Altruistic Personality Research Articles

Effectiveness of forgiveness education with adolescents in Iran: Increasing the positive psychology of empathy, altruism, and willingness to forgive

ABSTRACT The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of forgiveness education on positive psychology variables (empathy, altruism and willingness to forgive) in Iranian adolescents. Two hundred twenty-four (Persian, Azeri, and Kurdish) male and female students in eighth grade participated. Schools were randomly assigned to experimental (N=123) and control (N=101) groups. Measures include the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, Altruistic Personality Scale, and Willingness to Forgive Scale, administered at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The experimental group was presented with 15 weekly sessions of teaching forgiveness programs by classroom teachers. The results showed that the experimental group improved more in degrees of empathy, altruism, and willingness to forgive compared to the control group, and also at follow-up. It seems that forgiveness education programs can contribute to human flourishing with the increase of positive psychology in students, particularly in empathy, altruism, and willingness to forgive.

Social Emotional Competence, Religiosity, and Pro-Social Behavior Among Adolescents

Present study measured the relationship between Social Emotional Competence, Religiosity, and Pro-Social behavior among Adolescents. Study conducted on following hypotheses 1). There would be a significant relationship between Social-Emotional Competence and Religiosity among Adolescence.2). There would be a significant relationship between Religiosity and Pro-social behavior among Adolescence. 3). There would be a significant impact of Social Emotional Competence on Pro-social behavior of Adolescence.4). There would be a significant impact of Religiosity on Pro-Social behavior of Adolescence. Sample of the study was 200 students, and the data was collected from the different government and private colleges located in Faisalabad. To calculate the data psychological measures were used 1) The Social-Emotional Competence (SEC) 2) The Religiosity scale for Youth 3) The Altruistic personality scale to measure the Pro-social behavior of Adolescence. SPSS's used for analysis of t-test, regression, and Pearson correlation. Study showed that there is significant relationship between variables.

An analysis of the Definition, Origin, Causes, and Effects of Altruism

Starting from the definition of altruism, this paper first summarized "the view that altruistic behavior is jointly determined by genes and environment" through Rushton research results and gene-environment-related theories and introduced prosocial behavior to find out the commonality between prosocial behavior and altruistic behavior for joint research. Among the factors that affect the formation of altruism, this paper focuses on the role of culture, personality, and family environment. In this part, more mediating variables are used to analyze and speculate. In the part of culture, this paper divides culture into three parts: ideology and culture, agriculture, and religion. In personality, this paper mainly refers to the experiments of scholars such as Batson and Powell to explain the existence of altruistic personality and the factors affecting such personality. In the part of family environment, this paper believes that a good family environment is conducive to the formation of children's altruistic behavior. Finally, after consulting the relevant data to conclude that altruistic behavior will positively impact individuals, it is inferred that altruistic behavior will have the same positive impact on society as the impact on individuals.

The influence of altruistic personality, interpersonal distance and social observation on prosocial behavior: An event-related potential (ERP) study.

The psychological mechanisms that high and low altruists exhibit in different contexts remain unknown. This study examined the underlying mechanisms of the effect of altruistic personality, social observation, and interpersonal distance on prosocial behavior using event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants with high and low altruism were asked to make prosocial or non-prosocial choices toward different interpersonal distances (friends, acquaintances, or strangers) under the (non)observer condition. The electrophysiological responses to the choice stimuli were simultaneously recorded. The behavioral results demonstrated that high altruists had more prosocial choices, and these choices were unaffected by interpersonal distance and social observation. However, low altruists made more prosocial choices toward friends and acquaintances under the observer than nonobserver conditions, whereas their prosocial choices toward strangers showed no difference. The ERP results demonstrated that low altruists showed more negative N2 when the choice stimuli were toward strangers and acquaintances or under the nonobserver condition. Furthermore, low altruists showed larger P3 under the observer than nonobserver conditions when the choice stimuli were toward friends and acquaintances, while this difference was absent when the choice stimuli were toward strangers. However, for high altruists, no effect of interpersonal distance and social observation was observed in N2 and P3. These results suggest that the prosocial behavior of low altruists is mainly driven by reputational incentives, whereas high altruists are primarily motivated by concern about the well-being of others. Our findings provide insights into the prosocial behavior of high and low altruists in different contexts and support the empathy-altruism hypothesis.

