Alto Del Research Articles

Conflictual transactions in the field of patrimonialization: The case of the Diaguita community of Alto del Carmen, Chile

El patrimonio inmaterial asociado a los habitantes y a sus prácticas culturales suele ser menos valorado que el patrimonio material vinculado a sitios arqueológicos o monumentos históricos. Los valores sociales y simbólicos, estructurantes del patrimonio inmaterial, son menos visibles para las autoridades del patrimonio a escala internacional, nacional y local. Sin embargo, los valores se pueden reconfigurar cuando un territorio se revaloriza producto de un proceso de reconocimiento cultural, generando una atracción de actores sociales e intereses diversos, conformando un fructífero terreno para cooperaciones, negociaciones y mediaciones. El reconocimiento de una identidad étnica responde a dinámicas transaccionales donde las cooperaciones conflictuales develan posiciones diversas de entidades comunales, gubernamentales y privadas, y donde lo íntimo, doméstico, privado y público entreteje una red de intereses divergentes que demandan acuerdos. El presente artículo aborda la dinámica del reconocimiento de la comunidad diaguita por parte del Estado de Chile en el año 2006, en el contexto de una reapropiación territorial de los valles de Alto del Carmen. Un proceso que activó la puesta en valor de un patrimonio cultural “indígena” en diálogo con atributos étnicos disonantes, donde los conflictos observados han producido singulares vínculos dentro de un mismo territorio.

Tectonic inversion of the Abanico basin eastern border and the structuring of the Aconcagua thrust-fold belt, southern Central Andes at 32°-33°S

Previous geologic studies and structural interpretations of the Meso-Cenozoic units in the Andean Principal Cordillera, between 32°- 33°S, have faced many difficulties due to the strong variability in volcanic deposits' thickness, the structural complexity that affects the involved units, and the scarcity of geochronological data that prevents defining a clear boundary between them. Structural-lithologic work carried out between 32°45′-33°S allowed us to recognize and define 4 different lithologic units along the Aconcagua-Juncal river valleys: one marine sedimentary unit assigned to the Cretaceous Mendoza Group and Late Jurassic exposures from the Río Damas/Tordillo Formation, and 3 volcano-sedimentary units mainly associated with Cenozoic volcanism represented by the Farellones, Abanico, and Cristo Redentor formations. The stratigraphic-structural model proposed in this work also allows for defining 3 structural domains throughout the study area: a western domain close to the Pocuro Fault Zone, a central domain, and an eastern domain close to the Alto del Juncal Fault Zone, next to the Chile-Argentina international border. The western and central domains show folds with larger wavelengths than the eastern domain, while the eastern domain shows intense deformation related to the emplacement and evolution of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt. This deformation results from tectonic events which mainly occurred between the Upper Oligocene and Miocene. In the study region, these events caused a minimum shortening of ∼30 km in the Principal Cordillera. Based on the collected information, the Alto del Juncal Fault is also interpreted as the eastern Abanico basin bounding fault in which the Aconcagua fold-thrust belt is rooted.

Lithology and geochemistry of the Guadalupe Group base around Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia

The base of the Guadalupe Group, in the Tunja area of Colombia, contains cherts, porcellanites, mudstones, and siltstones with subordinate quartz arenites. The lithostratigraphic description of two stratigraphic sections showed that the dominant facies have fine granular textures and siliceous compositions, which considerably differ from those of the prevailing sandy terrigenous facies described in the type locality in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, in the Arenisca Dura Formation, the basal unit of the Guadalupe Group in this sector.
 The units that form the Guadalupe Group (base of the Guadalupe Group, Plaeners, and Arenisca Tierna) markedly differ from each other morphologically, which facilitates their mapping because the base and top units generate a steep morphology, and the intermediate units form surface depressions or valleys, similar to the morphology of the Guadalupe Group in its type locality in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá. The base of the Guadalupe Group consists of cherts and porcellanites toward the NW of the study area (Alto del Gavilán section), with mudstones, siltstones, quartz arenites, and to a lesser extent porcellanites and cherts prevailing toward the SE (Vereda Salitre section).
 Geochemical analysis of total rock samples by XRD and XRF confirmed the primarily siliceous nature of the base of the Guadalupe Group, with SiO2 ranging from 62 to 98%, CaO less than 3.0%, and P2O5 peaking at 15.0%. Etayo-Serna (2015) conducted paleontological determinations of ammonites found in the stratigraphic section of Alto del Gavilán and assigned the base of the Guadalupe Group mainly to the Lower Campanian.

