Aluminum Dish Research Articles

Characterization and calibration of a capacitive diaphragm gauge manometer for the measurement of dust particles in vacuum

Abstract A capacitive diaphragm gauge (CDG) has been modified to measure the amount of accumulated in-vessel dust in tokamaks. In order to pin point the mass load on the CDG, aluminum dish is used. Calibrations show that the CDG has a measurement range from 2.2 g to 6.7 g with a minimum detection mass of 30 mg. Long term stability of measured signal is obtained at least more than 12 h operation with the atmospheric pressure and under vacuum. The CDG will be installed in KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) device in 2012 campaign to measure the amount of in-vessel dusts.

Study on the influence of temperature, storage time and packaging type on di-n-butylphthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate release into packed meals

Ready-to-eat meals packed in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminium dishes, supplied to patients in two hospitals in the Campania region (Italy), were studied to evaluate the probable migration of di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from the packaging into the food. The influence of temperature, storage time and type of package on the migration process was considered, analysing the meals according to three time ranges, before the packaging (T 0) and after 60 min (T 1) and 120 min (T 2) from packaging during the storage in thermostatic delivery carts. At T 0 in the meals sampled before packaging in PET dishes, mean levels of DBP and DEHP were 0.023 ± 0.002 µg/g and 0.069 ± 0.041 µg/g, respectively; the DBP level increased 230% and that of DEHP increased 208% by time T 0 versus T 2. In the meals sampled before packaging (T 0) in aluminium dishes, the mean levels of DBP and DEHP were 0.030 ± 0.001 µg/g and 0.057 ± 0.015 µg/g, respectively. The significant increase in contaminant levels over storage times for meals packed in PET dishes demonstrates that from packages made of plastic materials the migration of phthalic acid esters into foods is possible. In meals packed in PET dishes, the highest DBP and DEHP increases were observed in the T 0 to T 1 range, which represented the time interval over which meals were kept hot, and mainly in the first ones, where the highest temperatures have been recorded.

Self‐organization of functional gradient structure in the biodegradable chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend film

AbstractBiologically inspired optimal structures combining the bioresorbable and bioactive properties are expected for the next generation of biomaterials. A compositional gradient structure was found to be spontaneously formed in the film of biodegradable chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend by casting aqueous solution on an aluminum dish. The formation of compositional gradient structure was confirmed by FTIR mapping measurement, DMTA measurement, and SEM observation on the freeze‐fractured cross section. In DMTA measurement, a broadening of the α‐relaxation curve corresponding to the glass transition was observed for the compositional gradient film, while a composition‐dependent single glass transition was observed for the homogeneous blend films. The resulted film with stable self‐organized compositional gradient exhibits novel physical properties inaccessible for the film of homogeneous blends obtained by casting from the same solution on a Teflon dish. The compositional gradient films present a unique combination of stronger stress and higher yield strain when compared with those of the homogeneous films at both dry and wet states. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3069–3076, 2005

Electrophysiological responses to vibratory stimulation in the brainstem of the tadpole

Maturation of saccular responses to vibratory stimuli in 3 axes was measured in the Rana catesbeiana tadpole across metamorphic development. The animal was suspended in a water-filled circular aluminum dish attached to a shaker table system consisting of 5 vibration exciters producing sinusoidal, translational movements in the x, y, and z planes. Multi-unit responses were recorded from the medulla with tungsten or platinum-iridium microelectrodes. Recording sites were electrolytically marked to verify electrode placement. Data were collected from 16 animals in late larval stages, before onset of metamorphic climax. Most recording sites were sensitive to vibrations in the z (vertical) direction, indicating a saccular origin of the response. Vibration frequencies of 40 Hz or below produced the strongest activity, with thresholds below a displacement of 10 nm. Secondary sensitivity was sometimes observed to either x (body-longitudinal) or y (body-lateral) directions of movement. Although some sites produced strong phase-locked activity to the stimulation, others showed more diverse temporal patterns of response. Active recording sites were found in the medial vestibular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus, reticular gray, and dorsal superior olivary nucleus. These data suggest that tadpole saccule is functional early in larval development, with sensitivity similar to that observed in adult bullfrogs.

Synthesis, characterization, thermolysis and performance evaluation of mercuric-5-nitrotetrazole (MNT)

Mercuric-5-nitrotetrazole (MNT) was synthesized on using a reported method. The product having bulk density of 1.5 g/cm 3, was obtained during this work using mercuric nitrate doped with additives such as cephol/dextrin in the process. Synthesized MNT was characterized by metal content analysis, IR and ESCA. The DTA profile indicated the thermal stability of MNT up to 200 °C. It revealed its higher thermally sensitive [thermal sensitive figure ( S) ∼0.8] in comparison to that of service lead azide (SLA) [ S ∼ 0.4]. Percussion sensitivity data also showed higher sensitivity of MNT. However, it was found less friction sensitive than SLA. The chemical stability of MNT in a carbon dioxide environment was evaluated in comparison to SLA by determining mercury (gravimetrically) and lead azide (volumetrically) contents respectively. Results obtained indicated that no discernable changes occurred in MNT, even after storage for 90 days while in case of SLA, drastic change in lead azide content was observed. IR spectra of MNT sample stored in a closed aluminum dish for 5–10 years could be superimposed on that of the freshly prepared MNT sample. The performance of MNT filled detonator no. 27 assessed in terms of extent of damage on a witness plate was found equivalent to that of the standard ASA (azide, styphynate and aluminium) composition filled detonator.

