin c snack mi kering dalam kemasan dengan penambahan pasta bit sebagai sumber vitamin c

Noodle snacks are snacks made from fried noodles, which are fried with the addition of seasonings. To improve the nutritional balance of dry noodle snack foods, it is necessary to conduct research by adding beetroot paste as a natural coloring and source of vitamin C. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of consumer preference for noodle snacks with the addition of beetroots and the rate of decline in snack quality. Dried noodles in packaging with the addition of beetroot paste as a source of vitamin C. The study used two types of packaging material, namely PE plastic and aluminum. Average organoleptic test value of noodle snack with addition of beetroot paste to quality attribute: aroma = 4.40; color = 4.32; taste = 4.36; crunchy = 4.28. The rate of quality decline in aluminum packaging against the variable of moisture content and vitamin C followed the rate of zero-order kinetics, with the value of the rate of increase in moisture content = 0.152. Meanwhile, the rate of decrease in vitamin C was -0.102. The results showed that the addition of beetroot paste to the making of noodle snacks was acceptable to the panelists. The addition of beetroot paste also provides a better vitamin C content, which is 3.75 mg/100g. Beetroot snack packaging using aluminum provides a lower rate of reduction in water content and vitamin C content compared to the use of PE plastic packaging materials.

Failure analysis of a forming assembly used in aluminum packaging tubes production

A local company produces aluminum collapsible tubes for the packaging of a medicinal ointment. A tooling subassembly comprised of a plug and a sleeve is used for the forming of its metallic neck is failing repeatably; it causes extended downtimes to the production line. Historical data was collected, and macroscopic examination was performed. A photographic archive was created so the substantial features of the incident to be recorded. Hardness measurements were carried out on specific surfaces of the parts and the steel grades selected for their manufacturing were identified by chemical analysis. Samples were designated and prepared for optical and electron microscopy. The study involved the examination of the microstructure and fracture morphologies of the specimens derived from the failed parts. Conclusions related to the fracture mechanism and failure mode are presented. Relatively wide dimensional tolerances between the forming tools led to lack of concentricity between the plug and the sleeve provoking malfunction of the forming process and finally lead to the brittle fracture of the die. Furthermore, the frequency of the plug failure should have been an indication of unsuitable material-working hardness combination. Corrective as well as preventive actions are proposed.

Selection of Crosslinking Agents for Acrylic Resin Used in External Coatings for Aluminum Packaging in the Beverage Industry

Paints and coatings are widely used in various applications such as walls, cars, packaging, and food products. The quality of food packaging is essential due to its direct or indirect contact with food. The demand for high-quality food packaging is increasing due to the higher production and consumption rates. However, containers used in the beverage industry often face problems like scratches and abrasions during transportation. This study aimed to investigate different formulations of external coatings for beverage cans to improve their physical resistance properties and prevent corrosion and surface damage problems. The study involved reacting an acrylic resin with six different amino resins, including methylated melamine, butylated melamine, glycoluril, methylated urea, butylated urea, and benzoguanamine, in various proportions. The results of 25 formulated samples were compared based on properties such as adhesion, durability, and chemical resistance. The outcomes of the study showed significant differences among the crosslinking agents. Among all the crosslinking agents, methylated melamine showed the most favorable results in the analyses, proving to be effective in almost all tests.

Effects of Compaction and Thermal Pre-treatments on Generation of Dross and Off-Gases in Aluminium Recycling

Organic coatings are a challenge for aluminium packaging recycling since they tend to increase the re-melting metal losses. A solution is de-coating the scrap via a thermal pre-treatment to burn-off the organics before re-melting. Due to logistic benefits, the scrap is often pressed into bales. This study evaluates the influence of compaction on the de-coating efficiency and off-gas emissions, and its consequences for dross formation and recycling metal yield. Loose chips and two types of briquettes, one loosely compacted by uniaxial pressure and the other compacted by moderated-pressure-torsion to higher densities, were heated to 550 °C while analysing the off-gas emissions using FTIR. The briquettes were subsequently re-melted into a molten heel. Re-melting coated scrap multiplied the % wt of dross by a factor of 2 or 3, depending on the compaction pre-treatment, compared to re-melting uncoated aluminium. The densest briquettes emitted less than half the CO2 and CO gases during de-coating and formed significantly more dross. Compaction to the lower densities showed no tangible effects. The effect of de-coating compacted materials or not was small (± 2% wt dross), which was attributed to carbonaceous residues remaining after the thermal treatment. In conclusion, high compactions by torsion limit the de-coating reactions, which depend on factors such as temperature and gas transport. A complete removal of the organic residues is critical for a more sustainable recycling with less dross generated.Graphical