A Study of Financial Behavior Among Urban Older Chinese

Older Malaysian Chinese has one of the highest mean incomes among the other ethnicity in Malaysia. As these individuals grow older, their savings and retirement fund will dwindle and are insufficient for their spending. As a result, these individuals will seek to earn extra income from investment so that they could save more for their children and lifetime care. However, investment is subject to risk. Thus, this study examines the effect of gender, age, financial satisfaction, financial knowledge, and bequest motives on older Malaysian Chinese financial risk tolerance. In this study, the target sample was those Chinese aged 50 or older residing in Selangor, Malaysia. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the purposive sampling method. As a result, the survey covered a sample of 263 completed cases. The multiple regression analysis shows that males with optimal financial knowledge, altruistic personality (unselfish and concern for other people), and variables positively influence older Malaysian Chinese’s financial risk tolerance (risk-taker). At the same time, ages and financial satisfaction variables are negative and significantly influence financial risk tolerance (risk- averse). Lastly, these findings may contribute to the relevant authority, such as retirement fund providers, to formulate a proper long-term plan to ensure Chinese older Malaysians’ individual and family financial stress during retirement.

The role of Machiavellian personality, altruistic personality, religiosity, whistleblowing system, and accounting firm size in mitigating fraud intention

PurposeThis study aims to explore personal and organizational factors in mitigating fraud intention through machiavellian personality, altruistic personality, religiousity, whistleblowing system, and accounting firm size. Companies will suffer greater losses if they cannot prevent fraudulent practices. The fraud hexagon theory is considered effective in detecting the possibility of fraud and the tendency of fraud motivated by personal and organizational factors. Therefore, the researchers examined several factors, including Machiavellian, altruism, religiosity, whistleblowing system and accounting firm size in mitigating fraud intention.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a self-administered survey of accountants in Indonesia. The accountants were selected as the sample because the accounting profession has considerable potential in committing fraud. To avoid common method bias, the authors performed ex ante and ex post on the questionnaire. This research model was tested using structural equation modeling-partial least square.FindingsThe results revealed that personal factors in the form of Machiavellian, altruism and religiosity had a direct impact on decreasing fraud intention. In addition, whistleblowing system and accounting firm size were able to promote the effectiveness of fraud mitigation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study uses one profession, namely, accountants, so it requires further research to see the similarity of results in other professions.Practical implicationsThe results contribute to managerial decision-making. Companies should include personal tests during employee recruitment because personal factors are the key to determining individual fraud behavior.Social implicationsCombining personal factors and organizational factors can promote the success of the internal control system, so that individuals are encouraged to do ethical things.Originality/valueThis study combines personal and organizational factors in mitigating fraud, so as to know accurately which factors are most capable of mitigating fraud.

Effect of Green Human Resource Management on Green Psychological Climate and Environmental Green Behavior of Hotel Employees: The Moderator Roles of Environmental Sensitivity and Altruism

This article reports the findings of how green human resource management (GHRM) practices can influence the perceptions of hotel employees regarding their organizations’ commitments to green psychological climate (GPC) and their environmentally responsible behavior. GHRM practices refer to the policies and procedures that support environmental sustainability and reduce the negative effects of business activities on the environment. The data used in the research were collected from 425 employees working in 11 5-star hotels in the Antalya/Manavgat districts. For data analysis, data scan analysis was used and the results were then analyzed through the AMOS software to test the structural model. The study has suggested that GHRM practices can positively affect the perceptions of employees concerning their commitment to GPC, which in turn can lead to more environmentally green behaviors. The study also examines the roles of environmental sensitivity and altruism in the relationship between GHRM practices and environmental behavior. The research has shown that individuals with higher levels of environmental sensitivity and altruism are more likely to exhibit environmentally responsible behavior. This means that the employees who are sensitive to environmental issues and have an altruistic personality are more liable to respond positively to GHRM practices of their businesses and are more likely to be environmentally responsible. The research has also emphasized that businesses should consider individual differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors when implementing GHRM practices.

Attachment, altruistic personality traits and the theory of planned behaviour as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours in young adults

Young adults are overrepresented in crash statistics compared to mature drivers. Research has addressed this concern by investigating factors related to risky driving; however, studies investigating altruistic driving are scarce. Altruistic driving, conceived as driving in a way that benefits others without expectation of benefit for oneself, may lead to less risky driving and reduction in crashes. The current study investigated psychological attachment, altruistic personality traits and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours. The sample consisted of 17–25-year-old licensed drivers, living in Queensland, Australia, who had completed at least three quarters of mandated supervised driving practice with their mother or father as supervisor. Participants completed two linked online surveys. Survey 1 (N = 93) assessed sociodemographic factors, TPB variables, previous behavioural performance, attachment, altruism and intentions for altruistic driving. Survey 2, occurring two weeks later (n = 23), measured opportunity for and engagement in altruistic driving. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported the predictive value of the TPB constructs in explaining behavioural intention in general altruistic driving and two specific altruistic driving scenarios. However, altruism and attachment were not significant predictors of intention in any scenario. Bivariate correlations found that neither intentions or PBC (from Survey 1) were significantly associated with altruistic driving behaviours (from Survey 2) in any scenario. This research increases knowledge about motivators of altruistic driving by young drivers. This insight may be used to inform road safety interventions to motivate more altruistic driving, decrease aggression on the roads, and reduce young driver involvement in crashes.

