Alternative Staple Food Research Articles

Profitability Assessment of Intercropping Adlay with Different Grain Legumes

Adlay is considered as alternative staple food in the region. Low yield was one among the concern in order to address the long maturity days compared to corn and rice. Three (3) grain legumes were evaluated to determine its profitability when intercropped with adlay. It was conducted at Dinas and San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur for the period 2015-2017. Intercropping adlay with mungbean revealed highest net return compared to other grain legumes. But all grain legumes intercropped with adlay shows higher net income compared to planting adlay as monocrop.

Shelf-life prediction of sago flour (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) in polyethylene packaging

Sago is one of the local foods in Indonesia which is very rich in carbohydrates. This food product has been used as an alternative staple food in various regions. Sago can usually be found on the market in the form of packaged flour. Each type of packaging will of course have a different effect on the shelf life. This research was conducted to determine how long the shelf life of sago flour is packaged in polyethylene packaging with various thicknesses, namely 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08 mm. Estimation of shelf life was carried out using the Labuza approach by utilizing information from the sago starch isotherm sorption curve. Sago flour is packaged using polyethylene packaging and placed in a room with RH of 60, 70 and 80%, and at a temperature of 30 and 40 ℃. The shelf-life prediction based on this Labuza approach showed that the product in polyethylene packaging with a thickness of 0.08 mm had the longest shelf-life. The thicker the packaging, the longer the shelf-life of sago flour, which was caused by the lower permeability value of packaging. This finding supports the fact that the permeability value of packaging is inversely proportional to the packaging thickness.

Effect of duration and steaming cycle on nutritional value and functional properties of instant fried corn rice

Food is not only seen as products for nutritional needs but also as products with functional properties that are beneficial for health. Corn has the potential benefit of local food to be developed as an alternative staple food. In addition to having good nutritional value and functional properties, the availability of corn in certain areas is ubiquitous. This study aimed to observe variables consisting of a different method of steaming on the characteristics of nutritional value and functional properties of Instant Fried Corn Rice. Data were analysed in triplicates using a completely randomized design and post analysed using Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the steaming time of 30 mins for 1, 2, and 3 times has a shorter cooking time, greater rehydration ratio, and water absorption and tends to be lower in volume expansion compared to 15 mins, 20 mins, and 25 mins of steaming time. The treatment with 1-cycle of steaming had a dietary fibre content of 13.80% db, significantly higher than the 2-cycle and 3-cycle steaming process. The 2-cycle treatment had a carotene content of 61.79 µg/g, higher than 1-cycle and 3- cycle.

Kajian Keragaan Komponen Hasil dan Produktivitas Dua Varietas Jagung yang Ditanam Secara Legowo dan Cara Petani di Kabupaten Buleleng

Maize is considered as a potential commodity to support food diversification as an alternative staple food due to its nutritional content, especially carbohydrates and protein, which are tend to equal to the rice and its high production level. The citizen of Buleleng consume maize as their daily staple food other than rice. This condition indirectly necessitates abundant maize production in this region which has the largest of harvest area in Bali however it was not as same as with its productivity particularly due to the un-optimum cultivation technical. Research about superior maize varieties has not been widely carried out in Bali, especially in the Buleleng Regency as the largest producer of maize production in Bali. Therefore, this study aims to examine the yield component performance and productivity of two superior maize varieties planted by using the legowo planting system and the habits of farmers in Buleleng Regency. Research was conducted in Gerokgak Village, Gerokgak District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province from May to August 2019 which was built using Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments using two superior maize varieties namely Nasa-29 and Pulut Uri cultivated by legowo and farmer's habits planting system repeated 4 times. Results showed that the Nasa-29 variety has cobs with the characteristics of cob length, number of rows per cob, number of seeds per cob and weight of 1000 seeds are higher than the Pulut Uri variety, both planted by legowo and farmers' habits planting system. Differences in spacing/planting systems give the same effect on cob weight, number of rows per cob, seed weight per cob and productivity of Pulut Uri variety, but significantly affect to cob length, number of seeds per row and cob diameter. Meanwhile, the different planting systems in the Nasa-29 variety had a significant effect to almost all observed cob characteristics except for the number of rows per cob. The highest maize productivity was produced by the Nasa-29 variety. Differences in cropping systems and varieties have significantly effect to maize productivity. The Nasa-29 variety showed a more tolerant response to the cob borer pest and cob rot disease. Planting with legowo tends to reduce the intensity of pest and disease attacks compared to farmers' methods.

