Alternative Measurement Models Research Articles

Uncertainty in banking and debt financing of firms in Vietnam.

This study explores the effects of banking uncertainty on firms' debt financing. Employing data from 2007 to 2022 of Vietnam-a bank-based economy, we document that banking uncertainty negatively impacts corporate debt. The impact firmly holds across various debt maturities and sources, with the most predominant driver witnessed in bank debt. We also investigate the potential underlying mechanism linking banking uncertainty to debt financing, thereby validating the working of three crucial channels, including increased costs of debt, substitution of trade credit, and contractions in firm investment. Furthermore, conducting extended analysis, we find that debt financing exhibits more pronounced reactions to banking uncertainty for firms with closer ties to banks or during macroeconomic shocks, as captured by the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings survive after robustness checks by alternative measurement, static and dynamic econometric models, and endogeneity controls.

Leveraging organizational knowledge to develop agility and improve performance: the role of ambidexterity

PurposeAs a response to the increased frequency of disruptive events and intense competition, organizational agility has become a key concept in organizational research. Fostering organizational agility requires leveraging knowledge that exists both outside (exploration) and inside (exploitation) the organization. This research tests the so-called ambidexterity hypothesis, which claims that a balance between exploration and exploitation leads to increased organizational outcomes, including the development of organizational agility. Complementing previously established measurement models on ambidexterity, this research proposes an alternative measurement model to analyze how ambidexterity can enhance organizational agility and, indirectly, performance, taking into consideration the moderating effect of environmental competitiveness.Design/methodology/approachA review of existing measurement models for ambidexterity shows that tension, a crucial aspect of ambidexterity, is often neglected. The authors, therefore, develop a new measurement model of ambidexterity to incorporate ambidexterity-induced tension. Using this measurement model, they examine the effect of ambidexterity on the development of entrepreneurial and adaptive agility as well as performance.FindingsAmbidexterity positively influences both entrepreneurial and adaptive agility, indicating that a balance between exploration and exploitation has superior organizational effects. This finding confirms the ambidexterity hypothesis with respect to organizational agility. Furthermore, both entrepreneurial and adaptive agility drive organizational performance. These two indirect effects via agility fully mediate the impact of ambidexterity on organizational performance. Finally, environmental competitiveness positively moderates the relationship between ambidexterity and adaptive agility.Originality/valueThe findings extend research on ambidexterity by showing its positive effects on organizational agility. Furthermore, the study proposes an alternative operationalization to capture the ambidexterity construct that may lay the groundwork for further applications of the ambidexterity concept.

A higher-order life crafting scale validation using PLS-CCA: the Italian version

In this study, we highlight Life Crafting Scale (LCS) factor structure and model specifications by using partial least squares structural equations modelling (PLS-SEM) and confirmatory composite analysis (CCA), with a sample of Italian students (n=953\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n=953$$\\end{document}). From the validation results obtained through PLS-CCA, we identify the emergence of both the reflective nature of the scores of the LCS subscale and an alternative measurement model of the LCS scores as a second-order reflective–reflective model.

Random item slope regression: An alternative measurement model that accounts for both similarities and differences in association with individual items.

