Addition Of Alum Research Articles

Enhancing activated sludge dewatering performance: Impact of alum dosage on dehydration characteristics and microstructure

Sludge flocs encapsulate a significant amount of bound water, resulting in poor dewatering efficiency. To address this issue, the addition of alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing sludge dewatering performance. This research specifically investigates the effects of various alum dosages on the dewatering characteristics of sludge. The introduction of alum alters internal temperature, pH levels, and intracellular osmotic pressure, which facilitates the release of trapped water within the flocs. Additionally, alum accelerates sludge sedimentation and promotes the agglomeration of smaller particles into larger ones, further improving dewatering efficiency. However, determining the optimal alum dosage for sludge conditioning is essential, as excessive amounts can lead to a decrease in dewatering performance.

Effect of chitosan and its derivatives on food processing properties of potato starch gel: Based on molecular interactions

Potato starch gel foods are appreciated for their distinctive taste; however, they face challenges such as high paste viscosity, susceptibility to aging, and poor cold-storage stability, limiting their industrial production. This study aimed to enhance potato starch characteristics by investigating the effects of alum, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, and quaternized chitosan on its pasting, rheological, and textural properties. Results revealed that the addition of 1% chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, and quaternized chitosan significantly reduced the gelatinization viscosity of potato starch. Moreover, the addition of alum or chitosan provided better shear resistance and reduced shear-thinning behavior. The potato starch gel prepared with chitosan was harder than that prepared with alum. These findings highlight the influential roles of alum, chitosan, and their derivatives in potato starch and provide a theoretical foundation for their application in potato starch gel foods.

IoT-Enabled Water Quality Monitoring and Alum Dose Determining System

The water treatment process involves a series of physical, chemical, and biological techniques and methods designed to remove contaminants, impurities, and undesirable substances from raw or untreated water to make it safe, clean, and usable. Adverse weather conditions, such as rainy seasons and floods, present significant challenges, and difficulties to the water treatment process. Alum is mainly used for reducing the turbidity of the water in the treatment process. In Sri Lanka, all water treatment plants use the Jar Test to determine the Alum dosage manually. They conduct Jar Tests to measure raw water quality in their laboratories. The Alum addition valve is set to a pre-determined quantity and the value is decided based on the experience of the technicians. Since there is no specific formula, the presence of an experienced technician is required to determine alum dosage using the Jar test. Thus, this study intends to propose an automated system for determining the optimum Alum quantity to be added to a given raw water sample. This is achieved by designing an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensing device for measuring the water quality, which feeds data to a Machine Learning Model trained to predict the Alum quantity to be added. The task of the Machine learning model is to identify the pattern of raw water parameters and Alum dosage. By doing this, a could be provided a guideline for determining alum dosage instead of a manual Jar test and removed the necessity of experienced technician support always. A user-friendly web interface will allow the operators to customize the parameters according to the requirement and display a detailed analysis report. The predetermined quantity of Alum is transmitted to the output Alum adding value, to enhance its performance as an automated control rather than doing the addition process manually. This is a conceptual study on how to determine the Alum dosage using Raw water parameters and past experiment results.

Influence of Type and Dose of Coagulants on Vehicle Wash Wastewater

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of the type and dosage of coagulant on changes in phosphate and fatty oil levels in liquid waste from motor vehicle wash. The independent variables in this study were the type of coagulant (Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3) and the dosage of coagulant (0 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, and 7 ml), while the dependent variables were the content of phosphate and fatty oil. The experiment was conducted in 3 stages; fast stirring, slow stirring, and precipitation. From the preliminary test, it was found that the phosphate content before processing was 12.9 mg/lt and the content of fatty oil was 1.9 mg/lt. The most significant decrease in phosphate content was found when 7 ml of FeCl3 was used as coagulant; it dropped to 0.11 mg/lt (efficiency: 99.2%). Meanwhile, the most effective coagulant for fatty oil was 3 ml of Al2(SO4)3; the fatty oil content dropped to 1.4 mg/lt (efficiency: 30.7%). The addition of Al2(SO4)3 gave the opposite effect on phosphate and fatty oil, making the process ineffective. Meanwhile, the data showed that FeCl3 could be used as an effective coagulant for phosphate and fatty oil. To determine the significance of the differences between the results of the Randomized Complete Block Design analysis, the researcher used Least Significant Design test. The results showed that the variation of the type of coagulant affected the decrease in phosphate and fatty oil levels, while the variation in dosage gave no significant difference.

