Alternative Words Research Articles

Perceived effective and ineffective dental terminology when treating paediatric patients: a cross-sectional survey.

Aims To determine the words that paediatric dental team members perceive to be effective and ineffective for describing dental procedures and instruments to children and to assess if these are influenced by the age and gender of the child.Methods A voluntary, anonymous questionnaire was distributed to paediatric dental staff in NHS Scotland. Questions included participants' demographics, which words they perceive to be effective and ineffective for describing 11 dental procedures and instruments, and whether word choice was affected by the gender and/or age of the patient.Results From the 209 responses, a variety of job roles were represented across 11 different health boards in Scotland. A variety of alternative words and phrases for dental terms were identified, including those considered ineffective. The age of patients was shown to influence the language used by 42.8% of dental team members on average. Patients' gender did not tend to influence word choice.Conclusions This study has collected the most popular euphemisms for common dental procedures and instruments as well as perceived ineffective terminology in paediatric dentistry in Scotland. The study showed that the age of a child frequently influences the choice of language used, while gender plays less of a role.

Semantic memory navigation in HIV: Conceptual associations and word selection patterns

Objective: This proof-of-concept study aimed to characterize semantic memory profiles in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mild neurocognitive impairment. Method: Using a semantic relatedness task, we explored conceptual association and word selection patterns in people living with HIV (PLWH; n = 50) relative to people living without HIV (n = 46). We also studied whether word selection patterns in the PLWH group were associated with working memory capacity, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. Results: While accuracy did not differ between groups, PLWH produced significantly longer responses than controls (r = .32), with fewer hypernyms (d = .47), more troponyms (r = .37), and words that were more frequent (r = .39) and had more phonological neighbors (r = .22). These patterns survived covariation with participants’ cognitive status. None of these patterns correlated with measures of working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control or viral load (all correlation coefficients < .36). Conclusions: Together, these results suggest that PLWH might use alternative word finding strategies during semantic memory navigation, irrespective of the severity of other cognitive symptoms. Such findings contribute to the characterization of cognitive deficits in HIV and to the search for novel markers of the condition.

Evolution of the Moral Lexicon.

Morality is central to social well-being and cognition, and moral lexicon is a key device for human communication of moral concepts and experiences. How was the moral lexicon formed? We explore this open question and hypothesize that words evolved to take on abstract moral meanings from concrete and grounded experiences. We test this hypothesis by analyzing semantic change and formation of over 800 words from the English Moral Foundations Dictionary and the Historical Thesaurus of English over the past hundreds of years. Across historical text corpora and dictionaries, we discover concrete-to-abstract shifts as words acquire moral meaning, in contrast with the broad observation that words become more concrete over time. Furthermore, we find that compound moral words tend to be derived from a concrete-to-abstract shift from their constituents, and this derivational property is more prominent in moral words compared to alternative compound words when word frequency is controlled for. We suggest that evolution of the moral lexicon depends on systematic metaphorical mappings from concrete domains to the moral domain. Our results provide large-scale evidence for the role of metaphor in shaping the historical development of the English moral lexicon.

Tailoring language for genitourinary function in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer to facilitate discussions in diverse populations and overcome health literacy barriers.

Poor comprehension of prostate cancer (PCa) medical terms can create barriers to PCa treatment discussions. The authors measured comprehension of PCa terms and its relationship to health literacy in a group of Black men who were newly diagnosed with PCa. Theyexaminedwhether tailoring communication with alternative colloquial words would be helpful and acceptable. Patients were recruited from urology clinics (N=152). After they met with their providers to discuss PCa treatment options, they participated in an educational supplement delivered as a structured interview. The supplement tailored PCa treatment information by allowing men to choose between colloquial and medical terms for genitourinary (GU) function. Health literacy was measured using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, and comprehension of common PCa terms was assessed using published methods. Pearson correlation was used to estimate the association between health literacy and comprehension of PCa terms. Spearman rank correlation (r) was used to assess the relation between the total number of medical terms preferred (range, 0-10) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine scores (range, 0-66). Most patients (62%) had low health literacy, which was strongly correlated with their understanding of PCa terms (r=0.526; p<.001). Poor comprehension of many PCa terms established the need to use alternative language for GU function (only 20% knew the word incontinence). There was a statistically significant positive association between the number of medical terms preferred and health literacy (r=0.358; p<.001). A majority of patients (91%) preferred a mixture of medical and colloquial terms. Tailoring communications with colloquial terms for GU function was preferred by most patients regardless of health literacy.