Sustainability analysis of packaging waste management systems: A case study in the Romanian context

Packaging waste is an important waste stream being directly linked to any product or good that consumers buy, use and then discard. Beyond policies setting recycling and recovery targets and the usual waste indicators in terms of generation, collection and treatment, packaging waste should be analyzed from the sustainability perspective. For countries in which municipal solid waste management has modest performances and packaging waste is organized solely based on Extended Producer Responsibility principle, such as Romania, this type of analysis is even more significant. Starting with 2018 onwards, the legislative European framework have set stringent packaging waste recovery and recycling targets, however beyond their achievement, it is important to also check what is the mid-term impact on sustainability at the member states level. Firstly, the study investigates multiple data sources (Environmental Fund Administration-EFA, Eurostat and National Waste Management Plan) to have a complete overview on the packaging waste generation and technical performances. Secondly, the US EPA WARM methodology was selected to perform the analysis. The indicators set within the methodology are the main indicatives for the environmental impacts and the socio-economic aspects in the end of life management operations, namely: greenhouse gas emissions and energy use, together with number of full-time jobs, wages and taxes. Throughout 5 proposed scenarios, the impact of packaging waste quantities variations on the sustainability results could be observed. Irrespective of the scenario, when the overall packaging waste generated quantities are within 1.88 up to 2.14 million tons, the sustainability profile limits give results for environmental indicators within the following ranges: greenhouse gas emissions −3.75 × 106 ÷ −1.4 × 106 tons CO2e/year, energy use −2.9 × 107 ÷ −1.1 × 107 GJ/year, social indicator: 5823–14368 full time jobs and economic indicators: 328 × 106 ÷ 692 × 106 US $/year in wages and 56.7 × 106 ÷ 136.7 × 106 US $/year in taxes. Beside the overall packaging waste sustainability profiles, specific packaging waste material streams, namely polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminium sustainability profiles were obtained. For the entire packaging waste system, compared with the other scenarios, the sustainability profile for the EFA scenario has indicated the lowest environmental impact and the highest positive impact for the socio-economic indicators (with 2018 registering the best results). For both PET and aluminium packaging waste systems, in the EFA scenario, 2019 has been the year with the lowest performance (highest environmental impact and lowest values for the socio-economic indicators).

Impact of rolling processes in the production of aluminum packaging assessed through LCA

PurposeThe environmental impact of aluminum cans and aluminum food packaging has been extensively studied in the last years; most of the researchers focused their attention on the whole lifecycle: from the aluminum extraction to the end-of-life management, while there are no dedicated studies devoted to the detailed analysis of the rolling phase. The aim of this paper is to present an LCA analysis focused on the fabrication of the thin plates to be used for can and tray production; the work has been carried out by studying the “Laminazione Sottile” plant with a cradle-to-gate approach, considering as functional unit thin plates of two different alloys.Materials and methodsInventory data were collected from the “Laminazione Sottile S.p.A.” plant, and off-plant emissions from external goods and fuels were accounted for based on existent LCA databases. Gabi has been used as software to model the process and calculate the impacts, while the CML method has been used. Most of the data have been directly measured in the plant during 1 year of work.Results and discussionThe results showed that the most impactful phase is the extraction of aluminum or the use of primary aluminum. Focusing the attention on the manufacturing process, the foundry is the most impacting stage, and the high energy required to melt the aluminum leads to most of the emissions. Moreover, this contribution is probably underestimated in this work because the impacts related to the manufacturing of the facilities used (furnaces and so on) are not considered. Another interesting finding is that both the supply chain and the general consumption have a non-negligible impact, highlighting the necessity to optimize these two aspects by implementing new policies for purchasing and work organization.ConclusionsThe study highlighted that the production of primary aluminum is the most impacting step, followed by the foundry and the hot rolling. Production of thin aluminum plates by rolling requires a lot of energy, so the carbon footprint of these processes is quite high. The chemicals used in the rolling steps play also a role in the general impact of the whole process. The company continuously promotes improvements of the process to reduce the footprint and puts a lot of money and effort to introduce new sensors and technologies to monitor the consumptions and improve the processes.