Development of a Procedure to Determine the Effectiveness of Asphalt-Removing Solvents

Abstract Due to environmental protection requirements, most state and federal agencies are now required to use biodegradable solvents instead of diesel fuel or other hydrocarbon solvents. A variety of environmentally friendly and safe asphalt-removing solvents are available in the market. However, there is no quantitative standardized procedure to compare the efficacy of these solvents. This paper outlines the development of a procedure used to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of various solvents. The goal was to develop a standardized procedure that would yield quantitative and repeatable results. After evaluating various alternatives like metal and glass plates, ceramic tiles, and aluminum foils, the aluminum dish was found most suitable for the study. Test results obtained for solvent comparison were found to be consistent and repeatable, with the coefficient of variation for asphalt removed less than 10% for most solvents. Further, this study provides an outline for cost-effective analysis of solvents used in relation to diesel fuel and the procedure is able to rank solvents quantitatively.

Temperature and relative humidity effects on egg and nymphal development of Aceria tulipae (K.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) on garlic leaves (Allium sativum L.)

Summary Aceria tulipae (K.) is responsible for important crop losses of garlic in all production areas around the world. However, very little is known about its development in relation to temperature and relative humidity (r.h). Laboratory rearings from egg to adult stage were done on pieces of the apical part of young garlic leaves. These leaf pieces were placed in aluminium dishes floating on water or put on a solid hygroscopic salt in closed plastic trays. Rearing done in dark incubators at constant temperatures (10°C to 45°C) and with different r.h (25% to 75%) at 15°C and 25°C showed that: i) the shortest development time occurs at about 25°C; ii) the upper lethal temperature and the development threshold for the eggs are respectively estimated about 45°C and 6°C; iii) a r.h close to 100% is required for a high percentage of egg hatching, but water condensation on leaves is harmful. Host transpiration has an important regulatory effect on humidity conditions favouring mite survival.

Use of sublimation to prepare solid microbial media with water-insoluble substrates.

A method was developed to deposit a visible layer of water-insoluble compounds via sublimation onto the surface of solid media. The compound is sublimed from a heated aluminum dish containing the compound onto the surface of an inverted, ice-cooled, inoculated agar petri dish. The method results in the deposition of a thin, even layer on the agar surface without the use of solvent. After incubation, clearing zones around colonies indicate the presence of compound-degrading microorganisms.

Electrohydrodynamic Drying Characteristics of Agar Gel.

Heat-based drying methods often produce undesirable changes in the physical and chemical properties of materials. This paper describes the non-thermal drying capability of a relatively new technique using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) principles. The EHD system consisted of a DC power supply with a single overhead point electrode and an aluminum dish filled with 1% agar gel which acted as the grounded plate electrode. The EHD drying kinetics was highly linear (R2=0.999) and showed about three times faster drying rate than the ambient air-drying control. The relationship between the water vapor flux and the electric field strength was governed by a power law (R2=0.90), whereas the former varied logarithmically with the variation of the electrode gap (R2=0.91). The EHD-induced electric wind was considered to be the principal driving force which accelerated the drying rate through turbulence and vortex motions. Enhanced EHD sublimation occurred from the frozen gel at −14°C.

Leaching of aluminium from aluminium dishes and packages.

A study was carried out of the leaching of aluminium from aluminium cooking vessels and packages. Very small or undetectable levels of aluminium leached from packaging materials into foodstuffs. In boiling tests with neutral porridge no migration of aluminium into the test matrix was observed from the pan. When boiling milk, the leaching of aluminium was 0.2-0.8 mg/kg. The aluminium content of tap water in aluminium pans when reaching boiling point was 0.54-4.3 mg/l and increased with increasing boiling time to 6.3-17 mg/l. Aluminium dissolved in foods based on acidic fruit juice rose to levels of 2.9-35 mg/kg when the foods were boiled in aluminium pans. Steaming of currant berries in an aluminium vessel gave aluminium concentrations of 19-77 mg/kg in the resulting juice. The highest aluminium concentration of 170 mg/kg was measured in rhubarb juice prepared in the steaming vessel. Aluminium dissolved in water to levels of 0.81-1.4 mg/l when heated for the first time in new coffee percolators. The aluminium concentration of water heated in older percolators was 0.09-0.78 mg/l.