Spanish translation of the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) compilation

BackgroundMost implementation science resources (e.g., taxonomies) are published in English. Linguistic inaccessibility creates a barrier to the conduct of implementation research among non-English-speaking populations, so translation of resources is needed. Translation into Spanish can facilitate widespread reach, given the large proportion of Spanish speakers around the world. This research aimed to systematically translate the Expert Recommendations for Implementation Change (ERIC) compilation into Spanish as an exemplar for the linguistic translation process.MethodsUsing the World Health Organization guidelines, this work translated the ERIC compilation strategy names, short definitions, and thematic clusters through a three-step process: 1) forward translation into Spanish by a native Spanish-speaking implementation scientist, 2) back-translation into English by a bilingual global health researcher, and 3) piloting via virtual focus group discussions with bilingual researchers not conducting implementation research. To achieve a generalizable translation, recruitment targeted a multicultural group of Spanish-speaking researchers. At the conclusion of each step, the transdisciplinary research team (N = 7) met to discuss discrepancies and refine translations. The Spanish version of the ERIC compilation was finalized through group consensus. Reflections from research team meetings and focus group discussions were synthesized qualitatively.ResultsGiven that dialectical nuances exist between Spanish-speaking regions, efforts prioritized universally accepted terminology. Team discussions focused on difficult translations, word choice, and clarity of concepts. Seven researchers participated in two focus groups, where discussion surrounded clarity of concepts, alternative word choice for Spanish translations, linguistic formality, grammar, and conciseness. Translation difficulties highlighted lack of precision in implementation science terminology, and the lack of conceptual clarity of words underscored limitations in the application of the compilation.ConclusionsThe work demonstrated the feasibility of translating implementation science resources. As one of the first systematic efforts to translate implementation resources, this study can serve as a model for additional efforts, including translation into other languages and the expansion to conceptual modifications. Further, this work yielded insights into the need to provide conceptual clarity in implementation science terminology. Importantly, the development of Spanish resources will increase access to conduct implementation research among Spanish-speaking populations.

Emerging Trends in Information-Seeking Behavior for Alpha-Gal Syndrome: Infodemiology Study Using Time Series and Content Analysis.

Alpha-gal syndrome is an emerging allergy characterized by an immune reaction to the carbohydrate molecule alpha-gal found in red meat. This unique food allergy is likely triggered by a tick bite. Cases of the allergy are on the rise, but prevalence estimates do not currently exist. Furthermore, varying symptoms and limited awareness of the allergy among health care providers contribute to delayed diagnosis, leading individuals to seek out their own information and potentially self-diagnose. The study aimed to (1) describe the volume and patterns of information-seeking related to alpha-gal, (2) explore correlations between alpha-gal and lone star ticks, and (3) identify specific areas of interest that individuals are searching for in relation to alpha-gal. Google Trends Supercharged-Glimpse, a new extension of Google Trends, provides estimates of the absolute volume of searches and related search queries. This extension was used to assess trends in searches for alpha-gal and lone star ticks (lone star tick, alpha gal, and meat allergy, as well as food allergy for comparison) in the United States. Time series analyses were used to examine search volume trends over time, and Spearman correlation matrices and choropleth maps were used to explore geographic and temporal correlations between alpha-gal and lone star tick searches. Content analysis was performed on related search queries to identify themes and subcategories that are of interest to information seekers. Time series analysis revealed a rapidly increasing trend in search volumes for alpha-gal beginning in 2015. After adjusting for long-term trends, seasonal trends, and media coverage, from 2015 to 2022, the predicted adjusted average annual percent change in search volume for alpha-gal was 33.78%. The estimated overall change in average search volume was 627%. In comparison, the average annual percent change was 9.23% for lone star tick, 7.34% for meat allergy, and 2.45% for food allergy during this time. Geographic analysis showed strong significant correlations between alpha-gal and lone star tick searches especially in recent years (ρ=0.80; P<.001), with primary overlap and highest search rates found in the southeastern region of the United States. Content analysis identified 10 themes of primary interest: diet, diagnosis or testing, treatment, medications or contraindications of medications, symptoms, tick related, specific sources of information and locations, general education information, alternative words for alpha-gal, and unrelated or other. The study provides insights into the changing information-seeking patterns for alpha-gal, indicating growing awareness and interest. Alpha-gal search volume is increasing at a rapid rate. Understanding specific questions and concerns can help health care providers and public health educators to tailor communication strategies. The Google Trends Supercharged-Glimpse tool offers enhanced features for analyzing information-seeking behavior and can be valuable for infodemiology research. Further research is needed to explore the evolving prevalence and impact of alpha-gal syndrome.