Attachment, Altruistic Personality Traits and the Theory of Planned Behaviour as Predictors of Altruistic Driving Behaviours in Young Adults

Attachment, Altruistic Personality Traits and the Theory of Planned Behaviour as Predictors of Altruistic Driving Behaviours in Young Adults

Kişilik Tipleri ve Fiyat Algısı: Yerli Turistler Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Tourist behavior is generally shaped around demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, national culture or individual preferences. However, it is currently a complex process that still needs to be explained. In this research, it is aimed to define the price perception of domestic visitors towards touristic services and to associate them with personality types. For this purpose, the data collected within the scope of the survey technique from 403 domestic visitors who visited the Antalya destination in 2019 were analyzed. Within the scope of the analysis, personality types of the Antalya destination visitors are altruistic personality, extroverted personality, the personality prone to use and predisposed personality. In addition, it has been determined that the personality types of the visitors affect the price perception positively.

Do honesty, SDO, and environmental concerns predict priorities of sustainable development?

In 2015, the United Nations defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Whereas the SDGs have a global scope, the motivation to achieve these goals may depend on local priorities. We examined whether priorities of SDGs are influenced by an altruistic personality trait (Hon-esty-Humility or HH), social attitude (Social Dominance Orientation or SDO) and environmen-tal concerns. We categorized sustainable development in three themes: satisfying human needs, ensuring social equity, and respecting environmental limits. Results from a large student sample (N=1976, 38 nationalities), made clear that globally climate change is prioritized. Two other issues relating to environmental limits (availability of resources, waste and pollution) scored globally low. Three items of satisfying human needs scored high (availability of food, energy, and water), while population-related issues were considered of low priority. Regarding ensuring social equity issues, poverty and human rights, usually got a medium priority, while religion a low priority. Results showed that HH had positive direct effects on the priorities of the SDGs of human rights and poverty (ensuring social equity) and negative effects on the SDG priorities of food, waste and religion. In addition, environmental concerns mediated the relationships between HH and the SDGs of food, energy, climate change, resources, waste, human rights and religion. SDO had positive direct effects on the priorities of the SDGs of energy and population and negative effects on the SDG priority of water (all three within the category of satisfying human needs). In addition, environmental concerns mediated the relationships between SDO and the SDGs of food, energy, water climate change waste and human rights. Our research refines previous research concerning the relationship between HH, SDO, and ecological behavior: only in case people with high HH have environmental concerns, they tend to respect the environmental limits of climate change, waste and resources. People with a SDO prioritize satisfying human needs over respecting environmental lim¬its and ensuring social equity. SDO reduces a pro-environmentalist attitude but when people with high SDO have environmental concerns, they tend to respect the environmental limits of climate change and waste. On average in our research, issues concerning resources, waste and pollution were prioritized relatively low. More attention should be given to sustainable challenges regarding these topics. This paper increases the understanding of motivation to implement sustainable businesses on a global scale.

Low Altruism as a Cause of Ostracism.

This study focused on the causes of ostracism and explored the relationship between altruistic personality traits and ostracism. Using a combination of questionnaire surveys and laboratory experiments, results showed that: individuals with lower altruism were more vulnerable to be ostracized than those with higher altruism (Study 1 and Study 2). The relationship between altruism and ostracism was partially mediated by social responsibility (Study 3). When facing a low-altruistic target, the source would infer that the social responsibility level of this target was also low, thereby leading the ostracism intention to the target. Empathy did not moderate the relationship between altruism and ostracism. On the one hand, empathy did not moderate the direct effect of altruism on ostracism (Study 2); on the other hand, it also did not moderate the mediating role of social responsibility (Study 3). The strengths and limitations of this research are also discussed.

Genetic and Environmental Structure of Altruism Characterized by Recipients in Relation to Personality.