Determination of radon-222 in water by evaporation and alpha counting of its decay products

A new method for the determination of radon-222 in water has been developed. Water is quickly evaporated in an aluminum dish, and the decay products of radon are counted with a proportional counter. The detection limit which can be achieved with this method is equal to 0·7 Bq/lit.

Using aluminium dishes in determining dry matter for fodder and sugar beets

Using aluminium dishes in determining dry matter for fodder and sugar beets

Counting emissions from potassium-42 in plant tissue with a liquid scintillation spectrometer

A method has been devised to count emissions from K42 in plant tissue by liquid scintillation spectrometer with low quenching. The plant samples were ashed in aluminium dishes, folded into aluminium wafers and suspended in the liquid scintillator of counting vials. The samples were counted in a scintillation spectrometer at one to five minute intervals seven or more times and until the total exceeded 1000 counts. The efficiency of counting was approximately 70%.

A Simplification of Procedure for Determining Solids Content of Liquid Albumen

The A.O.A.C. (1960) method for determining solids content of liquid albumen is: weigh accurately a 5.0 gm. (ca) sample of liquid albumen into a previously weighed covered dish, place on steam bath for one hour, replace cover loosely, and complete drying in a vacuum oven to a constant weight (ca 5 hrs.) at 98–100°C.; cool in desiccator, weigh, and calculate as percent solids. A second method proposed and used by The Institute of American Poultry Industries is: weigh sample as in previous method into a covered aluminum dish 2″ in diameter and ⅞″ in depth. Remove cover, place dish in atomospheric thermostatically controlled oven at 105–107°C. overnight. Cool in desiccator, weigh and calculate percent solids.Neither of the above methods makes any provision for easy removal of the dried albumen from the aluminum dish after completion of the determination of solids. Dried liquid yolk, because of the fat…

Total Solids in Oysters

Abstract Preliminary work is underway on studies of two methods for determining total solids in oysters: (a) the Radarange in conjunction with the forced draft oven, and (b) the Ohaus moisture determination balance. The results obtained by each method are compared directly with the official AOAC procedure. A 10 g sample is weighed into a Pyrex petri dish, exposed in the Radarange 4 minutes, and then placed in a forced draft oven set at 100°C for 20 minutes at full draft. The Ohaus moisture determination balance was calibrated to utilize a 9 cm diameter aluminum dish. The sample is weighed directly on the balance, and the heater is lowered over the sample long enough to dry the sample. This method is rapid (approximately 10 minutes), but only one sample may be determined at one time. Studies will be continued.

Determination of Total Solids in Milk with Special Aluminum Dish

Determination of Total Solids in Milk with Special Aluminum Dish

Transport of potassium-42 and rubidium-86 by kidney cortex slices: the effect of varied concentration gradients.

A COMPARISON of the transport of potassium with that of rubidium has been made in earlier work1, in which some evidence was obtained that, in contrast to sodium, the transport of both potassium and rubidium across the membrane of renal tubular cells is determined only by electrochemical gradients. A deficiency in this work was that the rubidium content of tissue slices had to be estimated from differences in potassium content as compared with control slices. For this reason, the experiments have been repeated using potassium-42 and rubidium-86, to give a direct estimation, both being present only in the incubating medium (a modified Krebs–Ringer phosphate medium containing the indicated concentrations of potassium and rubidium, with 0.005 M alpha-keto glutarate as substrate, at 25° C.). Activity was measured in neutralized nitric acid digests of tissue slice samples, using aluminium dishes, with values corrected for decay, dilution, extracellular space, etc. Since the specific activities of the two isotopes were different by a factor of 4.0, the rubidium counts were arbitrarily divided by this factor to give a better comparison of results. Isotope measurements for rubidium-86 in samples containing both potassium-42 and rubidium-86 were carried out five days after the actual experiment, at which time potassium-42 activity was nil. Measurements of potassium-42 activity in tissue samples were not complicated by the presence of rubidium-86. Details of composition of the media are given in ref. 1.

On the straw fence as a wind-break in farm field

To protect the crops from the wind damage, farmer often put up the straw fence in farm field. Author investigated the effect for varing the fence condition (See Fig. 1) in farm field.Main results are as follows:—1. effect of protection against wind.Fig. 2 shows the variation of wind speed difference between A plot(no fence)and B plot(ordinary fence) or C plot (surrounded, by fence), with increasing of the wind speed at A plot.The variation curves are more conspicous in the difference between C and A, and more greater in night than in day time. This implies the effect of protection against wind in night is much larger than in day time.2. Prevention of dust.To measure the removment of dust in these plots, we used the aluminium dishes 7cm in diameter, 2cm in depth) are poured water about half of it to prevent jumping out of the dust by wind.The water are took off by drier. Results of this are shown in Tab. 3, 4 and Fig. 3.