In psychology, researchers often predict a dependent variable (DV) consisting of multiple measurements (e.g., scale items measuring a concept). To analyze the data, researchers typically aggregate (sum/average) scores across items and use this as a DV. Alternatively, they may define the DV as a common factor using structural equation modeling. However, both approaches neglect the possibility that an independent variable (IV) may have different relationships to individual items. This variance in individual item slopes arises because items are randomly sampled from an infinite pool of items reflecting the construct that the scale purports to measure. Here, we offer a mixed-effects model called random item slope regression, which accounts for both similarities and differences of individual item associations. Critically, we argue that random item slope regression poses an alternative measurement model to common factor models prevalent in psychology. Unlike these models, the proposed model supposes no latent constructs and instead assumes that individual items have direct causal relationships with the IV. Such operationalization is especially useful when researchers want to assess a broad construct with heterogeneous items. Using mathematical proof and simulation, we demonstrate that random item slopes cause inflation of Type I error when not accounted for, particularly when the sample size (number of participants) is large. In real-world data (n = 564 participants) using commonly used surveys and two reaction time tasks, we demonstrate that random item slopes are present at problematic levels. We further demonstrate that common statistical indices are not sufficient to diagnose the presence of random item slopes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Factor Structure of the Teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a Large Community-Based Sample: An Investigation of Alternative Measurement Models.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a screening measure commonly used to assess behavioral and emotional symptoms and strengths among children and adolescents. However, despite its frequent use, its underlying factor structure remains an important area of inquiry. Whereas the original five-factor structure has often been supported through exploratory factor analysis, results from confirmatory analyses continue to yield mixed results. We analyzed data from youth in Grades K through 12 from a large epidemiologic study in the Southeastern United States. Teacher-report SDQ data were used to test three confirmatory factor models by school level (i.e., elementary [Grades K-5] and secondary [Grades 6-12]): The original five-factor model, a three-factor model, and a bifactor model. Model fit indices and reliability measures supported the original five-factor model as the preferred model when using the teacher-reported SDQ with both elementary and secondary school children. Implications for using the SDQ in applied research and predictive modeling are discussed.

A New Approach to Desirable Responding: Multidimensional Item Response Model of Overclaiming Data.

A variety of approaches have been presented for assessing desirable responding in self-report measures. Among them, the overclaiming technique asks respondents to rate their familiarity with a large set of real and nonexistent items (foils). The application of signal detection formulas to the endorsement rates of real items and foils yields indices of (a) knowledge accuracy and (b) knowledge bias. This overclaiming technique reflects both cognitive ability and personality. Here, we develop an alternative measurement model based on multidimensional item response theory (MIRT). We report three studies demonstrating this new model's capacity to analyze overclaiming data. First, a simulation study illustrates that MIRT and signal detection theory yield comparable indices of accuracy and bias-although MIRT provides important additional information. Two empirical examples-one based on mathematical terms and one based on Chinese idioms-are then elaborated. Together, they demonstrate the utility of this new approach for group comparisons and item selection. The implications of this research are illustrated and discussed.

Validation of L2 grit among Chinese EFL high school students and its enduring effect on achievements: A bifactor model approach

The current study seeks to validate L2 grit measure among 637 Chinese senior middle school students using a bifactor modeling approach. To do so, we first assessed and compared four alternative measurement models including CFA, bifactor CFA, ESEM, and bifactor ESEM models. Among these models, CFA exhibited the poorest fit to the data collected from the sample. ESEM showed partial fit to the data with a slightly lower factor correlation between two components of L2 grit (i.e., perseverance of effort and consistency of interest) than CFA. Two bifactor models (bifactor CFA and bifactor ESEM) demonstrated excellent fits to the data. The more parsimonious bifactor CFA model was selected as the optimal one. Based on the bifactor CFA model, we confirmed measurement invariance across gender and predictive validity of L2 grit on subsequent language achievements. Based on these findings, methodological and pedagogical implications were discussed.

The Multiple Performance Analysis of Indonesian Islamic Banks: The Stakeholder Theory Approach

This study aimed to develop an alternative measurement model based on the stakeholder theory that answers the critiques toward the Balance Score Card (BSC). It synthesized variables from previous studies, including Job Satisfaction (JSA), Business Process (BPR), Customer Satisfaction (CSA), and Financial Performance (FPE). Moreover, the study set nine hypotheses representing the relationship between JSA, BPR, CSA, and FPE. The hypotheses were accepted after the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis of the financial data of the four biggest Indonesian Islamic banks and responses from 200 respondents. This finding confirmed the robustness of the model proposed in this study. The model denotes that the FPE results from the excellent implementation of JSA, BPR, CSA, and the interaction between these variables, which directly impact financial performance.

The Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition: A Bifactor Model, Dimensionality, and Measurement Invariance

Aim: To examine the latent structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition (TGMD-3) with a bifactor modeling approach. In addition, the study examines the dimensionality and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the test’s subscales and measurement invariance of the TGMD-3. Methods: A convenience sample of (N = 496; Mage = 7.23 ± 2.03 years; 53.8% female) typically developed children participated in this study. Three alternative measurement models were tested: (a) a unidimensional model, (b) a correlated two-factor model, and (c) a bifactor model. Results: The totality of results, including item loadings, goodness-of-fit indexes, and reliability estimates, all supported the bifactor model and strong evidence of a general factor, namely gross motor competence. Additionally, the reliability of subscale scores was poor, and it is thus contended that scoring, reporting, and interpreting of the subscales scores are probably not justifiable. Conclusions: This study shows the advantages of using bifactor approach to examine the TGMD-3 factor structure and suggests that the two traditionally hypothesized factors are better understood as “grouping” factors rather than as representative of latent constructs. In addition, our findings demonstrate that the bifactor model appears invariant for sex.

Model Pengukuran Kesehatan Mental pada Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi Islam

The view that mental health can only be understood with a single approach can explain the existing phenomena. This paper aims to provide an alternative measurement model in conducting studies on student mental health. Data were obtained from 840 students at four state Islamic universities in East Java. Data was collected through the mental health scale. The percentage technique was used to examine the level and profile of mental health, while the variance analysis technique was used to investigate the differences between men and women. The analysis results show that the subjects have a high level of mental health and have a minimum mental illness profile. There was no evidence of a difference between men and women in terms of mental health. The results of this study have implications for the use of mental health measuring tools to be used as an alternative in measuring mental health.

A confirmatory composite analysis for the Italian validation of the interactions anxiousness scale: a higher-order version

This study examined the factor structure and model specifications of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) with confirmatory composite analysis (CCA) using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with a sample of Italian adolescents (n = 764). The CCA and PLS-SEM results identified the reflective nature of the IAS sub-scale scores, supporting an alternative measurement model of the IAS scores as a second-order reflective–reflective model.

Adaptation of The Nomophobia Scale to The Field of Physical Education and Sports: Alternative Models Strategy Measurement Model Test

This research is; It is the testing of measurement models with the alternative models’ strategy of the Nomophobia Scale, which was developed by Yildirim and Correia. For this purpose, data obtained from a sample of 303 physical education and sports undergraduate students in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was applied for the construct validity of the scale. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency and CR coefficients were calculated for reliability. The decomposition and convergence validities of the scale were tested with three alternative models with 3, 2 and 1 factors, using the X2 difference tests of the predicted four-factor model (inability to access four-item information, losing five-item connection, inability to communicate with six items, not feeling comfortable with five items). The fact that the AVE values of the factors are lower than the CR values and the AVE values above .5 indicate that the factors have a combined validity. The fact that the AVE values of the factors are higher than the MSV and ASV values means that the factors have discrimination validity. In addition, the fact that the AVE scores of the factors are higher than the inter-factor correlations indicate that there is discrimination validity. From these results, the assumed four-factor model is the model that provides the best fit with the data and the scale can be used as a highly valid and reliable tool for the physical education and sports undergraduate student stage.

Toward a culture-sensitive approach to playfulness research: Development of the Adult Playfulness Trait Scale-Chinese version and an alternative measurement model

The growing global interest in playfulness research calls for increasing research cross-pollination that often necessitates instrument translation with cultural sensitivity. Taking a collaborative and iterative translation approach, we developed a Chinese version of the Adult Playfulness Trait Scale–an instrument originally developed and validated in North America and increasingly used in international applications. Reliability and structural validity of the translated scale were examined using data from a national adult sample of Chinese adults (N = 1561). The results confirmed the scale’s composite reliability and a common playfulness factor shared by four sub-dimensions. Higher-order confirmatory factor analyses validated via split-sample testing revealed a distinct factorial configuration, indicating culture-specific characteristics in Chinese participants’ cognitive organization of the construct—particularly the critical role of a free, non-conforming attribute in the expression of playfulness in Chinese society. Underlying cultural causes are discussed as are implications for cultural adaptation of translated instruments and cross-cultural playfulness research.