Shoot Tip Culture: A Potential In Vitro Culture Multiplication of Screw Pines (Pandanus tectorius Park.)

Pandanus tectorius Park., tree of life, which almost all of its parts are used by humans. Industrial fiber made from screw pine leaves has been successfully exported to several countries, while the fruit is consumed as an alternative staple food. Fruit is only produced by female plants, because screw pine is dioecious plant. Farmers obtain screw pine seedling using stem cuttings from female trees, but the number of seedling produced is limited and this technique can damage the plant. Alternative seedling production using seeds has constraints in the form of uncertainty over the sex of the seedling. One of the best ways to provide screw pine seedling is to use a shoot-tip culture technique. Shoot-tip culture is able to reproduce plants efficiently and quickly and does not damage the plant. Seedling will also have the same genetic traits as the selected plant. However, efforts to develop an efficient and fast screw pine shoot-tip culture protocol have not been carried out massively. The induction and shoot multiplication stages still had a low success rate. Another problem in seedling production through tissue culture is the certainty seedlings are true-to-type. This review article aims to reveal the potential of shoot-tip culture for in vitro screw pine seedling production and to test the genetic stability of the screw pine seedling.

The Prospect of Developing Breadfruit as An Alternative Source of Food to Support Food Diversification

Local food is a strategic product for fulfilling the needs of substitute staple for rice and also for food mainstay and a business commodity. One of the local food sources of alternative carbohydrates is breadfruit. Breadfruit production in Indonesia reaches to approximately 190,551.00 tons. Besides being used as food, breadfruit is also used as a raw material for the industry. It has a relatively high nutritional composition. In 100 grams of wet weight, breadfruit contains of 27.12 grams of carbohydrates, 17 mg of calcium, 29 mg of vitamin C, 490 mg of potassium and an energy value of 103 calories. The edible portion (flesh) of the young fruit is 70%, while the ripe fruit is 78%. Currently, the consumption of breadfruit is limited into form of boiled or fried one. Various technologies have been developed in order to increase the variant of breadfruit processed product as an alternative staple food besides rice, wheat and corn. Along with the times, breadfruit has been processed into various form of foods, in order to increase its value in society and be consumed as staple food. Several types of processed breadfruit that has been used as staple foods are breadfruit flour, noodles/vermicelli; bread, sponge; donuts; cakes; breadfruit chips; etc. The effort of processing breadfruit into various kinds of processed foods can support the development program of food diversification. Food diversification is an effort to increase the availability of various food and based on the potential of local resources to meet the diversity of food consumption patterns, which also nutritionally balanced and safe; develop food business; and/or improve the welfare of the community. This paper is the result of a summary and synthesis of several research and assessment results.