Un antes y después en el sitio arqueológico Alto del Cardal: una revisión de los recientes trabajos en las laderas del volcán Irazú, valle Central, Costa Rica

The present work is a review of the recent research carried out at the Alto del Cardal (a.k.a El Cardal) site, based on the pioneering research carried out by the Costa Rican archaeologist Carlos Aguilar Piedra, at the foothills of the Irazu Volcano, especially the work that took place at the archaeological site of Alto del Cardal during the sixties. The inspection and excavations by Aguilar sought to formulate a chronological sequence for the Central Valley. However, although pioneering, Aguilar's work at El Cardal left large information voids regarding the social groups that inhabited the area, which motivated a revisit and refinement to his work. The research conducted has had the objective of characterizing and establishing the function of this site during Precolumbian times. To accomplish this, a series of visits took place, which included a systematic survey and precise excavations in order to understand the chronology and spatial location of the settlement. The research at El Cardal showed a site that was strategically located in order to mobilize artifacts and people between the Atlantic Watershed and the Central Valley, and that had a chronological depth that differed from what was initially thought. This is an account of old and new work at El Cardal, which implied archival research at the Archaeology Laboratory of the University of Costa Rica and of the information gathered recently by the new investigations at the site.

Population status of Centrolene savagei (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Western and Central Andes of Colombia

to determine the population status of Centrolene savagei (Centrolenidae) in the Western and Central Andes of Colombia. Scope: promotion of the population study of the endemic glassfrogs species of Colombia. Methodology: C. savagei (Centrolenidae) has only been registered in the Central and Western Andes of Colombia. We conducted a visual encounter survey in eight different localities where C. savagei was previously reported: Alto Bonito, Florencia, La Pastora, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Filandia, Boquía, Alto el Otoño and Chicoral, with an effective sampling effort of 54 h per locality. Each captured individual was marked, sexed and the height above water level of the perch was registered. Furthermore, all detected clutches in each survey were also marked and height above water level was recorded. We use a standard capture-recapture model to estimate the size of the population in each study site assuming closed population conditions. Main Results: C. savagei was absent at La Pastora and Florencia. In all localities where C. savagei was registered, male individuals and clutches were usually found between 1.5-2.0 m, while female individuals remain most of the time above 6 m height, and only go down for reproduction. The population size of C. savagei in the study area of Alto del Otoño was 132 ± 13 ind, in Chicoral was 41 ± 8 ind and in Santa Rosa de Cabal was 37 ± 6 ind. In Filandia, Boquia and Alto Bonito, recaptures were not carried out, so the size of the population could not be estimated. Conclusions: The presence of C. savagei in 75% of the localities where it had previously been reported suggests that the biotic and abiotic conditions in these sites are still adequate to sustain populations of this endemic species.

Distribución altitudinal de musgos en algunos sustratos en Tipacoque, Colombia.

Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad y abundancia de musgos en un gradiente altitudinal del Parque Natural Municipal “Robledales de Tipacoque”. Alcance. Inventario de los musgos encontrados en tres sustratos del Parque. Metodología. mediante levantamientos sobre tres sustratos: roca, raíz aflorante y suelo, en transectos lineales de 100 m, separados altitudinalmente cada 200 m, con la toma de datos de cobertura en cm2 y la elaboración de una matriz de datos ecológicos, se evaluó la abundancia y la riqueza de las especies. Principales resultados. Se realizaron 110 levantamientos, donde se registraron 75 especies, distribuidas en 48 géneros y 20 familias; el 50,6 % son musgos pleurocárpicos y el 49,3 % musgos acrocárpicos. Las familias con el mayor número de géneros y especies son Leucobryaceae (2 géneros-14 especies), seguida por Sematophyllaceae (5-10) y Brachytheciaceae (5-6). Los géneros más ricos en especies son Campylopus con 13 y Sematophyllum con seis. El sustrato con el mayor porcentaje de especies fue roca con 66.6. Conclusiones. La composición florística por franjas altitudinales evidencia que, el sector vía al Alto del Gallo (2771 m) presentó mayor diversidad; en cuanto a la similitud entre los transectos, los más correlacionados fueron, 2771 m y 3030 m con un valor de 40 %, en general la flora de musgos está bien diferenciada, por lo que, se encontraron especies restringidas a un rango.

Estabilidad térmica de aceite virgen de coco obtenido de dos cultivares crecidos en Guerrero, México.