Background and Objectives: Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior with the goal of increasing the fitness of another individual as a recipient while reducing the fitness of the actor. Although there are many studies on its heterogeneity, only a few behavioral genetic studies have been conducted to examine different recipient types: family members favored by kin selection, the dynamic network of friends and acquaintances as direct reciprocity, and strangers as indirect reciprocity. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the genetic and environmental structure of altruism with reference to recipient types measured by the self-report altruism scale distinguished by the recipient (the SRAS-DR) and examine the relationship to personality dimensions measured by the NEO-FFI with a sample of 461 adult Japanese twin pairs. Results: The present study shows that there is a single common factor of altruism: additive genetic effects explain 51% of altruism without a shared environmental contribution. The genetic contribution of this single common factor is explained by the genetic factors of neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness to experience (O), and conscientiousness (C), as well as a common genetic factor specific to altruism. Only altruism toward strangers is affected by shared environmental factors. Conclusions: Different types of altruistic personality are constructed by specific combinational profiles of general personality traits such as the Big Five as well as a genetic factor specific to altruism in each specific way.

Haset ve Özgeciliğin Gösteriş Odaklı Tüketime Etkisi: Kırıkkale’de Bir Araştırma

In this research, effect of envy on conspicuous consumption and moderating role of altruism was examined. Within the scope of the research, primary data were collected by convenience sampling method in the Kırıkkale province of Turkey. After performing confirmatory factor analyses, structural equation models were tested over the gathered data with the statistical package program IBM AMOS. According to the findings, the hypotheses of benign envy, malicious envy, and altruism being the possible factors affecting conspicuous consumption were supported. Besides, the moderating role of altruistic personality on the effect of malicious envy on conspicuous consumption has been determined. Finally, several suggestions were developed for firms and researchers based on interpreting the research findings.

Problemas psicológicos de la formación de valores socioculturales en estudiantes

Este artículo se dedica al estudio de las cuestiones psicológicas de la formación de valores socioculturales en los estudiantes. El cuestionario de valores personales de Schwartz, la metodología SAT de S. Shostrom y el cuestionario del autor se utilizaron para la medición en la investigación. 140 solteros participaron en el estudio. El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación entre valores socioculturales y rasgos de personalidad, logros académicos, situación económica y autorrealización en los estudiantes e identificar los valores que dominan en esta dirección. Se tomaron como factores clave el rendimiento académico, la demografía, el nivel de vida y las diferencias de género. Se utilizaron grupos experimentales y de control durante el estudio. El análisis de los resultados mostró que existe una correlación positiva entre los rasgos de personalidad y los valores socioculturales, pero esta tendencia es típica. La relación entre los valores de autorrealización de los estudiantes y los rasgos de personalidad es más alta que otros valores. Se puede concluir que estos valores son de carácter individual e incluyen parcialmente valores socioculturales. (r = 0.68, r = 0.52, r = 0.64) Se encontró que la relación entre valores multiculturales y altruistas y rasgos de personalidad es positiva en varios aspectos, especialmente iniciativa (r = 0.26), responsabilidad (r = 0.73), optimismo (r = 0,43). El estudio mostró que la correlación entre los valores de los estudiantes y el rendimiento académico (r = 0,599 **), el estado financiero (r = 0,564 **) y los factores demográficos (r = 0,446 **) es importante. Se puede sugerir que para formar valores socioculturales en los estudiantes, es necesario desarrollar rasgos de personalidad, incluyendo oportunidades para la autorrealización, para crear un ambiente educativo favorable para ellos.

Why do team members help each other? Investigating cross‐level antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour

In this study, we investigated the effect of cross‐level factors, including team members’ altruistic personalities, the quality of team member exchange (TMX), interdependence of team structure, as well as interactions between these variables, on team members’ organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Using the military teams in Taiwan as samples, we collected empirical data of 90 teams, each with three team members and one team leader. Results of hierarchical linear modelling analysis showed that (a) a team member’s altruistic personality has no significant relationship with OCB, (b) both TMX and team interdependence have positive relationships with OCB, and (c) team interdependence has a cross‐level moderating effect on the relationship between TMX and OCB. For team management, establishing high TMX and interdependent working styles can promote OCB among team members. The results of this study add to knowledge on team members’ display of OCB from a holistic perspective. Findings of this study also support the important influence of TMX and team interdependence, especial for team management, strengthening the cross‐level theory in the study of OCB.