Potential of Indonesian Community Food Sources which are Rich in Fiber as an Alternative Staple Food for Type 2 Diabetics: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND: Staple foods as a source of carbohydrates contribute most of human energy needs. Based on Perkeni’s recommendation, diabetic patients can consume at least 45–60% of carbohydrate sources. In addition, several previous studies have shown that increasing the adequacy of dietary fiber above 20–25 g/day can improve glycemic control. AIM: Our scoping review investigated the potential of Indonesian food sources, namely, sorghum and corn as a source of carbohydrates and also fiber as a substitute rice for diabetic patients. METHODS: We systematically used electronic databases searched such as PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Portal Garuda, Sinta Ristekbrin, and Google Scholar. We choose the relevant documents used experimental animals and humans’ studies then published between 2011 and 2021. RESULTS: In total, 17 relevant articles discuss the relationship between giving corn or sorghum with blood glucose levels of animal studies and human. Some studies showed that the effect of eating sorghum or its derivatives can reduce blood glucose. As well as, the other articles indicated eating corn or its derivatives also decrease glycemic response of healthy people and experimental animals. Corn and sorghum contain dietary fiber in the form of resistant starch and have low glycemic index compare with white rice. Furthermore, corn also contains essential fat, mineral, β-Carotene, and isoflavone, while sorghum also includes phenolic components such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. CONCLUSIONS: Sorghum and corn have the potential as an alternative staple food to achieve a better glycemic response in diabetic patients.

Common wild ethnomedicinal tuberous plants of Asia

Tuberous plants have always been used as food and medicine since ages. The carbohydrate content and other phytochemical constituents and their tubers make them the best form of nutraceutical. The diversity in the landscape in Asian countries makes the region a good place for the availability of wild tuberous plants. A literature survey and field work has been carried out to find the most common wild medicinal tuberous plants in Asian countries. The results revealed that the most common wild tuberous ethnomedicinal plants belong to the family Zingiberaceae, Araceae, Dioscoreaceae. Identifying these plants could be helpful as an alternative staple food or to meet the food scarcity during famine. With its potential to be used as a nutraceutical, selected tuberous plants can be used in the screening of future drugs.

Variability in Prolificacy, Total Carotenoids, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin of Yellow Small-Ear Waxy Corn Germplasm

Waxy corn is a popular, alternative staple food in most Asian countries including Thailand. The availability of small-ear waxy corn genotypes with prolific ears and a high level of carotenoids is expected to benefit growers and consumers. Integrated evaluation among source germplasm is essential before performing further breeding efforts for enhancing prolific ears and high-carotenoid content. Thus, the present study explored the variability of ear prolificacy, total carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene among yellow small-ear waxy corn accessions. About 44 corn accessions and 4 check varieties were evaluated for agronomic traits and yield components under multienvironment trials in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The immature seed sample of these genotypes was analyzed to quantify the content of total carotenoids and some carotenoid fractions. All traits showed that low GXE interaction and significant genotypic diversity existed among all tested accessions with the predominant contribution of genotype to total phenotypic variation and beta-carotene. Accessions were clustered into four major groups based on the similarity of multiple carotenoids profiles. Three selected accessions (UT121001, KKU-WX112087, and KKU-WX212001) had higher values of total carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene than those of all check varieties. High and positive correlations among second-emerged ears, marketable second-emerged ears, and total ear number indicate that a higher chance of secondary ears becomes marketable ears with an increase of total ears per plant per hectare. Lutein and zeaxanthin had positive, strong correlations with total carotenoids. The implications and breeding strategies are discussed prior to promoting yellow small-ear waxy corn as a biofortified crop.

Land evaluation of sweet potatoes with a parametric approach

Sweet potato is a food commodity that has high economic value and is an alternative staple food because of its energy and nutrition content. This study was in the form of parametric approach by assigning weights to each of the characteristics of both land and climate required for sweet potato plant growth. Climate and land suitability analysis was performed using the square root method. The results of climate suitability analysis showed that there were two periods of sweet potato plant growth, namely in November-March (S2) and March-July (S3) with a limiting factor in relative humidity (RH) and the length of the sun’s irradiation (n/N) which could not be improved. Land suitability analysis in the November-March growing period showed that there are two land suitability classes namely S3 (land units 1,2, 5 and 6) and N (land units 3 and 4). The limiting factors were soil depth, organic carbon and climate (humidity and length of sun exposure). Organic carbon is improvable by adding cover crops, soil depth with a high level of management, while climate such as relative humidity and irradiation are not manageable.