The interest in virgin coconut oil has grown in recent years due to its beneficial effects on health and its attractive physicochemical and sensorial characteristics for the consumer. In this study, the thermal stability of virgin oil coconut oil extracted from two cultivars grown in the state of Guerrero, Mexico was evaluated. The results were compared with a commercial virgin coconut oil. The studied oils showed a similar composition of fatty acids. The change in the content of free fatty acids, phenols and total flavonoids, color, infrared spectrum and values of the K232 and K270 extinction coefficients of the oils stored for 5 d at 80, 100 and 120 oC in a forced convection oven were determined. The content of total phenolic compounds for commercial virgin coconut oil (CVCO), virgin oil produced from the Mapan Hybrid coconut palm (VOMHC) and virgin oil from Alto del Pacifico coconut palm (VOAPC) was 3.00 ± 0.30, 60.04 ± 4.10 and 78.00 ± 6.20 mg equivalents of gallic acid 100 g-1 oil, respectively. The VOMHC and VOAPC of Guerrero, Mexico showed significantly greater oxidative stability than the CVCO (P ≤ 0.05). The above was concluded as no important changes were observed in the value of peroxide index, percentage of fatty acids, K232 and K270 extinction coefficients and hue angle. The presence of oxidized compounds after storage was demonstrated with infrared spectroscopy through the changes in frequencies 1746 and 3470 cm-1 corresponding to the presence of carbonyl compounds and hydroperoxides, respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that artisanal coconut oils made in Guerrero, Mexico have a greater technological potential due to their high content of phenolic compounds and greater oxidative stability compared to commercial coconut oil.

Cooperative work: a proposal of learning fractions with students in the fifth grade

The purpose of this research is to improve school performance of students in the study of fractions using the cooperative work of fifth grade students at Alto del Obispo School, in San Agustín Huila. Starting from considerations of the Basic Standards for Mathematical Competencies, we state that learning mathematics is not only a cognitive issue, but it also involves emotional and social factors, which are related to a particular learning context in order to contribute to a better quality of life for citizens. That's why mathematics education in learning fractions can be made through the cooperative work which is an exercise that is learned and develops a team of students through positive interdependence, individual and group responsibility, stimulating interaction, some interpersonal and group practices and group evaluation. A methodology is used with a quantitative approach under a non-experimental longitudinal design type panel, examining changes over time, collecting data at different times and applied to the same study group, where initially an objective test (pre-test) is applied to collect data. In a second phase, after developing the teaching strategy, we apply the initial instruments (post-test) the data is processed in the computer SPSS again rendering apparent that the group has experienced a change. As a result, cooperative work is an educational and learning of fractions benchmark that promotes students interests and common sense in a healthy coexistence.

Genetic diversity of Geoffroea decorticans , a native woody leguminous species from Atacama Desert in Chile

SUMMARY: Geoffroea decorticans (Fabaceae), chanar, is one of the few native tree species that are adapted to the ecologically limiting conditions from Atacama Desert. Despite its considerable value as a crop species, and important medicinal and food properties, the genetic variability of this plant has not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to analyze genetic diversity and degree of fragmentation in G. decorticans populations from six provinces in northern Chile. Genetic variability was assessed using eight ISSR and three RAPD primers, generating 97 % and 81 % polymorphic bands, respectively. AMOVA results based on nine populations showed high genetic diversity within populations (65 %) and moderate levels among populations (35 %). Moreover, genetic relationships among individuals provided evidence for the existence of two well defined clusters in the northern and southern regions of the Atacama Desert. A Mantel test showed a significant positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances (r = 0.58) in seven populations, indicating significant isolation-by-distance. Average Shannon Weaver diversity indices showed significantly lower values associated with Pachica, Copiapo river-mouth, Alto del Carmen and Vicuna populations relative to populations from San Pedro, Calama, Azapa and Copiapo. In this work, a combination of ISSR and RAPD methods provided high quality information to evaluate genetic variability, and could be used as an alternative method to identify and distinguish G. decorticans genotypes of interest. This work represents the first attempt to molecular characterization of G. decorticans in Chile, and its significance to future genetic research is discussed.