Does positive parenting predict pro-social behavior and friendship quality among adolescents? Emotional intelligence as a mediator

Parenting has been reported to exert significant short-term and long-term impact on the offspring’s personality, behavior, and relationships during their lifespan. The present study aimed to assess the impact of positive parenting on the trait emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior (altruism) and friendship quality of adolescents. The sample of present study comprised 350 adolescents (208 boys and 142 girls) aged between 14 and 16 year (M = 15. 46 year, SD = .86) and their parents. The data were collected from two public and two private sector schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Parenting Style Scale (Batool and Mumtaz Pakistan Journal of Psychological Reseaech, 30(2), 225–248, 2015), the Emotional Intelligence Scale for Children and Adolescents (Batool and Hayat Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16(2), 17–26, 2018), the Altruistic Personality Scale (Rushton et al. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 292–302, 1981), and the Intimate Friendship Scale (Sharabany 1974) were employed. The final model of a mediational path analysis revealed that positive parenting had a statistically significant indirect impact on the prosocial behavior of adolescents via emotional intelligence (R2 = .24). As the friendship quality of adolescents concerns, positive parenting had statistically significant direct and indirect impact (via emotional intelligence and prosocial behavior) on it (R2 = .28). Gender appeared as a significant covariate of both prosocial behavior and friendship quality. Based on the results, we suggest parents to practice positive parenting styles and recommend emotional intelligence training of adolescents to promote prosocial behavior and better relationship with friends.

Will Helping Others Also Benefit You? Chinese Adolescents’ Altruistic Personality Traits and Life Satisfaction

The importance of improving adolescents’ quality of life is widely known, especially with the proliferation of so-called “diseases of civilization” (e.g., stress, anxiety, depression, tension, panic). According to numerous previous studies, personality is a very important influencer of life satisfaction, and altruistic personality is considered an important and positive personality type. Altruism might, therefore, be an effective way to improve adolescents’ life satisfaction. However, under a market economy, it is difficult to form widespread social customs of altruism. Will helping others also benefit you, representing a win–win situation? Against this background, we conduct the first exploration of the relationship between altruistic personality and life satisfaction. A sample of 428 adolescents completed measures of altruism, life satisfaction, and emotion. The main findings were as follows: (1) adolescents with higher levels of altruism have more positive emotions, fewer negative emotions, and higher life satisfaction; (2) emotions mediated the relationship between altruistic personality traits and life satisfaction; (3) empathy predicted life satisfaction not only directly but also indirectly through positive and negative emotions; (4) social responsibility predicted life satisfaction not only directly but also indirectly through positive emotions; (5) interpersonal trust predicted life satisfaction through negative emotions; (6) sociability predicted life satisfaction through positive emotions. In a word, helping others will benefit yourself as well. These findings are of great practical and theoretical significance for improving adolescents’ quality of life, enriching their personality, and enhancing their positive psychological experience. This study’s results can also contribute to instilling the positive social custom of “one for all, all for one”.

Reciprocal altruism: It’s relationship to locus of control and dispositional optimism among Nigerian undergraduates

The study examined locus of control and dispositional optimism influences on reciprocal altruism among Nigerian university undergraduate students. Participants consisted of 253 undergraduate students in their second year of study (males = 151 (60%), females = 102 (40%); mean age = 21.2, SD = 9.10). They completed the Dispositional Optimism Test-Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994), the Altruistic Personality Scale (Rushton, Chrisjohn & Fekken, 1981), and the Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966). Multiple regression analysis indicated that internal locus of control positively predicted reciprocal altruism; while dispositional optimism did not. Future research should examine other dimensions of optimism such as adaptive utility, comparative and strategic dispositional optimism involved that may provide more insight into the understanding of reciprocal altruism in Nigeria.

Effects of Gender and Stress on Altruism

Lending a helping hand to the person in need with or without expecting something in return is known as pro-social behavior and one of the motivation of pro-social behavior is helping others without any expectations of what you might get in return is Altruism. The present study attempt to determine a relation between an individual’s sex and display of altruistic behavior. Many studies have shown that male and female display different behavioral patterns these are influenced by the societal norms, stereotypes, culture and difference in upbringing. These factors also effect the altruistic behavior displayed by individuals of different sex. With the help of the present study the researcher tries to evaluate which sex is more prone to show altruism in their surroundings. The study also evaluates the effect of stress on altruism using Perceived Stress Scale. For the present study a sample size of 120 under-graduate college students (N=120; 60=males, 60=females) were drawn belonging to the age group of 19years- 23years which were evaluated through the Altruistic Personality Scale. The results highlight that altruistic behavior is more likely to be higher in females than males and people tend to show more altruistic behavior gestures while expressing stress in their lives to decrease the impact of negative emotions caused by it.