Evaluation, multiplication and deposition of sunflower germplasm accessions in medium term storage

During the year 2018-2019 a total of 700 germplasm lines were multiplied and evaluated during kharif 2018. Allthe accessions were sown in augmented block design and compared with three checks. Promising accessions were identified with high seed yield and medium oil content. The range for oil content was between 24 and 37%. The germplasm accessions identified for high seed yield and medium oil content were GMU-125, GMU-169, GMU- 251, GMU-272, GMU-396, GMU-928, and GMU-1102. The five accessions identified with 37.0% of oil content included GMU-466, GMU-663, GMU-1091, GMU-1106 and GMU-1140. After complete drying of the seeds, the cleaned seeds from each accession were deposited in the medium term storage (MTS) of IIOR with proper labeling. Out of total harvested seeds approximately 50.0 g of the seeds was packed in airtight aluminium package suitable for medium term storage and remaining seeds were stored as working germplasm.

Solar dryer using evacuated tube solar thermal collector with thermal storage

A solar dryer was developed using an evacuated tube solar thermal collector and solar photovoltaic (SPV) panel to supply the electrical energy. Paraffin wax was packed in a well-sealed aluminum package and stored in the bottom of the drying chamber near the entrance of hot air enabling recharge and store thermal energy. A DC fan was used to supply hot air to the drying chamber. The chamber was made of locally available material with glass wool as insulation. The overall dimensions were 0.6 m × 0.55 m × 1.05 m with 7.0 trays having 0.25 m2 per tray. The capacity of the dryer is 5.0 kg. The maximum temperature that could attain inside the drying chamber during clear sunny days was 45 to 60ºC. The efficiency of the dryer is 27%.

Moisture sorption isotherms characteristics for shelf-life prediction of peanuts (Arachis Hypogaea L.).

The spring grown peanut varieties J87 and TG37A are prone to quality deterioration as a result of high temperature and relative humidity during harvesting. Thus, the sorption isotherms of peanut varieties were evaluated at 25, 35 and 45 °C and the water activity (aw ) range of 0.110-0.975 aiming to predict the suitable storage conditions, packaging material and shelf-life. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) increased with increased aw and isotherms of type II were observed. The monolayer moisture content varied between 3.135% and 4.235% for J87 and between 3.906% and 5.640% for TG37A variety. The experimental data were fitted to seven mathematical models. The variations in correlation coefficients were in the range 0.879-0.992 and in root mean square were in the range 0.055-1.988. On the basis of statistical parameters, Guggenheim Anderson de Boer and Double Log Polynomial were considered to be best fitted models. At aw of 0.6, critical moisture content (CMC) was 7.59%, 7.060% and 5.89% for J87 and 9.06%, 8.904% and 7.80% for TG37A at 25, 35 and 45 °C, respectively. The shelf-life prediction model provided that the aluminum packages had the maximum predicted shelf-life of around 1779 days for TG37A and 1077 days for J87 variety at 25 °C with an initial moisture content of 5.91% and 4.81%, respectively. The EMC and CMC evaluated from sorption study provided the basis for determination of package properties and shelf life. Aluminum packages had the minimum water vapor transmission rate and permeability. Hence, peanuts packaged in these bags and stored at 25 °C and 75% relative humidity had the potential to attain the maximum storage life. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The pyrolysis system for aluminum packaging with the highest aluminum recovery efficiency