Measuring Burnout in Social Work

Abstract. Several studies challenge the three-dimensional structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), citing alternative measurement models including bifactor models. While bifactor models have merit, if data sampling violates assumptions of Stochastic Measurement Theory (SMT) the bifactor model requires modification prior to application. The present study compared five alternative MBI-HSS factor models using both Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). Data from a cross-sectional survey of United Kingdom (UK) social workers were examined ( N = 1257), with validation analyses conducted in an independent sample ( N = 162). Bifactor models, re-specified to account for SMT, provided good fit. However, improved fit was observed for a bifactor-ESEM specification, in both test (χ2 = 1,112.93, df = 149, p < .001, CFI = .969, RMSEA = .072, 90% CI [.068, .076]) and validation (χ2 = 227.89, df = 149, p < .001, CFI = .978, RMSEA = .057, 90% CI [.042, .072]) samples. The results confirm the MBI-HSS possesses a bifactor structure in UK social workers when SMT is considered, and that bifactor-ESEM may provide a better framework to examine MBI-HSS.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis for a Service-Learning Outcomes Measurement Scale (S-LOMS)

Service-learning was introduced into Hong Kong over a decade ago, yet there is a research gap about the self-perceived student learning outcomes, partly due to the lack of a reliable measurement instrument across disciplines and service-learning types. This study evaluated a recently created Service-Learning Outcomes Measurement Scale (S-LOMS) through confirmatory factor analysis with 629 students. S-LOMS measures self-perceived student learning outcomes with 56 items covering various learning outcome domains under four higher-order categories: knowledge application; personal and professional skills; civic orientation and engagement; and self-awareness. Alternative measurement models were compared, with the results indicating that although a model with 11 domains and without higher-order categories was preferred, there was also support for a model with 10 domains subsumed under the four higher-order categories. Multi-sample analyses indicated that both models were stable across gender.

An empirical analysis of an application of an alternative measurement model on international accounting standard 33, earnings per share

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the empirical effects of modifying the calculation of the diluted earnings per share (EPS) number in an international compared to the US accounting setting. The diluted EPS calculation originated in the US Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 15 (APB 15) and continues in both the US Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 128 (SFAS 128), EPS and International Accounting Standard 33 (IAS 33) EPS. Our analysis of the treatment of dilutive warrants and options versus other dilutive convertible securities extends the work of McEnroe and Sullivan (2018), hereafter referred to as McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 and provides more insight into the impact on the international accounting regulatory environment. Using the McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 proposed alternative EPS model, we investigate revising the EPS model and analyzing the impact on international data observations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors selected our sample from the Compustat Fundamentals Annual Database – North America Daily file. Although using the Global – Daily file would be ideal, the data the authors need to make the alternative EPS calculations is not available in the Global database. The authors pulled data for the years 2010 through 2016 for both the USA and international companies. The authors eliminated companies based upon the criteria described later in the paper (which is comparable to the data restrictions set in McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018).FindingsThe results are comparable to the results of the US study. The authors find an average increase in diluted EPS to be 4.57 per cent and the median increase to be 2.43 per cent. McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 found the average increase in diluted EPS to be 5.72 per cent and the median increase to be 3.81 per cent. The authors do not find a significant difference in the overall average percentage increase when looking across all of the years in the data set and comparing the USA to international observations. Overall, the authors further extend the previous conclusion of McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 that both the USA and international standard setters should consider the alternative diluted EPS model for accounting regulation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study consists of a sample of 262 international firms. An extended study, of all firms subject to International Accounting Reporting Standards (IFRS) might be used by the International Accounting Standards Board and then stratified by country to see if the capital structure of a particular nation’s securities is particularly impacted by the results.Practical implicationsAs McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018, p. 499 state, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) avers that the price-earnings ratio of an equity is perhaps the most frequently cited business statistic in equity analysis. The authors cite one source Kuepper, (2018), that it is “one of the most popular metrics” on the international level of stocks using IFRS. Given that the denominator, in the price-earnings ratio is the focus of our study, as in the case McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018, the results have implications for the further study and revision of IAS 33.Social implicationsAgain, as in the case of McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018, if currently reported diluted EPS results in lower equity prices than under the proposed model, an effect might be higher debt and equity costs. Since the authors are unaware of any rationale for the current treatment, the authors feel that the current formulation is less than optimal and that the issue of its provisions should be examined.Originality/valueA review of the literature found no other study other than McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 undertaking the issue.