Properties of elephant grass made particleboards: Influence of a hardener

The objective of the study was to assess the performance of one of the most abundant raw materials on Earth – the Elephant grass, for the production of particleboard bonded using cassava starch blended with Aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) as hardener. The physical, mechanical and decay properties of the manufactured particleboards were analyzed and compared with EN 312-2 (2005) and ANSI A208.1 (1999) standards for particleboards. The characterization also included thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron micrographs. The results showed that the interaction of the Aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) hardener and the adhesives in the particleboard significantly affected the physical, mechanical, thermogravimetric and the decay properties of the manufactured particleboards. The particleboards with only Cassava starch as adhesive recorded 11.14% and 24.84% for 24-hour water absorption and thickness swelling respectively. However, with the blending of the adhesive with Al2(SO4)3, Cassava starch recorded 20.51% better for 24-hour WA and 35.62% better for 24-hour TS. Urea formaldehyde as an adhesive blended with the hardener also recorded better performance in the 24-hour dimensional stability property assessment. Similar trends of enhanced property performance were observed for the intended properties tested when Al2(SO4)3 is added to each adhesive. Static bending, hardness, internal bond strength, dimensional stability, thermogravimetric and decay resistance properties of the test particleboard improved with the addition of Al2(SO4)3.

Effect of Al2(SO4)3 Additive on the Properties of Calcined Gypsum Prepared from Flue Gas Desulfurization

In order to upgrade the utilization of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, crystal modifier aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) was added into FGD gypsum to prepare calcined gypsum by calcining at normal pressure, and the effect of Al2(SO4)3 addition on the performance of calcined gypsum was studied. The results show that the addition of Al2(SO4)3 to FGD gypsum is slightly beneficial to promote the crystallization of hemihydrate gypsum (HH) along the a-axis direction. The Al2(SO4)3 addition also has a quick-setting effect on gypsum plaster during the hydration process, meanwhile inhibiting the growth of the (020) crystal plane of dihydrate gypsum (DH), then promoting uniform growth and aggregation along the c-axis. The close stacking makes hardened gypsum body dense and improves the strength of calcined gypsum. The strength of calcined gypsum prepared by calcining FGD gypsum with Al2(SO4)3 of 0.6 wt.% at 170 ℃ for 2 h is the highest. 2 h and 7 d flexural strength are 3.80 MPa and 7.20 MPa, and 2 h and 7 d compressive strength are 9.05 MPa and 19.23 MPa, respectively. In addition, 2 h flexural and compressive strength of the calcined gypsum with 0.6 ~ 1.0 wt.% of Al2(SO4)3 prepared at 170 ~ 180 ℃ for 2 h increase by 16 ~ 22 % and 20 ~ 33 %, respectively, which is very advantageous for the high value-added reuse of FGD gypsum for the preparation of high-quality calcined gypsum.

Loss of potentially toxic elements to snowmelt runoff from soils amended with alum, gypsum, and Epsom salt

Soil amendment effects on the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been hardly investigated under snowmelt flooding conditions. This research quantifies and compares the loadings of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) to snowmelt from unamended, alum-, gypsum-, and Epsom salt-amended soils from a manured agricultural field and a non-manured agricultural field. In the fall of 2020, amendments were surface applied at a rate of 2.5 Mg ha−1 to field plots with four replicates. Runoff boxes were installed at the plots’ edge to collect winter snow. In the spring of 2021, the snowmelt in each box was pumped out, and volume was recorded until all snow in the boxes had melted. Concentrations of PTE and other cations and pH were measured in a subsample of the snowmelt. The snowmelt from the manured field had higher Ni, Se, and V loads than that from the non-manured field. There were no significant differences in snowmelt PTE loads between the amended soils and the unamended controls at each field. Although not statistically significant, the Epsom salt-amended treatment resulted in a 75% reduction in Se loading and a 44% reduction in V loading, while the gypsum-amended treatment showed a 38% reduction in Ni loading compared to the unamended treatment in the manured soil. Overall, our findings from a single season using both manured and non-manured fields suggest that alum, gypsum, and Epsom salt additions did not significantly alter the mobility of the studied PTEs during the spring snowmelt period.