The impact of the Spanish colonization: Paleopathological and isotopic evidences of changes in oral health and dietary diversity in Native colonial societies from the Colombian Southwest

Summary: Native Americansocieties suffered a profund deterioration of health under European colonization. In addition, dietdiversity and nutritional quality decreased whereas workloads and violence increased considerably.Social and cultural consequences of such contact have been well documented by archaeology, historyand ethno-history. However, the true biological impact is poorly understood. This paper assess thebiological impact of the European arrival to northern South America through the study of humanskeletal remains of two native Colonial societies from the post-contact period in the ColombianSouth West. The first sample came from “El Alto del Rey” (ca 1200-1600 a.C), at Cauca Department,and the second from “Maridías” (1615-1720 a.C), types of dental diseases were obtained as well asphysiological stress indicators and stable isotopes ratios of carbon (12C y 13C) and nitrogen (15N).These data were used to try to determine food intake, dietary diversity, nutrition, and the state oforal health of the Colombian native communities under Spanish control. Dental paleopathologicalanalyses showed a high increase in the rates of caries, dental calculus, periodontal disease,antemortem tooth loose (AMTL) and enamel hypoplasias In agreement with these results, the isotopeanalysis reveals an abrupt increase in the plants rich in carbohydrates consumption and highdependency on plants such as corn and other grains. Changes were more considerable in Maridías thanin El Alto del Rey, since the former was exposed to a longer and more direct colonial contact. Inaddition, this study suggests deep changes in diet, health and way of life of these communities. Thebioarchaeological analysis of human skeletal remains represents an important source for a betterunderstanding of the dynamics of the biocultural change resulting from colonization in Colombia. Keywords: Paleopathology. Post-contact period. Dental diseases. Stable isotopes. Paleodiet. Oralhealth. Colombian Southwest.

Spatio-temporal mapping of glacier fluctuations in the subtropical Central Andes: Case studies of Alto Del Plomo and Volcan Maipo

Glaciers located in the Subtropical Central Andes region, play an important role in the surrounding hydrological system due to their significant contribution to the runoff of Andean rivers. Furthermore, they constitute a natural water reservoir that can buffer the impact of meteorological droughts seasons on socioeconomic activities in the region. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC (2013)) has concluded that glaciers have clearly shrunk at global scale. Nevertheless there is a need to quantify variations at a local-to-regional scale. In this interdisciplinary work we make use of the Geographic Information System tool in a climatic study with the purpose of visualizing spatial and temporal changes in glaciers’ extension through a multi-temporal analysis of satellite images in the period 1989–2015. Two glaciers in the Subtropical Central Andes region were selected: Alto del Plomo glacier (32.98°S–70.01°W) in the Plomo river basin and Volcán Maipo glacier (34.16°S–69.8°W). The accumulation zones for both glaciers are found at similar altitudes and distant only by less than 130km, but they have different morphological characteristics and the Volcán Maipo glacier is located within a protected area in the natural reserve of Laguna del Diamante. The results of the analysis indicate a decrease in the total area (18%) of Alto del Plomo glacier that is especially evident in its glacier tongue. In contrast, the Volcán Maipo glacier presented almost no change in the 27-year period considered. The climate factors, temperature and nival precipitation, that affect the evolution of the areal extent of the glaciers do not seem to fully explain the different behavior seen in these two glaciers. It is suggested here that the environmental factors that surround them might explain the observed behavior.

Middle Ordovician (early Dapingian) conodonts in the Central Andean Basin of NW Argentina

Carlorosi, J., Heredia, S. & Aceñolaza, G, 2013. Middle Ordovician (early Dapingian) conodonts in the Central Andean Basin of NW Argentina. Alcheringa 37, 1–13. ISSN 0311-5518. This paper describes and analyzes the significance of a conodont fauna from the Alto del Cóndor Formation, exposed in the Los Colorados region of the Argentine Eastern Cordillera. Identified taxa are Baltoniodus triangularis, Baltoniodus sp. cf. B. triangularis, Drepanodus sp., Drepanoistodus basiovalis, Drepanoistodus sp. B., Erraticodon patu, Gothodus costulatus, Oistodus sp., Trapezognathus diprion, T. quadrangulum, Triangulodus sp. and Triangulodus? sp. The presence of Baltoniodus triangularis indicates the base of the Dapingian stage (Middle Ordovician). In addition, we report the coexistence of T. diprion and T. quadrangulum. The conodont association suggests a faunal affinity with Baltica and South China, both belonging to the Shallow-Sea Realm of the Temperate-Cold Domain. Josefina Carlorosi [josefinacarlorosi77@gmail]com], INSUGEO—Universidad Nacional de Tucumán—CONICET, Miguel Lillo 205, (4000) Tucumán, Argentina; Guillermo F. Aceñolaza [acecha@webmail.unt.edu.ar], Universidad Nacional de Tucumán—CONICET, Miguel Lillo 205, (4000) Tucumán, Argentina; Susana Heredia [sheredia@unsj.edu.ar], CONICET–CIGEOBIO and Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Urquiza y Libertador, (5400) San Juan, Argentina. Received 22.8.2012; revised 18.10.2012; accepted 24.10.12.