Recently, to save time, people have often preferred canned food because of its convenience, high nutritional value and safety compared with fast food. This has caused the amount of packaging waste in the world to increase rapidly, becoming one of the major dangers to the global environment. However, governments, environmentalists and scientists were soon aware of the dangers of this type of waste and soon developed improved methods to treat and minimize its impact on the environment. From the achievement of metal recovery in used products, this study also inherited the achievement of metal recovery in nonaluminum packaging products, namely, milk pouches, blisters, softener pouches, snack pounds, toothpaste tubes, and foods containing standing pouches, by pyrolysis. This study aimed to convert food packaging plastic wastes (MFPWs) into raw materials (aluminum and carbon particles) using three combined methods: pyrolysis and mechanical and chemical treatment. This experiment used a fixed-bed reactor in the laboratory to heat plastic packaging waste to obtain a solid fraction at a temperature of 800°C, and the retention time was 30 minutes. Food containing 98.64% of the samples yielded the most desirable results, while the second highest percentage of samples were produced from aluminum toothpaste tubes, for which the product contained 93.24%. Owing to the demand for metal recovery in all industries in general and in the food industry in particular, this research proposes identifying a packaging waste category from which pure aluminum can be recovered most efficiently by pyrolysis technology, and the feasibility of the results obtained will be tested shortly.

Promoting Householders' Participation in Household Waste Sorting: A Case for Learning Aluminum Packaging Recycling in Spain

Abstract Recycling is a highly relevant issue in environmental behavior. To make it work, it is necessary to involve people. Many efforts have been made to increase people's participation in recycling. This study proposes an informal education to raise awareness among homemakers about recycling, especially aluminum packaging recycling, using workshops and compensating the factors that act as barriers to recycling in Spain. The results are the “Spaces for Dialogue” strategy to increase knowledge, awareness, and recycling intention. The findings present the main barriers to closing the gap between intention to action, and the study highlights the role that mentors play as teachers in facilitating communication and education for sustainable development.

Implementation of a More Sustainable Waste Management Policy in the Operating Room.

The waste produced by an operating room represents on average 20 to 30% of the waste of a health institution.1 At the Toulouse University Hospital (Toulouse, France), more than 100 tons of waste are produced per month.In 2020, only noninfectious waste and infectious waste existed within our institution in terms of waste sorting. There was no recycling channel, and nearly 40% of the waste from the operating room was treated as infectious waste (fig. 1, A and B).The treatment of infectious waste is more expensive than that of noninfectious waste in terms of cost (1 ton of noninfectious and infectious waste costs 270€ and 720€, respectively, to treat at the Toulouse University Hospital) and carbon dioxide impact, because the treatment of 1 ton of noninfectious waste corresponds to 362 kg of CO2 compared to 934 kg of CO2 for infectious waste in France.2 We have set up a policy of better waste management within our university hospital with the objective of reducing the proportion of waste treated as infectious waste on the one hand, and, on the other hand, identifying reusable materials by setting up channels for the treatment of recyclable waste.First, to reduce the amount of waste treated as infectious waste, staffs were made aware of the cost of treating this waste, the recommendations of the institution’s health care–associated infectious risk prevention unit were updated, and the members of the green teams accompanied the teams in the field to gradually modify practices and improve sorting.The second objective was to identify reusable waste. To do this, the teams specializing in waste management worked in the operating room to improve their knowledge of the care-related waste generated by the operating room activity. Subsequently, specific partnerships were established with various service providers (copper, laryngoscope blades, cardboard, bottles, etc.), and we reorganized the operating rooms to facilitate waste sorting. As an example, our green dynamic allowed us to reduce infectious waste and total carbon dioxide production with a consequent reduction in costs (fig. 1).The implementation of the recycling channels in 2021 enabled the sorting of more than 60 tons of waste in the first year, with near 2 tons of precious metals (laryngoscope blades, aluminum packaging, and copper cables), 15 tons of plastics, 5.9 tons of paper, and 35.9 tons of cardboard. The perspectives of our work are to continue and extend the green project to the other departments of the university hospital, to reduce the global quantity of waste by setting up “custom packs” specific to each surgical procedure, and to avoid overconsumption by educating the staff and raising awareness on a daily basis.3The authors thank all the green teams who have worked to support the staff of the Toulouse University Hospital (Toulouse, France), and particularly the staff of the operating room, in their efforts to improve waste management practices. The authors also thank Dr. Jean-Marie Conil, M.D., Ph.D., Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, for his help in reviewing the statistics.Support was provided solely from institutional and/or departmental sources.Dr. Labaste has received funding from SANOFI (Paris, France) unrelated to this publication. The other authors declare no competing interests.