A semantic study of "heavy" and its corresponding Chinese word "zhong"

This paper aims to analyze the English adjective "heavy" and its corresponding word in Chinese, "zhong", using the framework of lexical typology as suggested by François (2008). Through this article, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the various semantic meanings associated with "heavy" in English. These semantic meanings are derived from empirical observations and functional properties. Moreover, we compare these meanings with their corresponding counterparts in Chinese, revealing both similarities and differences with the word "zhong". In the English language, "heavy" is connected to several senses, as defined by the Oxford Dictionary. It can refer to something weighing a lot, being worse than usual, not delicate when modifying, being thick as a material, being full of something, being large and powerful when modifying machines, being busy, or being involved in physically demanding work (heavy digging/lifting). Additionally, "heavy" can modify actions like "fall" or "hit", describe a substantial amount of food, indicate excessive use, modify sounds, imply seriousness or difficulty, describe large bodies of water (e.g., sea/ocean), and pertain to weather conditions, air, and soil. Furthermore, it can connote strictness in certain contexts. Several of these meanings find parallels in the Chinese word "zhong", such as referring to something that weighs a lot, modifying machines to signify size and power, relating to physically demanding work (e.g., heavy digging/lifting), describing the fall or impact of objects, indicating a substantial amount of food, or denoting seriousness or difficulty. Moreover, both "heavy" and "zhong" share the function of modifying actions related to drinking, smoking, or sleeping. However, it is important to note that in Chinese, alternative words like "chen" or "si" can also be used to express similar ideas.

Adapting the EQ-5D-3L for adults with mild to moderate learning disabilities

BackgroundApproximately 1.5 million adults in the UK have a learning disability. The difference between age at death for this group and the general population is 26 years for females and 22 years for males. The NHS Long Term Plan (January 2019) recognises learning disabilities as a clinical priority area. People with a learning disability are often excluded from research by design or lack of reasonable adjustments, and self-reported health status/health-related quality of life questionnaires such as the EQ-5D are often not appropriate for this population. Here, we systematically examine the EQ-5D-3L (its wording, content, and format) using qualitative methods to inform the adaption of the measure for use with adults with mild to moderate learning disabilities.MethodsThink-aloud interviews with carers/advocates of learning-disabled adults were undertaken to explore the difficulties with completing the EQ-5D-3L. Alternative wording, language, structure, and images were developed using focus groups, stakeholder reference groups, and an expert panel. Data analysis followed a framework method.ResultsThe dimensions and levels within the EQ-5D-3L were deemed appropriate for adults with mild to moderate learning disabilities. Consensus on wording, structure, and images was reached through an iterative process, and an adapted version of the EQ-5D-3L was finalised.ConclusionThe EQ-5D-3L adapted for adults with mild to moderate intellectual/learning disabilities can facilitate measurement of self-reported health status. Research is underway to assess the potential use of the adaptation for economic evaluation.

Exploring Kawayan Dialect Lexicon (Wordlist) in Southern Negros, Philippines

The extent of lexical research has resulted in the development of word lists, which have to rely on consideration of code-glosses and their alternative words to understand their meaning and the status of these forms. This research tries to describe the Kawayan dialect lexicon from a list of 278 words that are more easily traced to the Bisayan family and appear to be Western Bisayan by utilizing and manipulating an Excel Pivot Table to trace timestamps to extract words from informants (native speakers). The research was submitted for cross-checking between coders to be reviewed and checked for validity and reliability as a protocol for verifying the accuracy of data collection from native speakers. This word list is essential in providing information about the genetic relationship of the Kawayan dialect to the Filipino language group. Additionally, digging deeper into how this research is presented and disseminated to its intended readers and scholars is productive and eye-opening. Since this is a pioneering investigation and documentation of the Kawayan dialect, although it may be annoying, at least it started as one of the distinctive features of other dialects yet to be included in the list of Filipino dialects. Researchers today urge us to explore and investigate this dialect before it disappears.