Stratigraphical distribution of the Ordovician conodont Erraticodon Dzik in Argentina

Three different species of the Ordovician genus Erraticodon Dzik are described and illustrated. Erraticodon patu Cooper is reported from the Lower–Midde Ordovician strata of the Acoite and Alto del Cóndor formations. E. cf. Erraticodon balticus and Erraticodon hexianensis from Middle Ordovician carbonate deposits of the San Juan Formation are analyzed and compared to specimens of these species from Australia, China, Newfoundland, and Baltica. E. patu and E. hexianensis are recorded for first time in the San Juan Formation of Precordillera. The elements of E. cf. E. balticus resemble closely E. balticus Dzik but lack the important denticle on the posterior process of the S elements. An evaluation of the stratigraphic occurrences of these species relative to those of key Lower and Middle Ordovician conodont species such as Trapezognathus diprion Lindström, Oepikodus intermedius Serpagli, Baltoniodus triangularis (Lindström), Baltoniodus navis Lindström, Yangtzeplacognathus crassus (Chen and Zhang) and Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus (Viira) indicates they value for biostratigraphic correlation.

The earliest known estuarine bivalve assemblage, Lower Ordovician of northwestern Argentina

The oldest known estuarine bivalve assemblage is documented from the Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn) Alto del Cóndor Formation, which crops out in the Cordillera Oriental of northwestern Argentina. This unit displays most of the diagnostic sedimentary attributes of estuarine environments. Biotic components include low-diversity trace fossils and a peculiar bivalve fauna consisting of the new genera Konduria, Pseudoredonia, and Pucamya, and the new species Redonia condorensis. This constitutes the earliest known occurrence of bivalves in brackish waters, suggesting that the capability of this clade to colonize estuarine environments developed early in their radiation.

Oblique transpression in the western thrust front of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera

New kinematic data reveal that the main faults of the western foothills of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera are a series of left-lateral to oblique thrusts that are offset by steeply dipping, northwest-trending, left-lateral, strike-slip faults. Kinematic data were collected from the main structures that dominate the 350-km length of the western foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, north of Bogota (La Salina–Bituima, Cambrás, Dos Hermanos–Alto del Trigo, and Bucaramanga faults). These data indicate that transpression is responsible for the Cenozoic formation of the folds and thrusts that deform the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of the Middle Magdalena Valley. Kinematic and structural data suggest that the La Salina–Bituima fault changed from a reverse fault to a fault with a left-lateral, strike-slip sense of displacement during middle to late Miocene times. As it propagated, a transpressive zone was generated in the western foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, with the development of arcuate, oblique-reverse secondary faults on the leading edge of the Magdalena basin (e.g. Cambrás, Dos Hermanos). This development implies that during the Neogene (?), the tectonics of the western foothills were dominated by nonplanar deformation with shortening accompanied by significant left-lateral, strike-slip displacements. These new data indicate that the oblique convergence vector imposed by convergence among the Nazca, Caribbean, and South American plates is not fully partitioned in space but instead must be distributed in a diffuse zone of transpressional deformation along the western margin of the Eastern Cordillera and its associated foreland basin.

The First Field Season of Excavations at the Alto del Molino Site, Pisco Valley, Peru

Little archaeological fieldwork has been conducted in the Pisco Valley on the south coast of Peru and Pisco has long been regarded as inconsequential in the cultural dynamics of the region's prehistory. Yet a critical review of the literature and, especially, the results of recent excavations at the Alto del Molino site reveal that Pisco played an important role in the development of social complexity on the south coast at the end of the Early Horizon (ca. 300–1 B.C.) through the early Early Intermediate Period (ca. A.C. 1–300). The Pisco Valley is part of the larger context of the great cemeteries of the nearby, desolate Paracas Peninsula and the valley contributes to our understanding of those elaborate mortuary phenomena. In addition, a major regional culture called Carmen flourished in Pisco following the abandonment of the Paracas cemeteries and contemporary Pisco Valley sites. Carmen is contemporary with early Nasca culture of the Ica and Nazca valleys to the south and is clearly related to that social formation. The major Carmen occupation at Alto del Molino provides important data for examining the nature of Carmen- Nasca interaction.

The First Field Season of Excavations at the Alto del Molino Site, Pisco Valley, Peru

The First Field Season of Excavations at the Alto del Molino Site, Pisco Valley, Peru