Effect of comparison ratio of additives on changes in pH levels, TSS, Fe, and Mn metals in the acid mine water treatment process at KPL BB 13 PT bukit asam, tbk.

Mining activities with an open system at PT Bukit Asam Tbk. have the potential to produce acid mine drainage due to contamination by rocks with sulfur content. Acid mine drainage treatment is carried out by the active method in the Mud Settling Pond (KPL). Addition of alum (Al2(SO4)3) and quicklime (CaO) to increase pH levels and reduce water turbidity. Management is carried out to meet environmental quality standards, namely with a pH value of 6-9, a maximum TSS value of 400, and for Mn and Fe a maximum of 4 and 7 mg/L, respectively. Jar Tests were conducted on samples from KPL BB-13 with mixed doses of alum and quicklime used were 0.02 and 0.10 grams; 0.03 and 0.12 grams; 0.04 and 0.14 grams; 0.05 and 0.16; 0.06 and 0.18; and 0.7 and 0.20. The best test results are at a mixed dose of 0.02 grams of alum and 0.10 grams of quicklime to obtain a pH value of 7 (neutral), besides that TSS and Fe metal levels have decreased. Mn metal also decreased, but did not meet environmental quality standards. Increased doses for field scale under actual conditions of observation required alum as much as 1.00 g/s and quicklime as much as 5.0052 g/s. The evaluation results show that the acid mine drainage treatment carried out by the company is more effective and efficient than the dose of laboratory test results.

Technical Properties of Normal Concrete with Alum Additive

Concrete is a widely used construction material due to its numerous advantages in terms of structural performance, cost-effectiveness, implementation, and maintenance. Compressive strength is a critical property that must be considered for concrete used as a structural component. This property can be influenced by various factors, including the addition of chemical substances to the concrete mix. Alum is commonly employed as a water clarifying agent. In concrete mixtures, alum decomposes into aluminium and trioxide sulfate compounds found in cement. Incorporating alum into concrete is expected to enhance the aluminium and cement content. This research aims to investigate the technical properties of normal concrete when supplemented with alum. The technical properties under consideration include slump value and compressive strength, with a fixed mix proportion of cement: sand: gravel = 1:2:3. Alum is added in proportions of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of cement in the concrete mix. The findings of this present study indicate that the highest compressive strength is achieved in concrete specimens with 2% alum addition by weight of cement, reaching 35.629 MPa, while the corresponding slump value is 7.75 cm

Immunogenicity of Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Vesicles: Elucidation of Humoral Responses against OMV-Associated Antigens.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria have emerged as a novel and flexible vaccine platform. OMVs can be decorated with foreign antigens and carry potent immunostimulatory components. Therefore, after their purification from the culture supernatant, they are ready to be formulated for vaccine use. It has been extensively demonstrated that immunization with engineered OMVs can elicit excellent antibody responses against the heterologous antigens. However, the definition of the conditions necessary to reach the optimal antibody titers still needs to be investigated. Here, we defined the protein concentrations required to induce antigen-specific antibodies, and the amount of antigen and OMVs necessary and sufficient to elicit saturating levels of antigen-specific antibodies. Since not all antigens can be expressed in OMVs, we also investigated the effectiveness of vaccines in which OMVs and purified antigens are mixed together without using any procedure for their physical association. Our data show that in most of the cases OMV-antigen mixtures are very effective in eliciting antigen-specific antibodies. This is probably due to the capacity of OMVs to "absorb" antigens, establishing sufficiently stable interactions that allow antigen-OMV co-presentation to the same antigen presenting cell. In those cases when antigen-OMV interaction is not sufficiently stable, the addition of alum to the formulation guarantees the elicitation of high titers of antigen-specific antibodies.