The Simons Observatory: Magnetic Shielding Measurements for the Universal Multiplexing Module

The Simons Observatory (SO) includes four telescopes that will measure the temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background using over 60,000 highly sensitive transition-edge bolometers (TES). These multichroic TES bolometers are read out by a microwave RF SQUID multiplexing system with a multiplexing factor of 910. Given that both TESes and SQUIDs are susceptible to magnetic field pickup and that it is hard to predict how they will respond to such fields, it is important to characterize the magnetic response of these systems empirically. This information can then be used to limit spurious signals by informing magnetic shielding designs for the detectors and readout. This paper focuses on measurements of magnetic pickup with different magnetic shielding configurations for the SO universal multiplexing module (UMM), which contains the SQUIDs, associated resonators, and TES bias circuit. The magnetic pickup of a prototype UMM was tested under three shielding configurations: no shielding (copper packaging), aluminum packaging for the UMM, and a tin/lead-plated shield surrounding the entire dilution refrigerator 100 mK cold stage. The measurements show that the aluminum packaging outperforms the copper packaging by a shielding factor of 8-10, and adding the tin/lead-plated 1K shield further increases the relative shielding factor in the aluminum configuration by 1-2 orders of magnitude.

REAP, a project for PET and can

In a moment of change, with an impulse from the pandemic that hit the world, the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals has become a clear necessity towards a more sustainable world, with less inequalities and a basis for the upbringing of future generations. SDG Goal 12 Sustainable Consumption and Production, 13 - Climate Action - and 14 - Life below water - are clearly linked to plastic and metal consumption and production. Also, Goal 10 - Reduced inequalities - plays its paper in this field. Not only does plastic and metal production, consumption and use need to be reformed, but also producers need to bridge inequalities and reuse, recycle and introduce circular economies in their own countries, not inducing mass imposition of waste in poorer economies. With this in mind, at the University of Aveiro, the REAP Project (Recycling of PET and Aluminium Packages) is being implemented, together with a Norwegian partner, with vast experience in the plastic waste sector. This project will help create the idea of PET and aluminium impact from a tax on these packages inside campi walls and a tax return after adequate deposition. Tracking these numbers and promoting research in the area of PET and aluminium reuse are a further input towards the implementation of SDGs.The paper will explain the project, its goals and ambitions.Keyword: PET, Can, SDG Goals, circular economy

Thermally Conductive and Leakage-Proof Phase-Change Materials Composed of Dense Graphene Foam and Paraffin for Thermal Management

Practical implementation of porous carbon-based composite phase-change materials (CPCMs) for heat dissipation in high-power-density electronics is usually limited by liquid leakage issues and unsatisfactory thermal conductivity resulting from their relatively low filler fraction and/or existence of interfacial thermal resistance between fillers. Therefore, development of shape-stable CPCMs with high thermal conductivity and large latent heat to avoid overheating of electronics remains challenging. Herein, graphene foams (GFs) with very high densities of up to 204 mg/cm3 have been synthesized to act as interconnected porous networks of CPCMs. Notably, the obtained CPCM with a filler loading of 11.1 wt % preserves a high heat capacity (171.8 J/g) with a retention of 84.8% while showing a 22.6-fold enhancement in the thermal conductivity as compared to pure PCM (10.13 vs 0.43 W/m·K). A higher thermal conductivity of 14.29 W/m·K can be achieved by further increasing the filler loading to 17.7 wt %, which outperforms many of the previously reported CPCMs based on the interconnected porous carbon-based frameworks. Owing to the superior interconnected network structure of the dense GFs and the strong interconnection between them and PCM molecules, these CPCMs also exhibit leakage-proof shape stability and excellent thermal reliability (at least 100 cycles). Moreover, a state-of-the-art aluminum (Al) package based on the CPCM (filler loading: 11.1 wt %) possessing weight 60% less than its pure Al panel counterpart has been demonstrated to verify better heat transfer efficiency and more efficient phonon pathways of the CPCM composite than those of the pure PCM, which holds great promise for advanced thermal management of emerging applications in electronics.