‘I crave not to feel uncomfortable’ – investigating craving for opioids and cannabis among individuals with chronic pain

Background The assessment of drug craving is common in survey studies, including those using real-time data collection methods, such as Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). However, few studies investigate how participants with chronic pain interpret the word ‘craving’ and how interpretations impact survey responses. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods study among 12 individuals with chronic pain who were using prescription opioids and cannabis. Participants completed baseline surveys, cognitive interviews, and 14-day smartphone-based EMA data collection. Analyses included deductive and inductive coding of interviews and t-tests of EMA self-reports of opioid and cannabis craving. Results Four participants had negative reactions to the word ‘craving’, including mentions that these questions offended them. The remaining eight participants mentioned no negative connotation. EMA data showed that participants without negative reactions reported a greater range (opioids), higher standard deviation (opioids), and higher maximum (opioids, cannabis) on Likert-type EMA craving items, compared to those with a negative reaction. Conclusions Some individuals with chronic pain may have a negative reaction to the word ‘craving’ related to opioid and cannabis use and this reaction may impact survey responses. Alternative wording of survey items is recommended, for example focused on ‘wanting’ or ‘needing’.

Word learning by children with developmental language disorder: Identifying gaps in our understanding of spaced retrieval effects.

Current evidence shows that children with developmental language disorder (DLD) benefit from spaced retrieval during word learning activities. Word recall is quite good relative to recall with alternative word learning procedures. However, recall on an absolute basis can be improved further; many studies report that fewer than two-thirds of the words are learned, even with the assistance of spaced retrieval during the learning activities. In this article we identify details of spaced retrieval that are less well understood in an effort to promote more effective learning through retrieval practice. We discuss the importance of factors such as: (a) integrating immediate retrieval with spaced retrieval trials; (b) determining whether gradual increases in spacing have more than short-term benefits relative to equal spacing; (c) discovering the number of successful retrievals sufficient to ensure later recall; (d) using spaced retrieval to avoid erosion of phonetic details on later recall tests; and (e) whether the well-documented difficulties with learning word forms might be tied to a particular subgroup of children with DLD. We also speculate on some of the possible reasons why spaced retrieval is beneficial in the first place. Although many children with DLD make gains in word learning through procedures that incorporate spaced retrieval, there are numerous details involved in the process that can alter its success. Until we have a better understanding of the boundaries of spaced retrieval's effectiveness, we will not be taking full advantage of this promising addition to word learning procedures. Spaced retrieval activities can be an important addition to the resources that clinicians and educators have available to assist children in their word learning. With a deeper understanding of the issues discussed here, we should be able to put spaced retrieval to even greater use.

Students’ Abilities in Translating Personal Pronouns from Khmer to English

Unlike personal pronouns in English, personal pronouns in Khmer do not have the different forms of subject pronouns and object pronouns since a certain word can function both as a subject and as an object of a sentence. Another fact is that the personal pronouns in Khmer have many alternative words for one specific kind of personal pronouns based on the context in terms of age, social position or status, and intimacy. Therefore, the current study aims at investigating students’ abilities in translating personal pronouns from Khmer to English. Specifically, it intends to measure the proportion (percentage) of correct and incorrect translation, and explore types of errors within the translation. The qualitative study employed a set of translation exercises given to 40 students in a class of grade 10 in the first semester of the academic year 2022-2023. To investigate the kinds of errors, the researcher employed the framework of Corder (1974) which categorized errors into 4 types namely error of omission, addition, selection, and error of ordering. The results of the study showed that 82% of exercises were translated correctly. In addition, three types of errors were found. The error of omission was (51%) followed respectively by the error of selection (46%), and the error of addition (3%) but the error of ordering could not be found. The results suggested that the teacher should focus specifically more on the problematic areas of personal pronouns to help the students translate and learn personal pronouns better.

Do more proficient writers use fewer cognates in L2? A computational approach

AbstractBilinguals often show evidence of cross language influences, such as facilitation in processing cognates. Here we use computational methods for analyzing spontaneous English texts written by hundreds of speakers of different L1s, at different levels of English proficiency, to investigate writers’ preference for using cognates over alternative word choices. We focus on English, since a majority of its lexicon is either of Romance or Germanic origin, allowing an investigation of the preference of speakers of Germanic and Romance L1s towards cognates between their L1 and English. Results show that L2 writers tend to prefer English cognates, and that this tendency is weaker as English proficiency level increases, suggesting diminishing effects of CLI. However, a comparison of the L2 writers with native English writers shows general overuse of cognates only for the Germanic, but not the Romance, L1 speakers, most likely due to the register of argumentative writing.