PENGGUNAAN AIR KELAPA DAN ASPIRIN UNTUK PRESERVASI UBI JALAR (Ipomea batatas) SECARA IN VITRO

Sweet potato is raw locally food used as an alternative staple food that important for national food security. The objective of the reseach was to achive the suitable medium for preservation of sweet potato plants by slowly growth in in vitro medium. The factorial experiment arranged in completely randomized design with the first factor was two concentrations of MS medium: MS 1 and MS 2. The second factor was several concentrations of coconut water, i.e. 0 and 15 mg/l and the third factor was several concentrations of Aspirin (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/l) . The results showed that the number of green leaves and the number of internodes were affected by concentrations of medium in six weeks after planting. The MS1 medium with 0 mg/l Aspirin and 15 mg/ coconut water could produced the higher number of green leaves (8,0) and 8,5 internodes number. The MS2 + 15 mg/l coconut water and 15 mg/l Aspirin was the best medium for sweet potato preservation. Data obtained also showed that all medium containing Aspirin produced the high number of root. Keywords : Sweet potato, coconut water, Aspirin, preservation, in vitro.

Morphological Variability and Taxonomic Relationship of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Accessions Based on Qualitative Characters

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a member of Poaceae family with three agronomic types corresponds to their specific uses namely grain sorghum, sweet sorghum, and forage sorghum. Although sorghum in Indonesia is considered as under-utilized crop, but it has the potential as an alternative resource for staple food in diversification program to support food security. The potential of sorghum as alternative staple food is due to its high nutritional value, and the ability to grow well in marginal lands with maintaining good productivity. The objectives of this study were to assess the extent of morphological variability and to resolve taxonomic relationship of sorghum accessions from Java Island based on morphological characters. Twenty nine sorghum samples were collected from three provinces in Java, namely Central Java, Special Province of Yogyakarta, and East Java. Morphological data observed refers to Descriptors for Sorghum, generating 19 qualitative characters used in cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Cluster analysis resulted in the grouping of 29 accessions into three groups corresponding to the racial classification of sorghum. Results of principal component analysis showed that the main distinguishing characters between groups were inflorescence compactness and shape, glume coverage, presence or absence of awn, presence or absence of grain sub-coat, grain shape, and grain color. Analysis of correlation showed that there were very strong relationship between glume coverage and the presence of awn, and between the presence of grain sub-coat and grain color. Results of this study revealed that sorghum accessions cultivated on Java Island consisted of four races namely Bicolor, Guinea, Caudatum, and Kafir.

Serine protease from Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) latex

Breadfruit is recognized as a plant with the potential to be cultivated as an alternative staple food due to its high starch content and envisioned as a solution to mitigate hunger. The plant bears abundant fruits throughout the year with its productivity is comparable to other staple crops and it thrives well in countries where the poor population is high. Breadfruit however, exudes copious amount of latex upon harvesting and the stained epicarp often perceived as low in quality. Standardized methods of harvesting in plantations include a stage of latex draining by inverting the fruit for several hours. The latex will be drained to the ground and considered as an agricultural waste with no current commercial application. Despite being considered as a nuisance, plant latexes is a rich source of proteases functioned as a defensive mechanism against pathogenic attacks. In the effort to identify its potential, the breadfruit latex protease was purified and its characteristics were determined. The stability of the protease was investigated and its kinetics of inactivation was estimated in this research. Based on the analyses, breadfruit latex was discovered to consist of a serine protease with highly stable properties, potentially developed as an alternative commercial protease.

Checking Agriculture's Pulse: Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.), Sustainability, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency.

