AlCl3 Research Articles

Potentials of TPC and TFC as Free Radical Scavengers and Microbial Growth Inhibitors in Himalayan Endemic Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhl Ex Willd. (Asteraceae) Plant from Northeastern, Pakistan

Background: In various microorganisms, various defense mechanisms have evolved against the commercially available antimicrobial agents with increased resistance. Natural antimi-crobial agents of plant origin are better alternatives when an infectious disease arises due to resistant microbial strains. Here, we have evaluated the efficacy of total phenolics and total flavonoids with antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhl Ex Willd. plant extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform using soxhlet procedures Methods: The evaluation of TPC was achieved with Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent method and quanti-tative estimation of TFC was done with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The antioxi-dant activities were estimated using FRSA-DPPH and TAC methods. The inhibitory activities of five solvent extracts of A. sieversiana against 2 gram-positive and 2 gram-negative pathogenic bac-terial strains (B. subtilis, P. aerogenosa, S. aureus, and E. coli) were evaluated using the well dif-fusion technique. Results: The highest percentage yields of A. sieversiana extracts were obtained in ethanol (4.8 g, 12.1%) and methanol (4.01 g, 10%), while minimum extract yield was obtained in n-hexane (0.53 g, 1.34%). Both phenolics and flavonoids were higher in ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate ex-tracts while minimal in n-hexane extracts. Ethanol extract has shown maximum (69%) DPPH ac-tivity with a lower IC50 value (181 μg/ml), while the highest IC50 values of 330 and 325μg/ml were recorded for n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. The ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts dis-played overall highest TAC values. All the tested extracts of A. sieversiana exhibited variable in-hibitory effects in a dose-dependent manner against the tested bacterial strains with minimum 9.08 ± 0.23 to maximum 21.23 ± 7.04 mm inhibition zones. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts at 2 to 4 mg/ml showed greater MIC results against P. aeruginosa in comparison to the B. subtilis strain. Conclusion: The extracts of A. sieversiana have been found to be rich in TPC and TFC with re-markable antibacterial and antioxidant efficacies, and the plant extracts could be employed as pos-sible alternatives to synthetic drugs in various nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

The mechanical and frost resistance properties of pressed concrete blocks mixed with the polymeric aluminum chloride waste residue.

This study aims to research on the mechanical and frost resistance properties of pressed concrete blocks mixed with the polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) waste residue. Experimental studies on the activity index of volcanic ash, mechanical property, frost resistance and microstructure of pressed concrete blocks mixed with PAC waste residue were carried out. The results show that the activity index of volcanic ash of PAC waste residue reaches 74.96% at a particle size of 0.075mm or less and a curing age of 28days. Based on results of mechanical property tests, the optimum dosage of PAC waste residue is 15%, at which time the compressive and bending strength only decreases by 14.57% and 15.84%. Based on results of frost resistance tests, the optimum dosage of PAC waste residue for pressed concrete blocks is 10%. After 50 freeze-thaw cycles, when the dosage of PAC waste residue is 10%, the strength loss rate is only 3.04%. XRD and SEM tests show that PAC waste residue participates in chemical reactions. With a small amount of PAC waste residue, the structure of the specimen remains dense and therefore the strength decreases less.

Comparison of Alum and Poly Aluminum Chloride Coagulant Performance on Turbidity and pH of Lematang Enim PDAM Raw Water

Comparison of Alum and Poly Aluminum Chloride Coagulant Performance on Turbidity and pH of Lematang Enim PDAM Raw Water

Co-exposure to Aluminium and Cadmium Mediates Postpartum Maternal Variation in Brain Architecture and Behaviour of Mice; Involvement of Oxido-nitrergic and Cholinergic Mechanisms : Postpartum effects of Aluminium and Cadmium co-exposure in pregnancy.