A Study of Factor Structure of the Korean Version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure of the Korean version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The TAS-20 (source of the TAS-20K) has been supported the three-factor correlated model. However, some factor structure studies of the TAS-20 rejected the three-factor correlated model and adopted alternative models. Methods: In study 1, we conducted a comparison study of the alternative measurement models by using CFA. In study 2, we examined scale reliability and gender measurement invariance of the factor structure. To examine the alternative models and scale reliability, we using the bifactor model reliability indices. Results: As a result, the DIF and DDF factors have a close relationship but the EOT factor has some differences with DIF and DDF. So we adopted a two-factor correlated model with group factor. And the adopted factor structure has partial measurement invariance. Therefore we can compare gender differences of the TAS-20K. Conclusions: This study has significance that examining TAS-20K’s factor structure and examining measurement invariance in gender.

The Factor Structure of Outcome Questionnaire–45.2 Scores Using Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis–Partial Least Squares

The researchers employed a confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with Outcome Questionnaire–45.2 (OQ-45) data, examining the measurement model of the OQ-45 scores with a sample of male adult clients ( N = 1,558) receiving individual therapy at a university-based community counseling and research center (UBCCRC). Using CTA-PLS, this study examined the reflective and formative nature of each of the OQ-45 items and dimensions. These results identified the innovative second-order formative–formative three-factor model as a best alternative measurement model to represent and calculate the scores of OQ-45 scale.

An Analysis of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 Measurement Model Using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling.

The researchers examined the factor structure and model specifications of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) with confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with a sample of adult clients (N = 298) receiving individual therapy at a university-based counseling research center. The CTA and PLS-SEM results identified the formative nature of the WHODAS 2.0 subscale scores, supporting an alternative measurement model of the WHODAS 2.0 scores as a second-order formative-formative model.

Basic psychological need satisfaction toward learning: A longitudinal test of mediation using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling.

Student motivation research seeks to uncover greater understanding of when, how, and why students succeed or fail in school settings. Self-determination theory has been at the forefront of helping educational stakeholders answer questions on student motivation. This study investigates the motivation mediation model proposed by self-determination theory using a longitudinal research design. A total of 1,789 Grade 8 Australian physical education students reported their perceptions of their teacher’s motivational style (antecedent), their levels of basic psychological need satisfaction (mediator), their motivation (outcome), and their affect (outcome) across 3 time points. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (bifactor-ESEM) was used to simultaneously test the mediating roles of students’ global levels of basic psychological need satisfaction and of the specific satisfaction of their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. A longitudinal autoregressive cross-lagged model, allowed us to achieve a systematic disaggregation of the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between constructs. Findings first supported the superiority of the bifactor-ESEM representation of students’ need satisfaction ratings over alternative measurement models, as well as their longitudinal measurement invariance. Second, the longitudinal predictive model revealed that only students’ global levels of basic psychological need satisfaction mediated the relations observed between the theoretical antecedents and outcomes in the motivation mediation model. However, meaningful relations between specific factors and outcomes were also identified. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)