Investigations regarding the incorporation of better sustainable production strategies into current agricultural-food systems are necessary to grow crops that reduce negative impacts on the environment yet will meet the production and nutritional demand of 10 billion people by 2050. The introduction of organic, alternative staple food crops, such as nutrient-dense field pea (Pisum sativum L.), to the everyday diet, may alleviate micronutrient malnutrition and incorporate more sustainable agriculture practices globally. Varieties are grown in organic systems currently yield less than conventionally produced foods, with less bioavailable nutrients, due to poor soil nutrient content. One of the most limiting nutrients for field pea is phosphorus (P) because this legume crop requires significant inputs for nodule formation. Therefore, P use efficiency (PUE) should be a breeding target for sustainable agriculture and biofortification efforts; the important role of the soil microbiome in nutrient acquisition should also be examined. The objectives of this review are to highlight the benefits of field pea for organic agriculture and human health, and discuss nutritional breeding strategies to increase field pea production in organic systems. Field pea and other pulse crops are underrepresented in agricultural research, yet are important crops for a sustainable future and better food systems. Furthermore, because field pea is consumed globally by both developed and at-risk populations, research efforts could help increase global health overall and combat micronutrient malnutrition.

Increased Amylopectin Content Potential in Corn Grains of Quality Protein Maize (QPM)

Maize can be developed as an alternative staple food in anticipation of dependence on rice consumption which continues to increase along with the increase of population. In order for increase corn consumption it needs to be assembled to improve corn nutrition and taste at an affordable price. The objective of this research was to increase amylopectin content in QPM corn grains without reducing the potential of protein quality and production potential.The method used in this research was Back Cross Breeding. This research was done until the formation of Genotype F2. Stages of the method that has been done were started by hybridization between corn Variety of Srikandi Putih (Recipient’s parents) and corn Local Waxy Corn (Donor Parents). Recipientparents were planted in 3 rows and donor parents in 1 row. Each row consisted of 40 plants. The crosses resulted in the genotype F1. Genotype F1 planted in 2 rows and then selfing 21 plants to yield Genotype F2. The research results showed that amylopectin content of corn grains in F1, F2, Parent of Srikandi Putih Variety and Local Waxy Corn were 92,57%, 91,31%, 81,92% and 97,80%, respectively. At this stage of the study, it is concluded that there was a change of amylopectin content of grains in Genotype F1 and Genotype F2 due to crosses compared to their parents.

The development of instant (dried) sago noodles fortified with functional components

Sago is a major plantation crop in the Meranti, Indragiri Hilir and Bengkalis regions of Riau Province, Indonesia. Sago may be substituted for rice as an alternative staple food in this area, in particular in form of traditional fresh noodles, locally called wet noodles. This product is rich in carbohydrates but it has a low protein content. Therefore, it is important to improve the nutritional value of sago noodles. This study aimed to process wet sago noodles into instant (dried) noodles fortified with functional food components (fish protein concentrate, fish oil, vitamins and total fibre) using various formulations through the addition of anchovy and shrimp concentrates as well as fermented angkak rice (red yeast rice) and katu (Sauropus androgynous) leaves. Sago noodle quality was evaluated through organoleptic tests and proximate composition analysis. The data obtained were homogenized, then tabulated and analysed descriptively. The results showed that the majority of organoleptic panellists (77-83 %) liked sago noodles fortified with functional food components. In addition, fortification with functional components had a significantly effect on sago noodle protein content, which was higher (around 8-9 %) compared to the unfortified control (3.07 %), and fulfilled the Indonesian national standard (SnI) minimum requirement of 8%.

FTIR-METABOLOMICS TO CORRELATE SORGHUM’S CHEMICAL PROFILE AND HCT-116 CYTOTOXICITY CHANGES DURING RICE-ANALOGUE PRODUCTION