PERUBAHAN KADAR TSS ( Total Suspended Solid) DAN PHOSPHATE AIR LIMBAH LAUNDRY DENGAN METODE KOAGULASI DAN FLOKULASI

Community life is growing along with increasing population and technological advancements. One of them is the use of laundry services that increases directly proportional to the waste produced. Laundry waste containing phosphate derived from Sodium Trypoliphosphate and high TSS (Total Disolved Solid) levels can cause eutrophication and turbidity in water bodies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lime and alum addition in reducing phosphate and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) levels. The research method used is the experimental method, covering the principles of chemical and physical precipitation through the addition of 0.01 lime coagulant; 0.015; 0.02; 0.025 and 0.03 g and alum 0.1; 0.5; and 1.0 g. From the experiments, the best dose of lime and alum was obtained in reducing phosphate and TSS (Total Disolved Solid) levels in laundry wastes in lime weight 0.025 g and 1,000 g alum with a 99.80% removal percentage. Whereas for TSS (Total Disolved Solid) levels with a removal percentage of 90.89%. The processing of laundry waste using the ANOVA test showed an effect of the addition of variations in lime weight and alum to the decrease in phosphate and TSS levels in laundry waste. The results of the Tukey method showed that phosphate and TSS levels from each weight variation had different averages.

Mechanical Characterization of Geopolymer Paste and Mortar Fabricated from Alum Sludge and Fly Ash

This study evaluated the effect of alum sludge as an alternative to fly ash in fabricating geopolymer paste and mortar. The blending of this industrial waste (alum sludge and fly ash) is not only for the benefit of sustainable construction and disposal of industrial waste but also for the reduction of CO2 emissions due to the increasing production of Portland cement from the cement production industry. A laboratory investigation was carried out on the workability and mechanical properties of geopolymer paste and mortar produced with alum sludge replacement in different proportions (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100). A combination of an alkaline solution of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide of 14 molarity was employed as an activator for the manufacturing of both paste and mortar geopolymer specimens. It was observed from the findings that geopolymer paste and mortar was flowable and workable when alum sludge is replaced for fly ash at higher replacement content. The addition of alum sludge to the mix improved some properties such as density, strength, water absorption, and the elevated temperature behavior. It was observed that the addition of alum sludge was optimum at the 50% replacement level. The addition of alum sludge up to 50% significantly increased the compressive strength of mortar (up to 80% increase in 28 days strength). The compressive strength of the paste and mortar increased with an increase in curing age. Thus, alum sludge and fly ash can be employed together in the production of eco-friendly cementing material for environmental sustainability.

The gelation mechanism of mung bean starch as affected by edible alum

Abstract To understand the gelation mechanism of mung bean starch (MBS) as affected by addition of edible alum, the physicochemical properties of MBS gels and their gelation process under 0–0.25 % of alum addition were studied. The results showed that alum incorporation enhanced the gel texture and starch-water interaction in a concentration-dependent manner. With increasing amount of alum addition, the pH value and ζ-potential of MBS decreased, while the swelling power, pasting viscosity, the leached amylose content, gelation temperature, short-range ordered structure and the crystallinity of MBS gels increased. It is believed that alum addition improved the texture of MBS gels by promoting amylose leaching, starch aggregation and recrystallization. The increase in starch-water interaction might be due to the destruction of MBS structure by polar ions and the formation of clathrates by leached amylose and Al3+ ions.

Solid-state blending for the preparation of porous eco-friendly PCL membranes: Potential for filtration applications

Cryomilling is a promising method for fabricating polymeric blend and composite powder raw materials for various subsequent manufacturing processes. In this study, biodegradable porous membranes were fabricated from poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) using the cryomilling/hot pressing/porogen leaching approach. Powder mixtures of six different model compositions were compounded by cryomilling; thereafter, films were fabricated by hot-pressing. Poly (ethylene-oxide) (PEO) and salt were utilized as eco-friendly porogens in these mixtures, which were dissolved in water to introduce porosity in the films. Wood sawdust (WSD) and alum were investigated as fillers potentially capable of manipulating the hydrophilicity, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the membranes. The morphological, hydrophilicity, mechanical, and filtration efficiency properties were explored and compared to those of commercial laboratory microfiltration (MF) membranes. SEM analysis revealed dense membrane skins for all compositions, along with lamellar porous structures. Mean pore radius ranged from 0.15 to 0.21 μm, which is within the MF pore size range. Water contact angle measurements averaged 70° and decreased with the addition of WSD and alum, indicating increased hydrophilicity. Tensile test results showed a decrease in mechanical properties, with higher porosities and with the addition of WSD. Adding alum (≥10 wt%) resulted in embrittled membranes. Filtration performance was evaluated in terms of pure water flux and turbidity reduction for textile wastewater, and it compared favorably to commercial membranes. In conclusion, this study has successfully introduced a new facile and versatile membrane fabrication approach.