Most research has not been done on the possible relationship between pregnant women's cross-metal exposures and postpartum neuroendocrine functions. The purpose of this study was to look into how co-exposure to aluminium chloride (AlCl3) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) affected the neuroendocrine and neurometabolic changes in postpartum mice. A total of 24 adult pregnant female mice were used for the study. Group 1 served as control and received neither AlCl3nor CdCl2 (n=6), group 2 comprised pregnant mice treated with AlCl3 (10mg/kg), group 3 with CdCl2 (1.5mg/kg), group 4 with a combination of AlCl3(10 mg/kg) and CdCl2 (1.5 mg/kg).Oral treatment of animals was done daily from gestation day 7 to gestation day 20. Upon delivery and weaning on postnatal day 21 (PND 21), behavioural assessment was done on the postpartum mice and immediately followed by sacrifice for assessment of histological and neuroendocrine markers. Our findings revealed that the brain-to-body weight ratio was affected and brain oxidative stress was elevated in mice exposed to AlCl3 and CdCl2 during pregnancy. Given the strong association between postpartum hyperactivity, social interaction index, brain catalase and acetylcholinesterase activity, and the brain/body weight ratio, it is plausible that these effects have played a role in the adverse behavioural abnormalities observed in the postpartum maternal mice. Moreover, it was noted that in certain situations, co-exposures to the metals tended to have opposite effects to single metal exposures.

Fluoride removal by hydroxyapatite modified with anhydrous aluminum chloride

ABSTRACT Efficient and low-cost removal of fluoride from water has attracted wide attention. Here, aluminum-modified hydroxyapatite (Al-HAP) was prepared by a homogeneous hydrothermal co-precipitation method. The physicochemical properties of the Al-HAP surface were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and zeta potential, and the adsorption performances were evaluated. It showed that Al-HAP has a larger specific surface area (121.97 m2/g, which is 2.3 times larger than that of HAP), more surface-active hydroxyls and positively charged at pH less than 7, which indicate that Al-HAP is beneficial to the adsorption of negatively charged fluoride. Al-HAP had a higher fluoride adsorption capacity (56.44 mg/g) than that of HAP (28.36 mg/g), and not sensitive to the interference of coexisting ions except CO32-. Based on the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm experiments, the proposed two-stage kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model can better describe the adsorption process. From the results of XPS and FT-IR, it indicated that the ion exchange between hydroxyl group on the surface and fluoride ions is the main driven force for the adsorption, and electrostatic adsorption is also helpful. The present study provides an improved HAP to effectively remove fluoride from water.

Safeguarding Neuronal Integrity: Unveiling Possible Role of NFκB in the Neuroprotective Efficacy of Andrographolide Contrary to Aluminium Chloride-induced Neurotoxicity and Associated Spatial Memory Impairments in Rats.

The current study was structured to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of andrographolide in the context of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity, along with its concurrent impact on spatial memory impairment in Wistar rats. The present investigation elucidated the biochemical and neurobehavioral outcomes of andrographolide treatment in rats, emphasizing the areas of the brain associated with memory, i.e., the cortex and the hippocampus. Prolonged dosing of AlCl3 (7 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 10 days exhibited a substantial enhancement in the values of oxidative stress markers associated with a reduction in the concentrations of antioxidant enzymes within the brain. The selection of andrographolide doses (1, 2, and 3 mg/kg) was grounded in precedent safety and toxicity investigations, with subsequent oral administration. The evaluation of behavioral parameters, specifically spatial memory, was conducted through the utilization of the Radial Eight Arm Maze (RAM) test. On the concluding day of the experiment, the assessment encompassed biochemical parameter analysis and histological scrutiny of the brain tissue. The oral dosing of andrographolide at 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg, in conjunction with AlCl3, effectively mitigated the behavioral deficits induced by aluminum exposure. Notably, a significant suppression of NFκB was uncovered in the rats treated with andrographolide. Furthermore, histopathological examinations of the cortex and hippocampus of rat brains provided corroborative evidence, demonstrating that andrographolide substantially alleviated the toxic impact of AlCl3, thereby maintaining the typical histoarchitectural arrangement of these regions. These findings collectively suggest that andrographolide holds the potential to counteract memory impairment instigated by aluminum toxicity, accomplished through the modulation of NFκB activity and the amelioration of the adverse consequences of AlCl3 exposure.