Challenge in the Identification of Water Loss, Aromatic Sense, and Preference of Chili Paste During Ozone Water Controlled Handling

Chili production received significant attention from Indonesian farmers due to the national income based on agricultural products. As happen in Indonesia, chili production depends on the season, resulting in the national stock and the price. The second-grade chili is easily available in the traditional market with low-medium quality but less shelf life quality. This research identified the treatment of chili using ozone after harvesting. Basic processing was used to produce chili paste. A10 kg of second-grade chili from a local farm was obtained. The chili without ozone was also used as control. The treatment for chili was washed in ozone through the method of ozone water. Chili paste was packaged in the aluminum packaging and heating. The chili paste was stored at room temperature for 12 days and the tests were conducted in every 6 days. This research had not shown a significant increase in water loss, but the aroma of chili had significant changes in the last day. Aromatic sense was obtained from consumer preferences upon the color of chili paste which indicated less changes in chili paste. In conclusion, chili paste with ozone treatment provided a remarkable positive effect on water loss, aromatic sense, and consumer preference.

Evaluation of Phase Change Materials for Personal Cooling Applications

Eleven phase change materials (PCMs) for cooling humans in heat-stressed conditions were evaluated for their cooling characteristics. Effects of packaging material and segmentation were also investigated. Sample packs with a different type PCM (water- and oil-based PCMs, cooling gels, inorganic salts) or different packaging (aluminum, TPU, TPU + neoprene) were investigated on a hotplate. Cooling capacity, duration, and power were determined. Secondly, a PCM pack with hexagon compartments was compared to an unsegmented version with similar content. Cooling power decreased whereas cooling duration increased with increasing melting temperature. The water-based PCMs showed a >2x higher cooling power than other PCMs, but were relatively short-lived. The flexible gels and salts did not demonstrate a phase change plateau in cooling power, compromising their cooling potential. Using a TPU or aluminum packaging was indifferent. Adding neoprene considerably extended cooling duration, while decreasing power. Segmentation has practical benefits, but substantially lowered contact area and therefore cooling power.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS ON THE SENSORY QUALITY OF AMPLANG DURING STORAGE

The decrease in purchasing power of the community has led to many unsold amplang crackers, which often suffer from physical and sensory damage. Physical damage includes a loss of crispy texture, while sensory damage includes a stale aroma and taste, as well as a brownish appearance. To prolong the shelf life of amplang crackers, packaging is needed. The packaging materials used in this study are PP, PET, and aluminum foil. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of different packaging materials on the sensory quality of amplang crackers during storage. The results show that in the sensory test, aluminum foil packaging received the highest score for aroma, which was 6.5, indicating a preference. The taste parameter also scored the highest with aluminum packaging, at 6.5. Meanwhile, the texture and color parameters obtained the best scores with aluminum packaging, with scores of 6.8 and 7.5, respectively. In conclusion, the research finds that aluminum foil packaging is the best way to maintain the sensory quality of amplang crackers during a 40-day storage period.

Influence of Packaging Material on Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity in Some Commercial Beers

Using two methods (ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activity), the total polyphenol content (Folin–Ciocalteu reagent) and polyphenol patterns (HPLC) in 10 commercial lager beer brands produced in Romania was determined. Samples bottled in glass, plastic and aluminium packages were analysed for each brand when available. Results have indicated considerable variations in the total and individual phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity across beer brands. Gallic and feulic acids were the dominant phenolic compounds identified samples. The statistical analysis indicates a significant difference between the levels of antioxidant activity detected using DPPH and FRAP, for all three types of material considered. The statistical test ANOVA indicates that the polyphenol concentration is similar across all types of material.