Statistical language model-based analysis of the English-Chinese corpus and political discourse

Abstract Politics and political discourse are closely related to people’s daily life, and this study aims to propose a new approach to political discourse analysis by combining English and Chinese corpora. By exploring the composition of formal language and the grammar generation process, this paper proposes an improved N-gram algorithm to address the shortcomings of the N-gram model in dealing with low-frequency words with low accuracy and uses the strategy of introducing alternative words to alleviate the problem of sparse data. Then, a critical metaphor analysis of political discourse in the English-Chinese corpus is conducted based on the improved statistical language model, and the convergence of political discourse is studied in terms of space and time. By analyzing the political discourse of American presidents, the spatial centrality factors of “we” and “our nation” were accurately extracted, and their correlations were 0.83, 0.73, 0.68, 0.51, 0.76, and 0.41 in order. The correlations of the unqualified facsimile noun phrases in the temporal convergence of political discourse reached 0.28, 0.25, 0.72, 0.68, and 0.54, respectively, and the accuracy of the improved N-gram model improved by about 28.1% compared with the traditional method, making using statistical linguistic models for political discourse analysis feasible and applicable.

Ignoring the alternatives: The N400 is sensitive to stimulus preactivation alone

The N400 component of the event-related brain potential is a neural signal of processing difficulty. In the language domain, it is widely believed to be sensitive to the degree to which a given word or its semantic features have been preactivated in the brain based on the preceding context. However, it has also been shown that the brain often preactivates many words in parallel. It is currently unknown whether the N400 is also affected by the preactivations of alternative words other than the stimulus that is actually presented. This leaves a weak link in the derivation chain—how can we use the N400 to understand the mechanisms of preactivation if we do not know what it indexes? This study directly addresses this gap. We estimate the extent to which all words in a lexicon are preactivated in a given context using the predictions of contemporary large language models. We then directly compare two competing possibilities: that the amplitude of the N400 is sensitive only to the extent to which the stimulus is preactivated, and that it is also sensitive to the preactivation states of the alternatives. We find evidence of the former. This result allows for better grounded inferences about the mechanisms underlying the N400, lexical preactivation in the brain, and language processing more generally.

Telerehabilitation Technology Used for Remote Wrist/Finger Range of Motion Evaluation: A Scoping Review.

Monitoring finger/wrist range of motion (ROM) is an important component of routine hand therapy after surgery. Telerehabilitation is a field that may potentially address various barriers of in-person hand therapy appointments. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review is to identify telerehabilitation technologies that can be feasibly used in a patient's home to objectively measure finger/wrist ROM. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews, we systematically searched MEDLINE and Embase electronic databases using alternative word spellings for the following core concepts: "wrist/hand," "rehabilitation," and "telemedicine." Studies were imported into Covidence, and systematic two-level screening was done by two independent reviewers. Patient demographics and telerehabilitation information were extracted from the selected articles, and a narrative synthesis of the findings was done. There were 28 studies included in this review, of which the telerehabilitation strategies included smartphone angle measurement applications, smartphone photography, videoconference, and wearable or external sensors. Most studies measured wrist ROM with the most accurate technologies being wearable and external sensors. For finger ROM, the smartphone angle application and photography had higher accuracy than sensor systems. The telerehabilitation strategies that had the highest level of usability in a remote setting were smartphone photographs and estimation during virtual appointments. Telerehabilitation can be used as a reliable substitute to in-person goniometer measurements, particularly the smartphone photography and motion sensor ROM measurement technologies. Future research should investigate how to improve the accuracy of motion sensor applications that are available on easy-to-access devices.

Lexical Translanguaging in Textbook Preparation for Education in the Gamo Language of Ethiopia

As a country where more than 85 languages are spoken, Ethiopia framed, in its Education and Training Policy of 1994, which was revised in 2021, the right to use mother tongue in primary education. Following this, around 33 languages are implemented in schools as a Medium of Instruction (MoI). Gamo is one of the languages used as a MoI in primary education and taught as a subject up to high school. This functional expansion of Gamo into Education required textbook preparation, and accordingly, textbooks for different subjects, including Gamo as a language subject, were published. One major feature of the Gamo textbooks is availability of Amharic and English words, and this research aims to apply translanguaging, which is the discursive language practices of bilingual speakers to describe the practice of using words from different languages in the textbooks. Lexical data were collected from five textbooks written in Gamo and interviews were held with students and teachers to find out information about the process of textbook writing and translanguaging. The strategies identified in the textbooks include alternative translanguaging, borrowing, lexical inventions and bilingual compounds. These strategies were used to address education in the Gamo language and to communicate meaning effectively. Writers used their Amharic and English repertoire to represent meaning when a word for a concept is not available in Gamo. In other instances, alternative words were provided as a means of enhancing meaning clarity.