Quantum Chemical Study of the Production of 1-Vinyladamantane As a Result of Ionic Alkylation of Adamantane with Ethylene

Abstract A multi-stage process is considered for the formation of vinyl adamantane via the ionic alkylation of adamantane with ethylene using aluminum chloride as a catalyst. A feature of the ionic alkylation of adamantane with olefins is the formation of saturated and unsaturated derivatives. Quantum chemical methods means are used to study the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the corresponding elementary acts of chemical reactions. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the reaction for the production of unsaturated adamantane derivatives via ionic alkylation with ethylene is performed using alkylation with propylene.

The development of methods for determination the total flavonoids in buds of Populus alba L.

White poplar (Populus alba L., family Saliaceae ) has a similar chemical composition with other species of the genus Populus L. and it can consider as a promising source of raw materials containing phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids. The pharmacological activity of the buds of pharmacopeial species of genus Populus L., and also of the white poplar is caused by biologically active compounds, mainly of a phenolic nature, including flavonoids (pinostrobin, piriocembrin, quercetin, etc.), phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid, etc.) and simple phenols (salicin).. One of the most well-known biologically active compounds of white poplar is quercetin, for which an antihistamine, anti-inflammatory action has been demonstrated. Differential spectrophotometry carried out in accordance with the OFS was used as a research method.1.2.1.1.0003.15 "Spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible regions". Spectral characteristics of water-alcohol extracts were evaluated on a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany) in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm. It was determined that in all electronic spectra of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar there are two absorption maxima in the area of 290 nm and 370 nm, due to flavanones and flavonols, respectively. It was established that in the electronic spectra of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar, a significant bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength band in the presence of aluminum chloride is observed, which confirms the presence of flavonoids. Under the conditions of differential spectrophotometry UV spectrum of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar, an absorption maximum is observed at wavelength of 430 nm, which indicates the expediency of using quercetin in the analysis technique, which has an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 430±2 nm. As a result of the study, the method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the buds of white poplar using differential spectrophotometry calculated on quercetin at an analytical wavelength of 430 nm. The optimal parameters of extraction of raw materials were determined: extractant – 90% ethyl alcohol, the ratio of "raw material-extractant" – 1:30, extraction time – 60 minutes. The content of the total flavonoids calculated on quercetin in the buds of the white poplar is varied from 0,45±0,02 % to 0.69 ± 0.03%

Effects of Cycloastragenol on Alzheimer's Disease in Rats by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis.

As individuals age, they may develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by difficulties in speech, memory loss, and other issues related to neural function. Cycloastragenol is an active ingredient of Astragalus trojanus and has been used to treat inflammation, aging, heart disease, and cancer. This study aimed to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of cycloastragenol in rats with experimentally induced AD. Moreover, the underlying molecular mechanisms were also evaluated by measuring Nrf2 and HO-1, which are involved in oxidative stress, NFκB and TNF-α, which are involved in inflammation, and BCL2, BAX, and caspase-3, which are involved in apoptosis. Sprague-Dawley rats were given 70 mg/kg of aluminum chloride intraperitoneally daily for six weeks to induce AD. Following AD induction, the rats were given 25 mg/kg of cycloastragenol daily by oral gavage for three weeks. Hippocampal sections were stained with hematoxylin/ eosin and with anti-caspase-3 antibodies. The Nrf2, HO-1, NFκB, TNF-α, BCL2, BAX, and caspase-3 gene expressions and protein levels in the samples were analyzed. Cycloastragenol significantly improved rats' behavioral test performance. It also strengthened the organization of the hippocampus. Cycloastragenol significantly improved behavioral performance and improved hippocampal structure in rats. It caused a marked decrease in the expression of NFκB, TNF-α, BAX, and caspase-3, which was associated with an increase in the expression of BCL2, Nrf2, and HO-1. Cycloastragenol improved the structure of the hippocampus in rats with AD. It enhanced the outcomes of behavioral tests, decreased the concentration of AChE in the brain, and exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Antiapoptotic effects were also noted, leading to significant improvements in cognitive function, memory, and behavior in treated rats.