Rice-analogue (RA) made from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has recently been popular in Indonesia for its potential as an alternative staple food besides rice. Sorghum has many phytochemicals with various functional properties including those which correlate to anticancer activity. The RA production in-volves several steps; polishing, milling, mixing, extruding, and oven drying. This study used FTIR based metabolomics to identify if these steps affect sorghum phytochemicals composition and its cytotoxicity acti-vity against HCT-116 cell lines in-vitro. It was discovered that sorghum cytotoxic activity was relatively sta-ble during the process. The RA final product (oven dried RA) showed higher activity (90.85%) as compared to other samples taken from previous step (2000 ppm dose). The correlation between FTIR profile and cytotoxic activity of RA was analyzed using one of the multivariate data analysis method namely orthogonal projection to the least square (OPLS). By comparing the OPLS data with FTIR data of compounds reported to be found in sorghum, it is shown that typical FTIR patterns for phenolic compounds particularly ferulic acids, p-coumaric acid, and procyanidins, as well as phytosterols, were highly correlated with RA’s cytotoxic activity. The signals were found to be dominant in the most active sample (oven dried RA). It can be concluded that sorghum phytochemicals responsible for its cytotoxic activity were not affected by processing steps, therefore RA is potential to be promoted as alternative func-tional staple food in Indonesia.

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Pokem (Pennisetum americanum L.) pada Berbagai Tingkat Dosis Pupuk Kotoran Ayam

<em>Pokem (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pennisetum</span>�<span style="text-decoration: underline;">americanum</span><strong> </strong></em>L<strong>.<em>) </em></strong><em>is</em><em> a crop that has high content of carbohydrate. It grows widely at Numfor Biak of Papua. This crop could be an alternative staple food in order to enhance food security through food diversification program. The objective of the research was to examine the influence of chicken manure on the growth and yield of pokem. The research was done at Kebun Percobaan Fapertek UNIPA Manokwari for three months from October to December 2009. It used random plot design with four level treatments of chicken manure dose; they are 0 g/crop (N1), 250 g/crop, 375 g/crop (N2) and 500 g/crop (N3). The result showed that application of chicken manure had a significant influence on the growth and yield of pokem. Plant height, shoot dry weight, number of seedling, and grains weight were high under pokem that had manure fertilizer compared to unfertilizer crop. Chicken manure could increase grains yield. The higher yield were found at N3 treatment (500 g/crop), yet it had not a significant difference with N1 and N2 treatments. It suggested to use 250 g/crop dose of chiken manure, as it was more cost-effective.</em>

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP ADOPSI VARIETAS UNGGUL JAGUNG PUTIH DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN-JAWA TENGAH

Maize is the second basic food need after rice that is potential and has high economic value in increasing income of farmers and food diversification program. White maize, in particular, is an alternative staple food in Grobogan Regency. The superior variety is a component of technology that plays a prominent role to increase productivity, disease resistant, and environmentally suitable (specific location). The aim of the study was to determine the influential factors in the adoption of superior variety of white maize in order to achieve transfer of technology. The study was carried out in three villages of Grobogan Regency, Central Java: namely Sumber Jatipohon, Godan, and Karangasem. The locations were determined with purposive sampling and the number of respondents interviewed was 120 farmers (40 farmers in each village) between September-December 2015. Analyses of the data were descriptively and quantitatively using percentages, charts and tables with logistic regression. The results of this study showed that the interest of farmers to adopt new superior variety of white maize was quite good around 66.7 percent. Farmers’ interest toward superior variety may be considered high. While factors significantly influencing the adoption included income, knowledge or information on technology, agriculture extension support, pest, and availability of seeds. On the other hand, factors which were not significantly affecting the adoption included age, formal education, farmers’ experience, and land size.

Development of Intervention Model of Staple Food Consumption Pattern from Rice Toward Alternative Staple Food: Consumer’s Belief

Food security has become one of the global strategic issues. One of the important issues related to food security in Indonesia is the dependency on rice as a staple food. The diversification of food policy that is promoted by the government has not achieved optimally. In previous studies, it is known that basically, people have a positive attitude towards alternative (nonrice non-wheat) staple food. However, the intention to consume the alternative (non-rice nonwheat) the staple food is low. Therefore, it is important to understand the supporting and obstacles to change their staple food consumption pattern. By using factor analysis, this study found eight supporting factors and also obstacles. Keywords: staple food, food security, diversification.