A Qualitative Investigation to Develop an Adapted Version of the EQ-5D-Y-3L for Use in Children Aged 2-4 Years

ObjectivesFew preference-weighted health-related quality-of-life measures exist for children under 5 years of age. Young children are substantial consumers of healthcare services. This project aims to assess EQ-5D-Y-3L’s appropriateness in children aged 2 to 4 years and to coproduce with parents a suitable adaptation. MethodsPurposive sampling at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute and Royal Children’s Hospital was used to recruit parents or carers of children aged 2 to 4 years in Australia. Online focus groups were conducted consisting of 13 parents of healthy children, and 6 parents of children with moderate to severe health conditions. Parents provided feedback on each dimension of the proxy EQ-5D-Y-3L. Recordings were transcribed and thematic analysis was conducted. Qualitative findings guided the design of adaptations to the instrument. The adaptations were piloted to obtain feedback and refined to improve language translatability and comparability with other EuroQol instruments. ResultsThe adapted EQ-5D-Y-3L was considered generally acceptable by the parents. Parents provided a wide range of examples of how each domain related to their children, with varied examples provided across ages 2 to 4 years and health status. Additional or alternative wording was suggested by parents to improve the applicability of the instrument to this age group. One example of this was the change of the domain wording “walking about” to “movement”—ID5:“In this age group, movement is more important than walking.” ConclusionsThe adapted EQ-5D-Y-3L has improved relevance for 2-4-year olds and appears easy to complete. Further testing of the adapted instrument is required to evaluate acceptability, reliability, and validity.

Suffixal borrowed lexical items and features of their transformation in modern European languages (on the material of modern terms)

This work is a scientific research, based on the comparison of different terminological branches, where the terminological units of the most influential foreign languages are presented. This approach is relevant in our time due to the globalization of the world economy. Because the globalization process is active, regardless of the attitude to it of some countries or some groups of the population. The descriptive method and elements of the structure-typological method are used in the work. The process of creation of modern legal and economic terms is studied synchronously; when the need arises to explain the origin of terms, to show the path taken by this or that term, the author turned to etymological dictionaries, i.e. the data of dichrony was obtained. Thus, the novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in the formation of alternative words, which we are all used to and do not perceive them as such, described ways of adapting terminoelelements of classical origin in near-spoken and non-spoken Indo-European languages (Ukrainian, German, French, English). However, they underwent a difficult historical process of formation, being transformed into the hyphenated aphixi or medial parts of modern terms, for which the old Greek and Latin languages were their bosoms. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the dictionary definitions, in the structure of which the final terminological elements are highlighted. Suffixal borrowed lexemes of modern terms are considered in terms of their semantic analysis and morphology of the Latin language as the most common final elements in European languages. The hypothesis of complete or partial adaptation of the structural elements is confirmed and the ways and means of their penetration into the systems of various languages are considered. This article is also based on the deductive method and is an attempt to substantiate the study of language phenomena and their regularities through the singular to the riddle. There are no guesses, conjectures, notions, fantasies. The work is based on concrete language facts, formalized and synthesized into general conclusions, and interpreted into semantic models. In the future they can be used in information and speech languages and the systems that serve them. The new trends of Industry 4.0 and related technologies are impossible without the exchange of data put by people in an automated system. That is why we are creating in real time the future basis that defines the cultural identification of people.

Personalized Prompt Learning for Explainable Recommendation

Providing user-understandable explanations to justify recommendations could help users better understand the recommended items, increase the system’s ease of use, and gain users’ trust. A typical approach to realize it is natural language generation. However, previous works mostly adopt recurrent neural networks to meet the ends, leaving the potentially more effective pre-trained Transformer models under-explored. In fact, user and item IDs, as important identifiers in recommender systems, are inherently in different semantic space as words that pre-trained models were already trained on. Thus, how to effectively fuse IDs into such models becomes a critical issue. Inspired by recent advancement in prompt learning, we come up with two solutions: find alternative words to represent IDs (called discrete prompt learning) and directly input ID vectors to a pre-trained model (termed continuous prompt learning). In the latter case, ID vectors are randomly initialized but the model is trained in advance on large corpora, so they are actually in different learning stages. To bridge the gap, we further propose two training strategies: sequential tuning and recommendation as regularization. Extensive experiments show that our continuous prompt learning approach equipped with the training strategies consistently outperforms strong baselines on three datasets of explainable recommendation.