Enhanced Chromium (VI) Removal by Micron-Scale Zero-Valent Iron Pretreated with Aluminum Chloride under Aerobic Conditions

Micron-scale zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based material has been applied for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) decontamination in wastewater treatment and groundwater remediation, but the passivation problem has limited its field application. In this study, we combined aluminum chloride solution with ZVI (pcZVI-AlCl3) to enhance Cr(VI) removal behavior under aerobic conditions. The optimal pre-corrosion conditions were found to be 2.5 g/L ZVI, 0.5 mM AlCl3, and a 4 h preconditioning period. Different kinds of techniques were applied to detect the properties of preconditioned ZVI and corrosion products. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectra showed that proportions of ZVI, Fe3O4, and FeOOH in pcZVI-AlCl3 were 49.22%, 34.03%, and 16.76%, respectively. The formation of Al(OH)3 in the corrosion products improved its pHpzc (point of zero charge) for Cr(VI) adsorption. Continuous-flow experiments showed its great potential for Cr(VI) removal in field applications. The ZVI and corrosion products showed a synergistic effect in enhancing electron transfer for Cr(VI) removal. The mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) removal by pcZVI-AlCl3 included adsorption, reduction, and precipitation, and the contribution of adsorption was less. This work provides a new strategy for ZVI pre-corrosion to improve its longevity and enhance Cr(VI) removal.

Biological Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Hericium erinaceus Obtained as a Result of Optimization Analysis.

Mushrooms are one of the indispensable elements of human diets. Edible mushrooms stand out with their aroma and nutritional properties. In this study, some biological activities of the wild edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus were determined. In this context, firstly, the most suitable extraction conditions of the fungus in terms of biological activity were determined. First, 64 different experiments were performed with the Soxhlet device under 40-70 °C extraction temperature, 3-9 h extraction time, and 0.5-2 mg/mL extraction conditions. As a result, a total antioxidant status (TAS) analysis was performed, and the extraction conditions were optimized so that the objective function was the maximum TAS value. The data obtained from the experimental study were modeled with artificial neural networks (ANNs), one of the artificial intelligence methods, and optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA). All subsequent tests were performed using the extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions. The antioxidant capacity of the mushroom was assessed using Rel assay kits and the DPPH and FRAP techniques. The agar dilution method was used to measure the antimicrobial activity. The anti-Alzheimer activity was assessed based on the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The antiproliferative activity was assessed against the A549 cancer cell line. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The measurement of total flavonoids was conducted using the aluminum chloride test. LC-MS/MS equipment was used to screen for the presence of standard chemicals. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be a 60.667 °C temperature, 7.833 h, and 1.98 mg/mL. It was determined that the mushroom has high antioxidant potential. It was determined that the substance was successful at combating common bacterial and fungal strains when used at dosages ranging from 25 to 200 µg/mL. The high antiproliferative effect of the substance was attributed to its heightened concentration. The anti-AChE value was found to be 13.85 μg/mL, while the anti-BChE value was confirmed to be 28.00 μg/mL. The phenolic analysis of the mushroom revealed the presence of 13 chemicals. This investigation found that H. erinaceus exhibits robust biological activity when extracted under appropriate circumstances.

Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and glucose adsorption capacity of the aqueous decoctate of Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene

Diabetes management involves preventing its risk factors. Inhibition of glucosidases and adsorption of excess free glucose are approaches to the prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, glucose adsorption capacity, and α-amylase inhibitory activity in vitro of the aqueous extract of Chamaecrista nigricans. Determination of phenolic compounds content was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the aluminum chloride method was used for total flavonoids one. The glucose oxidase peroxidase kit was used to determine the adsorption capacity of glucose while the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method was used to assess the inhibitory activity against α-amylase. Levels ranging from 33.87 ± 2.48 mg GAE/100 mg dry extract (DE) for total phenolic compounds and 1.98 ± 0.51 mg QE/100 mg DE for total flavonoids were observed. The adsorption capacity was correlated with the glucose concentration of the solution (r = 0.95) and was up to 36.61 μmol/g DE for a glucose concentration of 30 mM. The extract from the November collection was most active against α-amylase with IC50 = 0.17 mg DE/mL. Observations confirm the traditional use of this species as a preventive measure in recipes for the treatment of diabetes. This data provides a basis for future pharmaceutical prospecting.