Moringa Oleifera Coagulation Characteristics in Wastewater Treatment in a University Dormitory

Wastewater treatment necessitates the use of an appropriate method to achieve satisfactory results. The conventional method of Alum addition has been widely used for years, but it is prohibitively expensive. This study uses Moringa oleifera, an inexpensive and readily available plant, as a natural coagulant to treat wastewater collected from university dormitories. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were examined based on appropriate standards. Wastewater treatment with varied coagulant dosages of 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1) was monitored using a standard jar test device with an initial wastewater perturbation at 100 rpm for 5 min was reduced to 50 rpm in 10 minutes with a rest time of 30 min. The results showed that the quality of the physicochemical properties of the water improved. The percentage increase in the water quality is; BOD (92%), COD (92%), and TDS (52-64%), with an increase in Moringa coagulant achieving a reduction of 96% of Turbidity. While the DO improved (79%), the pH remained below acceptable limits (6.73-7.56) for effluent disposal. The treated water showed clarity (colorless) and no odor compared to the wastewater. Hence, Moringa oleifera seeds cake residue can be an effective coagulant for wastewater treatment.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIBODY TITER AGAINST PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA IN RABBITS BY USING FOUR DIFFERENT ADJUVANTS IN HS+BQ COMBO VACCINES

Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocida is an economically significant disease of bovines that instigates high monetary losses due to unexpected mortality of animals in emerging countries like Pakistan. Similarly Black Quarter (BQ) caused by Clostridium chauvoei is also an acute infectious ailment of cattle and buffaloes in which severe inflammation ofskeletal and cardiac muscles, severe systemic toxicity and a high mortality occurs. The only way to prevent losses due to both diseases is an effective and long lasting vaccination programme. Four HS+BQ combo vaccines adjuvanted with four different adjuvants were prepared. Two HS+BQ vaccines were prepared by addition of two oil adjuvants i.e Montanide ISA-50V-2 and Eolane-170 while one HS+BQ vaccine was prepared by addition of gel while fourth HS+BQ vaccine was prepared by addition of alum. The bacterial dry weight of P. multocida was adjusted to 2 mg/0.75 mL while the bacterial dry weight for Cl. chauvoei was set at 2.5 mg/0.75 mL. The dose of all vaccines was adjusted to 3 mL /animal. Four groups of rabbits having five rabbits in each group were selected at Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore. From four groups of rabbits one was inoculated with HS+BQ oil based vaccine containing Montanide ISA-50 V2 as adjuvant while other group was inoculated with HS+BQ oil based vaccine containing Eolane-170 oil as adjuvant. Third group was vaccinated with HS+BQ vaccine adjuvanted with gel while fourth group of rabbit was vaccinated with HS+BQ vaccin adjuvanted with alum. All rabbits were vaccinated at dose rate of 1mL / rabbit. Rabbits were again vaccinated with the same vaccines as booster dose after 27 days. Indirect HemAgglutination test was conducted after 141 days intervals on serum samples of all groups. The results showed that both HS+BQ combo oil based vaccines have higher antibody titers as compared to gel and alum based vaccines against HS disease.