The therapeutic effect of the oily extract of Cannabis sp. in Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic potential of Cannabis sp extract in a model of Alzheimer's disease induced by aluminum chloride in rats. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6) where one group received no treatment, another group received only aluminum chloride and the others, in addition to aluminum chloride, received different doses (50, 100 and 150µl) of oily extract of Cannabis sp. The animals were euthanized one day after treatment, where the brain was collected, fixed, processed and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections of the hippocampus were used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of morphological changes. Blood serum was also obtained to determine indicators of oxidative status. Results: Reduction of more than 80% in cell death in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus in animals treated with cannabis extract. Furthermore, a reduction in total protein levels by approximately 20% and an increase (15%) in antioxidant enzymes in relation to the positive control were also observed in the serum. Conclusion: The use of the oily extract of Cannabis sp. in a 2:1 ratio of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): Cannabidiol (CBD) effectively reduced hippocampal neuron deaths from amyloidosis induced in chronic aluminum chloride intoxication.

Aluminium Chloride instead of Ferric chloride for inducing superior sagittal sinus thrombosis to reduce ferromagnetic artifacts on MRI-imaging in experimental models

Using ferric chloride (FeCl3) to induce experimental superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis might interfere with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assisted visualization and evaluation of the thrombus, the brain parenchyma, and the quality of the occlusion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced thrombosis of the SSS has comparable properties to those of FeCl3 without causing artifacts in MRI. SSS thrombosis was induced in 14 male Wistar rats by exposure of the SSS and subsequent topical application of a filter paper strip soaked in AlCl3 (n = 7) or FeCl3 (n = 7) over a period of 15 min. The animals with AlCl3-induced SSS thrombosis showed a constant and complete occlusion with in histological analysis large thrombi. Blood flow measurements indicated a significant reduction on the first and seventh postoperative day compared to preoperative measurements. MRI enabled visualization and subsequent evaluation of the thrombus and the surrounding parenchyma. In comparison, FeCl3-induced SSS thrombosis could not be evaluated by MRI due to artifacts caused by the paramagnetic properties and increased susceptibility of FeCl3. The occluded sinus and the surrounding area appeared hypointense. The quality of SSS occlusion by AlCl3 was comparable to that of FeCl3. AlCl3 therefore represents a significant alternative substance in experimental SSS thrombosis ideally suited for studies using MRI.

Phytochemical Screening, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Green Tea Available in Nepal

Green tea has gained popularity among consumers in recent years due to its several health benefits. It exhibits antioxidant properties, antidiabetic effects, and helpful to reduce cholesterol, stress, and anxiety. This study aims to identify the phytochemicals and assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic capacity of methanol extracts of green tea common in Nepal. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging technique, while the starch-iodine method was employed to measure the α-amylase inhibition capability. Phytochemical screening showed the abundance of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and carbohydrates in the tea. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 54.20 ± 1.41mg GAE/g and 91.0.50 mg QE/g respectively. The tea extract was found to show significant antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition capacities with half-maximal concentration (IC50) values of 53.79 ± 3.93 and 66.47 ± 1.94 μg/mL respectively. The outcomes of this study ratify the advantages of green tea in the management of various health issues associated to free radicals and hyperglycemia.

Metal-Organic Framework for Aluminum based Energy Storage Devices: Utilizing Redox Additives for Significant Performance Enhancement.

There are various methods being tried to address the sluggish kinetics observed in Al-ion batteries (AIBs). They mostly deal with morphology tuning, but have led to limited improvement. A new approach is proposed to overcome this limitation. It focuses on the use of a redox additive modified electrolyte in combination with framework like materials, which have wider channels. The ordered microporous and interconnected framework of ZIF 67, with large surface area, effectively facilitates the diffusion of aluminum ions. Therefore, AIBs are able to exhibit a superior discharge capacity of 288 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 current density with robust cycling stability. The addition of potassium ferricyanide as a redox-active species in an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride (supporting electrolyte) leads to significant enhancement in the specific capacity with much higher cycling stability. Al-ion based BatCap devices can be assembled by using ZIF 67 as the cathode, ZIF 67 derived porous carbon as the anode, and a redox additive modified electrolyte. The BatCap device exhibits excellent energy density of 86 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 2 KW kg-1, which is higher than reported aqueous AIBs. The ex situ characterization clearly explains the unexplored mechanism of redox additives in AIBs.

Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization

Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) based on self-extracted crude soybean urease solution (CSUS) is a promising method for soil improvement. However, the deionized water-extracted CSUS usually contains a large amount of impurities that easily lead to bioclogging during the biogrouting process, resulting in a nonuniform biomineralization effect. In this study, a purification method using inorganic flocculants is proposed to extract CSUS with relatively high purity and urease activity (UA) for EICP method. Seven commonly used inorganic flocculants were adopted in this study, including KAl(SO4)2•12H2O, AlCl3•6H2O, Al2(SO4)3•18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3, poly aluminum chloride, poly ferric sulfate, and poly aluminum ferric chloride. Three sets of tests, including CSUS extraction tests, solution tests, and sand column treatment tests, were conducted to investigate the feasibility and validity of this purification method. The test results show that inorganic flocculants could effectively reduce the turbidity of the extracted CSUS, avoid the bioclogging during biogrouting, and thus improve the biomineralization effect of the CSUS-based EICP method. Compared with deionized water-based CSUS, at least 60% of the impurities in CSUS can be removed at optimal flocculant contents when the soybean powder content is 100 g/L. On the other hand, the flocculants would also cause a reduction in the UA of the extracted CSUS. Considering the UA, turbidity, and biomineralization effect of the extracted CSUS, the optimal inorganic flocculants and their contents are recommended to be 3.0 g/L for KAl(SO4)2•12H2O, 2.0 g/L for AlCl3•6H2O, 2.5 g/L for Al2(SO4)3•18H2O under the tested conditions, respectively.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of <i>Cassia alata</i> (L.) Roxb. Leaves

Cassia alata is a plant of Caesalpiniaceae family used for the treatment of management infectious diseases. This work aimed at evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hydroethanolic extract of Cassia alata leaves. The extract was obtained by the maceration of crude leaf powder (hydroethanolic 30:70). The phytochemical screening was focused on the detection of major chemical groups. The total flavonoids contents were studied using the aluminum chloride colorimetry method. The antioxidant capacity was carried out by the phosphomolybdate reduction method and by FRAP method. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was carried out by the diffusion method and the micro dilution. The extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and reducing compounds. The concentration of total flavonoids of Cassia alata leaves was 70.91± 5.66 mg RE/g. The antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdate reduction method and by the FRAP method were respectively 69.57 ± 4.83 mg AAE/g and 225.5 ± 17.32 mg FSE/g. The extract of Cassia alata has bactericidal action on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus SARM, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Cutibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 and fungicidal action on Candida albicans ATCC 10231. This study shows that Cassia alata could be a source of a new antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Isolation, identification and quantification of flavonoids from the flowers of <i>Staphylea pinnata</i> L.