Feasibility of dissolved air flotation for drinking water treatment for Harare

Abstract Lake Chivero, Harare's major raw water source, is eutrophic and algae-infested. Consequently, the conventional water treatment processes (CWTPs) that are used at Harare's main water treatment works, Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (MJWTW), have been ineffective in algae removal. This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of using dissolved air flotation (DAF) to remove algae at MJWTW. Experiments were carried out using a 60-L DAF pilot system with a hydraulic loading rate of 7 m/h. Raw and treated water was characterised in terms of turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and chlorophyll-a. Results showed reductions in turbidity, pH, and chlorophyll-a of 64, 27, and 95%, respectively. However, EC increased by 42% due to the addition of alum and acid. The DAF performed better than the CWTP currently used at MJWTW based on a comparison to a study carried out in the same period simulating conventional treatment of the same raw water and values reported in the literature for the CWTP. The adoption of DAF at MJWTW could potentially result in more efficient water treatment and better algae removal too. Further tests on optimum acid dosing for DAF are recommended while using alum as a coagulant.

Effect of Alum Dose in the Coagulation Process for Decreasing the Pollutant in the Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Experimental and Kinetic Analysis

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is palm oil processing industrial waste that cannot be discharged directly into water bodies. Therefore, this waste must be treated. One method that can be used to treat it is coagulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of coagulant doses on the coagulation process for treating the POME through experimental and kinetic analysis. The alum dose was varied to 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 g/L. The volume of treated waste was 1 L. Before adding alum, the pH of POME was adjusted to 7.0 with the addition of technical grade NaOH. The coagulation process was carried out for 180 minutes at room temperature. Every 20 minutes, the pH of the liquid was measured and a fluid sample as much as ±50 mL was taken to be settled for 24 hours. Next, the total suspended solid (TSS) concentration in the supernatant was analyzed. The results showed that the addition of alum could decrease the liquid pH and increase the TSS of the liquid. The coagulation process for 180 minutes resulted in a TSS reduction efficiency of 33.3, 33.3, 37.1, 1.7, -17.8% at alum doses of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 g/L respectively. The first-order kinetic model provided a better prediction than the second-order kinetic model with R2 values of 0.7876-0.9707 and 0.2746-0.8912, respectively.

Effects of the Addition of Different Additives before Mechanical Separation of Pig Slurry on Composition and Gaseous Emissions

The treatment of animal slurry is used to improve management on a farm scale. The aim of this laboratory study was to assess the effects of the addition of the additives biochar, alum and clinoptilolite before the mechanical separation of whole pig slurry (WS) on the characteristics and emission of NH3, N2O, CO2 and CH4 from solid (SF) and liquid fractions (LF). The additives were mixed with WS (5% w/w), followed by separation, in a total of 12 treatments with 3 replicates, including the controls and WS with additives. Gaseous emissions were measured for 30 d by a photoacoustic multigas monitor, and initial characteristics of the slurries were assessed. The results indicated that the separation of the WS modified the initial physicochemical characteristics and increased the GWP emissions of the SF and LF, but not the NH3 losses. However, the addition of additives before separation increased the nutrient value and reduced the GWP emissions from the SF and LF. Additionally, just the additive alum was effective in the reduction of E. coli. The additives led to significant reductions in NH3 and N2O emissions, with higher reductions in NH3 losses for alum (51% for NH3) and similar N2O losses for all additives (70% for N2O) observed, whereas the CO2 and CH4 emissions were reduced by biochar (25% for CO2 and 50% for CH4) and alum (33% for CO2 and 30% for CH4) but not by clinoptilolite. Although the additives had a positive effect on slurry management, it can be concluded that the addition of alum before mechanical separation has the potential to be the best mitigation measure because it improves the nutrient content and sanitation and decreases gaseous losses from slurry management.

Application of a Polymer in Drinking Water Treatment: A Case Study

The effect of an anionic polymer in removal efficiency for turbidity and total organic carbon measured as UV254 from raw water at Dhaka was analysed. Adding0.05 mg/L of the polymer with 85 mg/L of alum the increase in the % removal of turbidity is only 1.23% than the alum alone. By doubling the polymer dose with the same alum dose, the removal efficiency increases only by 0.47%. Addition of alum alone is found far more effective than adding only polymer for the removal of turbidity. Similarly, in the first arrangement in case of removal of UV254, the removal efficiency is decreased by 3.06% rather than increased. Even doubling the polymer dose along with the same alum dose, removal of UV254 is below what is achieved by alum alone. Therefore, extensive study is needed to decide on polymer as a workable, and dependable potable water treatment process aid at Dhaka.