Introduction. Search for new plant species containing biologically active substances (hereinafter – BAS) is one of the leading tasks of pharmacognosy as a science. The search for flavonoid glycosides in plant raw materials is especially relevant, since they have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunostimulating, as well as weak fungicidal and bacteriostatic action. Staphylea pinnata L. is an endemic plant of the Caucasus, cultivated not only in Georgia, but also in the Russian Federation in the Northern and Northwestern Caucasus. In foreign literature there are studies of antioxidant, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts of several species of S. pinnata L., as well as inhibitory activity of COX-1, COX-2 and LTB4 formation. Meanwhile, no serious Russian-language scientific studies on either the chemical composition or pharmacological action of generative organs of S. pinnata were found in the literature. This work is part of a comprehensive phytochemical study of S. pinnata. The aim of the work is to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the studied object.Aim. To isolate, identify and quantify flavonoids in flowers and buds of Staphylea pinnata L.Materials and methods. Alcohol-water extracts from dried generative organs of the studied plant were used as analyzed solutions. Solutions were analyzed on a spectrophotometer SF-2000 (LLC "OKB Spectr", Russia) after sample preparation with aluminum chloride and on an HPLC Nexera-i LC-2040 (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) equipped with a column and sample thermostat, degasser and autosampler using an individually selected elution gradient of the mobile phase (0.1 % orthophosphoric acid/acetonitrile solution). The primary data were processed using LabSolutions Single LC software (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). Compounds from the flavonoid group were identified by retention times. Detection was carried out using a UV detector with an absorption wavelength of 365 ± 2 nm.Result and discussion. Alcohol-water extracts from flowers and buds of S. pinnata L. were obtained. Quantitative evaluation by spectrophotometry for flavonoid content was carried out. A gradient elution mode for HPLC was selected for simultaneous determination of 7 flavonoid glycosides. These chromatographic conditions allowed the identification and quantification of astragaline, cynaroside, cosmosiin, narcissin and rutin in flowers and buds of Staphylea pinnata L. Flavonoid glycosides: raponticin and kaempferol were not detected.Conclusion. Flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the generative organs of S. pinnata L., a technique for quantitative determination of flavonoid glycosides in alcohol-water extracts was developed, astragalin, cynaroside, cosmosiin, narcissin and rutin were detected and quantified.

Sercocephalous latifolius fruit attenuates aluminum chloride-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster via Drn1 regulation of the IMD signaling pathway

IntroductionAlzheimer disease (AD) is a form of dementia that is a heterogeneous dysfunction of various pathophysiological features. Its morphological characteristics consist of tau aggregates and amyloid plaques. The need for novel therapy in the treatment of AD is required. Hence use of antioxidant, natural products are widely employed for the management and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, there are still a lot of limitations. Sercocephalous latifolius fruit (SLF) is also known as the African peach and has numerous well-being-endorsing advantages. The Chinese name of SLF is Feizhou hong tao, while the Nigeria (Yoruba) name is Eso Gberesi. It can be grown all over the world. SLF has anti-neurodegenerative properties, however, there is a lack of evidence on their probable molecular mechanism for novel therapeutic properties. Investigations have been conducted on the SFL which shows its medicinal capability, but its ability to attenuate neurodegenerative diseases such as AD is yet to be fully elucidated, and the molecular signally pathways whichmay serve as a therapeutic target. MethodsThe modulatory effect of SLF on aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster via Defense repressor-1 (Drn1) regulation of immune deficiency (Imd) signaling pathway which may be a useful therapeutic target. D. melanogaster was divided into nine groups. Group 1 served as the basal control as they were fed with a normal basal diet, group 2 served as the negative control as they were fed with Basal Diet and 0.5 ml of aluminum/100 ml distilled water, group 3 served as the positive control as they were fed with basal diet 0.5 ml aluminum chloride/100 ml distilled water and Garlic acid, group 4 and 5 were fed with basal diet and 0.1 and 1 % SLF respectively, group 6 and 7 were fed with basal diet, aluminum chloride and 0.1 and 1.0 % respectively, group 8 and 9 were fed with basal diet, garlic acid, aluminum chloride and 0.1 and 1.0 % SLF respectively. All the groups were left for seven days. The experiment was conducted for 3 months, and the fruit flies were changed every 5 days. ResultsSuperoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide enzymatic enzymes were assayed. However, the relative expression of Defense repressor-1 was also determined both in vitro and on aluminum-induced neurodegenerative D. melanogaster tissue. A significant increase was observed in the catalase when 0.1 % and 1 % were compared, it could be inferred that the extract proved effective at low concentrations, since its highest antioxidant potential was observed at low concentrations. The results revealed decrease in the activity of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and nitric oxide biological enzymes in the test groups. There was upregulation of Defense repressor -1 in groups 3, 4, 5, and 6, when compared with the positive and negative control, respectively. DiscussionThe result provides evidence that SLF has the potential of upregulating defense repressor genes and modulating biological antioxidant enzymes, which could be further exploited to fully understand the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. The results suggest that SLF may be useful as a therapeutic target in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases