Alternative Hypothesis Research Articles

Environmental Management Framework for Road Network Demolition Wastes for Construction Industry of Pakistan

Demolition waste from construction industry, especially from road networks, is one of the most voluminous and harmful categories of waste worldwide; therefore, its proper handling is essential for sustainable waste management for environmental, social, and economic benefits. Prolific and unregulated construction activities, conflicts, and defective works are major reasons. The current work aims to address the issue by presenting a framework for an enhanced understanding of sustainable demolition waste management (DWM). A critical analysis of the literature aided to identify major concerns related to different causes, their impacts, and challenges being faced by the construction industry in such management endeavors. The study adopted questionnaire-based methodology to understand the critical relation among the three variables. The Delphi technique supported by industry professionals and pilot study helped to formulate a realistic questionnaire tool. Using the concept of multivariate statistical analysis, structure equation modeling (SEM) helped to assess the structural relationships between the three variables. The research instrument met the reliability, validity and internal consistency criteria required. Each variable achieved a high effect size, f2, with a value of co-efficient of determination of more than the threshold value of 70%. Thus, this supported the fitness criterion of the SEM-based measurement model. Path coefficients yielded the acceptance of all alternate hypotheses, resulting in a strong positive relationship among the three constructs. Therefore, demolition waste impacts are deemed as an effective mediator when explaining the impact between the other two variables. The developed framework presents a coherent and systematic approach and identifies strategies that could be used to address these issues and lead to DWM, including options available for capacity building and implementation and evaluation for supporting sustainability.

The effects of leadership behaviours on departmental performance in Ethiopian public research universities

AbstractDespite the abundance of research linking leadership behaviours to organisational effectiveness in various sectors, there is a lack of empirical studies that investigate how leadership behaviours influence performance in the context of research universities. The present study examined the effects of leadership behaviours on departmental performance in public research universities in Ethiopia. The study employed a quantitatively driven embedded type of mixed methods design. The participants of the study were 1176 academic staff (969 instructors and 207 department heads). They were selected from four public research universities using a simple random sampling technique. In addition, 14 key informants were selected using a purposive sampling technique based on their teaching‐learning, research and leadership lived experiences in higher education institutions and interviewed using semi‐structured guiding questions. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaires composed of demographic questions and adapted versions of two scales: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires and a new tool for measuring global academic performance. The quantitative data were analysed using frequency, percentage, multiple correlations and regression, one sample t‐test, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Version 23.0 of Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) and SPSS‐23 were used for data analyses. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using open code version 4.03 software. The analyses showed that transactional leadership dimension and teaching‐learning dimension of departmental performance were practised predominantly. Dimensions of leadership behaviour were found to be positively and significantly related to dimensions of departmental performance. The joint contributions of dimensions of leadership behaviour were larger than their separate contributions, thereby supporting the formulated alternative hypotheses. Implications of the findings were discussed.Context and implicationsRationale for the studyLeadership is one of the indispensable factors that determine organisational success. However, empirical study findings that show the effects of leadership behaviours on departmental performance in public higher education institutions were scarce.Why the new findings matterThe new findings matter because the transactional leadership dimension of leadership behaviours and the teaching‐learning dimension of departmental performance are practiced predominantly in the sampled research universities. The findings demonstrated that the stated dimensions of leadership behaviour are positively and significantly related to departmental performance. It is more informative and contributes to knowledge and practice that the combined contributions of leadership behaviours are larger than their separate contributions.Implications for practitionersThe findings of the study have policy and practical implications for improving effectiveness of higher education leadership and departmental performance dimensions: the teaching‐learning process, research and community services in the context of Ethiopian public research universities. This finding further implies that schools and department heads need to use a combination of appropriate leadership behaviours in order to improve departmental performance dimensions.

Social marketing of the coffee cream liquor in the Association of Agroindustrial Entrepreneurs of Challohuma of San Juan del Oro

The purpose of the study is to explain the factors that determine social marketing of coffee cream liquor in the Association of Agroindustrial Entrepreneurs of Challohuma in San Juan del Oro District, Department of Puno (Southern Peru). The methodological design specifies a type of quantitative approach, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design, through surveys in a total of 41 members of the association. Results demonstrated that the factors that significantly determine social marketing of coffee cream liqueur are marketing factors on individual consumers (product attributes, brand assignment, packaging, labeling and product support services), society (commitment to health, environment and collaborators), and about the company (internal quality of service, satisfied and productive service employees, greater service value, satisfied and loyal customers and healthy profits and growth). The Pearson coefficient r = 0.746 explains at the significance level of α = 0.01 that social marketing factors of coffee cream liquor of the Association of Agroindustrial Entrepreneurs of Challohuma in San Juan del Oro, are positively and considerably correlated with the factor of individual, social and business consumer, supporting the alternative hypothesis. It is concluded that social marketing plans must be implemented to boost the growth of the company.

Evaluation of reliability of salivary alkaline phosphatase in comparison to other methods of assessing the skeletal maturation

Evaluation of skeletal maturation is crucial to growth determination which in turn influences orthodontic treatment planning. Various methods employed for assessment are chronological age, hand wrist maturation, cervical vertebral maturation, and dental calcification. Recently, salivary Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) have been introduced due to its role in the bone mineralization process. To test the alternate hypothesis that salivary alkaline phosphatase is a reliable indicator of skeletal maturity in comparison with other methods of assessment of skeletal maturation. Total 112 subjects were selected out of 150 subjects on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, for participation in the study. For each subject, personal details including chronological age was noted. Height and weight measurements were done for calculation of body mass index (BMI). Further, Lateral Cephalogram and Orthopantomogram were obtained for assessment of cervical vertebrae maturation stages and Demirjian index. Then, an unstimulated salivary sample was collected for evaluation of alkaline phosphatase activity by colorimetric method. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the present study showed that the highest correlation for skeletal maturation assessment was found with alkaline phosphatase activity. The hypothesis is accepted. Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase proved to be reliable biomarker for assessment of skeletal maturation.

Problem-Based Learning and Knowledge of Digital Electronics among Engineering Students

This paper aims to explore the relationship between problem-based learning (PBL) and the digital electronics course for engineering students at a private university with a population of 97 students. The study utilized a deductive and correlational hypothetical method with a non-experimental and quantitative design. As a result, the statistically significant relationship between PBL and the digital electronics course is verified. A relationship coefficient equal to Rho = 0.780 and p < 0.01, confirms the proposed alternative hypothesis. This result provides a robust quantitative perspective on how the integration of PBL positively influences engineering students’ acquisition of digital electronics knowledge. The contribution lies in empirical support for the effectiveness of the PBL approach, providing educators and engineering professionals with a solid foundation for enhancing pedagogical strategies and fostering more effective and practical learning in the discipline.

Goodness of fit by Neyman-Pearson testing

The Neyman-Pearson strategy for hypothesis testing can be employed for goodness of fit if the alternative hypothesis is selected from data by exploring a rich parametrised family of models, while controlling the impact of statistical fluctuations. The New Physics Learning Machine (NPLM) methodology has been developed as a concrete implementation of this idea, to target the detection of new physical effects in the context of high energy physics collider experiments. In this paper we conduct a comparison of this approach to goodness of fit with others, in particular with classifier-based strategies that share strong similarities with NPLM. From our comparison, NPLM emerges as the more sensitive test to small departures of the data from the expected distribution and not biased towards detecting specific types of anomalies. These features make it suited for agnostic searches for new physics at collider experiments. Its deployment in other scientific and industrial scenarios should be investigated.

Müllerian anomalies and endometriosis as potential explanatory models for the retrograde menstruation/implantation and the embryonic remnants/celomic metaplasia pathogenic theories: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Does endometriosis prevalence differ in patients with obstructive Müllerian anomalies (OMA) versus those with nonobstructive Müllerian anomalies (NOMA), and in patients with NOMA versus those without Müllerian anomalies? The quantitative synthesis of published data demonstrates a substantially increased prevalence of endometriosis in patients with OMA compared with those with NOMA, and a similar prevalence in patients with NOMA and those without Müllerian anomalies. The pathogenesis of endometriosis has not been definitively clarified yet. A higher prevalence of endometriosis in patients with OMA than in those with NOMA would support the retrograde menstruation (RM)/implantation theory, whereas a higher prevalence of endometriosis in the NOMA group than in the group without Müllerian anomalies would support the embryonic remnants/celomic metaplasia hypothesis. This systematic review with meta-analysis was restricted to full-length, English-language articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 1980 and 2023. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched using the keyword 'endometriosis' in combination with 'Müllerian anomalies', 'obstructive Müllerian anomalies', 'female genital malformations', 'retrograde menstruation', 'infertility', 'pelvic pain', and 'classification'. References from relevant publications were screened, and PubMed's 'similar articles' and 'cited by' functions were used. Studies were selected if they reported the prevalence of surgically confirmed endometriosis in either individuals with OMA compared to those with NOMA, or patients with NOMA compared to those without Müllerian anomalies. Cohort and case-control studies and case series were deemed eligible for inclusion. Noncomparative studies, studies not reporting both the number of individuals with endometriosis and the total number of those with Müllerian anomalies or with other gynecological conditions, those including exclusively data on patients with absent or uncertain menstrual function (e.g. complete Müllerian agenesis category), or with imperforate hymen were excluded. Two reviewers independently abstracted data. The risk of bias was assessed with the Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Exposures tool. The overall certainty of the evidence was graded according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. Seven retrospective studies were included. The overall mean estimate of endometriosis prevalence was 47% (95% CI, 36-58%) in patients with OMA, and 19% (95% CI, 15-24%) in patients with NOMA, with a common odds ratio (OR) of 4.72 (95% CI, 2.54-8.77). The overall mean estimate of endometriosis prevalence in patients with NOMA was 23% (95% CI, 20-27%), and that in patients without Müllerian anomalies was 21% (95% CI, 20-22%), with a common OR of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.57-1.58). The overall certainty of the evidence according to GRADE guidelines was judged as low for both comparisons. Some NOMA subtypes may create a partial obstacle to menstrual efflux and/or generate dysfunctional myometrial contractions that favor transtubal reflux, thus increasing the risk of endometriosis and limiting the difference between OMA and NOMA. As infertility and pelvic pain are strongly associated with endometriosis, women with these symptoms are inappropriate controls. Confounding by indication could explain the lack of difference in endometriosis prevalence between patients with NOMA and those without Müllerian anomalies. The results of this meta-analysis support the validity of the RM theory but do not definitively rule out alternative hypotheses. Thus, RM may be considered the initiator for the development of endometriotic lesions, while not excluding the contribution of both inheritable and tissue-specific genetic and epigenetic modifications as disease-promoting factors. No funding was received for this review. P.Ve. is a member of the Editorial Board of Human Reproduction Open, the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, and the International Editorial Board of Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica; has received royalties from Wolters Kluwer for chapters on endometriosis management in the clinical decision support resource UpToDate; and maintains both a public and private gynecological practice. E.S. discloses payments from Ferring for research grants and honoraria from Merck-Serono for lectures. All other authors declare they have no conflict of interest. N/A.

Hubungan Media Internet Sebagai Sumber Pembelajaran PPKn Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII di SMP Adhyaksa Medan

This research aims to determine the influence of internet media as a source of PPKn learning on the learning achievement of class VIII students at Adhyaksa Middle School, Medan, academic year 2023/2024. This research aims to examine the influence of internet media as a source of PPKn learning on the learning achievement of class VIII students at Adhyaksa Middle School, Medan, for the 2023/2024 academic year. The population in this study was Adhyaksa Medan Middle School students using non-random sampling. The sample in this research was Class VIII students with a total of 50 students. The data collection method is through a questionnaire totaling 20 questions for Internet Media, while Learning Achievement is obtained through documentation (Report Scores). The product moment calculation results show that the correlation number between variable X and variable Y is positive, considering the magnitude of rxy obtained, namely 0.6411. Next, to find out whether the relationship is significant or not, the calculated r results are compared with the r table, with r 5% of 0.5140. If you look at the r table, it turns out that rxy is 0.6411. Greater than in the r table, with a significance level of 5%. Thus, the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) is accepted, and the Null Hypothesis (H0) is rejected, meaning: "There is a significant correlation between the use of Internet Media as a PPKn Learning Source and the Learning Achievement of Class VIII Students at Adhyaksa Middle School Medan for the 2023/2024 Academic Year

Sitwe 23, a Complex ESA/MSA Locality in the Northern Luangwa Valley, Zambia

AbstractThis paper describes the lithic aggregates from Sitwe 23 (SW23), a Stone Age locality in a previously unstudied region of the northern Luangwa Valley, Zambia. This area yielded two surface lithic scatters containing abundant artifacts derived from Pleistocene sediments on uplifted terrain and exposed by recent erosion on two adjacent terraces. The scatters are time-averaged palimpsests formed by deflation, but most of the lithics lack evidence of significant fluvial transport or post-depositional damage, indicating minimal horizontal displacement. Typological and attribute analyses of samples from both spurs reveal predominantly simple and expedient core and flake technologies, as well as sophisticated biface manufacture and Levallois technique producing flakes and points that are differentially distributed between the terraces. The artifacts identified in this analysis include types conventionally considered diagnostic of the Acheulean, Sangoan, and Middle Stone Age, suggesting that the collections may document one or more temporal windows during the Chibanian age (770–126 ka). Whether artifacts in these samples were originally deposited sequentially or concurrently is not yet known and alternative hypotheses are presented and discussed. The collections are compared to sites in Zambia and the northern Lake Malawi basin and found to be similar technologically but typologically different. Given the paucity of previously known Ston Age archaeological sites in the region, our work now demonstrates that northern Luangwa has significant archaeological potential and deserves further study.

Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Age-related Disintegration in Functional Connectivity: Reference Ability Neural Network Cohort.

Some theories of aging have linked age-related cognitive decline to a reduction in distinctiveness of neural processing. Observed age-related correlation increases among disparate cognitive tasks have supported the dedifferentiation hypothesis. We previously showed cross-sectional evidence for age-related correlation decreases instead, supporting an alternative disintegration hypothesis. In the current study, we extended our previous research to a longitudinal sample. We tested 135 participants (20-80 years) at two time points-baseline and 5-year follow-up-on a battery of 12 in-scanner tests, each tapping one of four reference abilities. We performed between-tasks correlations within domain (convergent) and between domain (discriminant) at both the behavioral and neural level, calculating a single measure of construct validity (convergent - discriminant). Cross-sectionally, behavioral construct validity was significantly different from chance at each time point, but longitudinal change was not significant. Analysis by median age split revealed that older adults showed higher behavioral validity, driven by higher discriminant validity (lower between-tasks correlations). Participant-level neural validity decreased over time, with convergent validity consistently greater than discriminant validity; this finding was also observed at the cross-sectional level. In addition, a disproportionate decrease in neural validity with age remained significant after controlling for demographic factors. Factors predicting longitudinal changes in global cognition (mean performance across all 12 tasks) included age, change in neural validity, education, and National Adult Reading Test (premorbid intelligence). Change in neural validity partially mediated the effect of age on change in global cognition. Our findings support the theory of age-related disintegration, linking cognitive decline to changes in neural representations over time.

Ecogeographic rules in a common Neotropical treefrog: No clinal variation along a mountain range

AbstractBody and limb size are associated with many aspects of the biology of animals. Geographic variation in morphological traits has often been investigated through ecogeographical rules. Bergmann's rule posits an inverse relationship between body size and temperature in homeotherms, while Allen's rule posits that endothermic animals inhabiting colder climates have relatively shorter protruding parts (e.g., limbs) in comparison to populations from warmer climates. However, the applicability and validity of these rules in poikilotherms are currently contentious. In this study, we aimed to test predictions of Bergmann's and Allen's rules in populations of the Neotropical frog Boana platanera. We analysed 142 adult male museum specimens from 17 localities along a mountain range in western Venezuela. We obtained six external morphological measurements and assessed the correlation of body size and limb size with temperature data for each locality. Our results were contrary to the expectations but consistent with previous studies. All this together indicates that exceptions to the Bergmann's and Allen's rules are frequent and idiosyncratic in anurans. We discuss alternative hypotheses that could explain geographic variation of body and limb size in future studies.

Pulsing in the Ahu‘ail‘au pond–spillway system during the 2018 Klauea eruption: a dynamical systems perspective

During the 2018 K $\unicode{x012B}$ lauea lower East Rift Zone eruption, lava from 24 fissures inundated more than 8000 acres of land, destroying more than 700 structures over three months. Eruptive activity eventually focused at a single vent characterized by a continuously fed lava pond that was drained by a narrow spillway into a much wider, slower channelized flow. The spillway exhibited intervals of ‘pulsing’ behaviour in which the lava depth and velocity were observed to oscillate on time scales of several minutes. At the time, this was attributed to variations in vesiculation originating at depth. Here, we construct a toy fluid dynamical model of the pond–spillway system, and present an alternative hypothesis in which pulsing is generated at the surface, within this system. We posit that the appearance of pulsing is due to a supercritical Hopf bifurcation driven by an increase in the Reynolds number. Asymptotics for the limit cycle near the bifurcation point are derived with averaging methods and compare favourably with the cycle periodicity. Because oscillations in the pond were not observable directly due to the elevation of the cone rim and an obscuring volcanic plume, we model the observations using a spatially averaged Saint-Venant model of the spillway forced by the pond oscillator. The predicted spillway cycle periodicity and waveforms compare favourably with observations made during the eruption. The unusually well-documented nature of this eruption enables estimation of the viscosity of the erupting lava.

Reduced lateralization of multiple functional brain networks in autistic males

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder has been linked to a variety of organizational and developmental deviations in the brain. One such organizational difference involves hemispheric lateralization, which may be localized to language-relevant regions of the brain or distributed more broadly.Methods In the present study, we estimated brain hemispheric lateralization in autism based on each participant’s unique functional neuroanatomy rather than relying on group-averaged data. Additionally, we explored potential relationships between the lateralization of the language network and behavioral phenotypes including verbal ability, language delay, and autism symptom severity. We hypothesized that differences in hemispheric asymmetries in autism would be limited to the language network, with the alternative hypothesis of pervasive differences in lateralization. We tested this and other hypotheses by employing a cross-sectional dataset of 118 individuals (48 autistic, 70 neurotypical). Using resting-state fMRI, we generated individual network parcellations and estimated network asymmetries using a surface area-based approach. A series of multiple regressions were then used to compare network asymmetries for eight significantly lateralized networks between groups.ResultsWe found significant group differences in lateralization for the left-lateralized Language (d = -0.89), right-lateralized Salience/Ventral Attention-A (d = 0.55), and right-lateralized Control-B (d = 0.51) networks, with the direction of these group differences indicating less asymmetry in autistic males. These differences were robust across different datasets from the same participants. Furthermore, we found that language delay stratified language lateralization, with the greatest group differences in language lateralization occurring between autistic males with language delay and neurotypical individuals.ConclusionsThese findings evidence a complex pattern of functional lateralization differences in autism, extending beyond the Language network to the Salience/Ventral Attention-A and Control-B networks, yet not encompassing all networks, indicating a selective divergence rather than a pervasive one. Moreover, we observed an association between Language network lateralization and language delay in autistic males.

Competition to Explain Stable Prevalence of Seasonal Viral Respiratory Infections in Temperate Climates.

The prevalence of seasonal viral respiratory infections in temperate climates is relatively stable, but individual viruses vary. This phenomenon is not explained via the conventional view of influenza seasonality which is still incomplete. The viral-flow theory, an outsider theory about the seasonality of influenza, where insects buffer viruses, is able to explain the stable prevalence of viral respiratory infections. Alternative hypotheses to explain this phenomenon are discussed.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Conventional and Islamic Banks in Nigeria Using Camel Rating Model

This study examines financial performance of Conventional and Islamic banking in Nigeria using CAMEL rating model covering the period of 2012-2022. Secondary sources of data were collected from the bank’s financial statements. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design and purposive sampling technique to select the sampled banks for the study. Two banks Jaiz Bank Plc and Unity Bank Plc (both from Conventional and Islamic banks) were drowned to serve as the study sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used as tool of analysis to show the trends of performance (CAMEL) between the two banks using mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation and also to check the relationship between the variables. Further, in inferential statistics, t-test was used to compare and test the significant variation between CAMEL components of the banks. The results showed the existence of low and negative trends in the quality of earnings of both banks. It also showed trends of performance between the two banks are significantly affected by all the CAMEL components. Moreover, results from t-tests showed a significant variation of three CAMEL components and the acceptance of alternative hypothesis. The study recommended the management of both bank should put more effort to mitigate the negative return volatility of the banks. Both bank need to have strong liquid-based or near liquid e.g., short-term securities (government bonds). A lot more effort needs to be made to create value-based products.

Ontogeny and phylogeny of the genus Solus Watson, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Abstract Preimaginal stages of the enigmatic genus Solus Watson, 1913 are described for the first time, based on a completed life history of a representative species Solus parvifenestratus Bryk, 1944 fed with Camphora officinarum, with a report on testing of alternative potential host plants. The complete mitochondrial genomes are produced for two species within the genus and they are used to construct phylogenetic hypothesis and analyze nucleotide diversity. The alternative hypotheses derived from the molecular analyses are discussed in light of 14 morphological and biological features, the optimal result supports Solus to be the sister group of Saturniini + Attacini and justifies the establishment of the tribe Solini within the subfamily Saturniinae.

HUBUNGAN INISIASI MENYUSUI DINI (IMD) DENGAN KEJADIAN PERDARAHAN POST PARTUM DI PUSKESMAS ONAN HASANG TAHUN 2023

The Ministry of Health (2008) states that IMD involves pressing the newborn up against the mother's chest or stomach, let him to wiggle about in search of the nipple, and then nursing him until he is full. At least the first hour following the baby's birth is dedicated to this procedure. This kind of study uses a cross-sectional design and is descriptive correlative in nature. It measures both the independent and dependent research variables concurrently throughout the course of one time period. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage at the Onan Hasang Community Health Center in 2023 and the Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD). There were 26 persons (81.3%) postpartum. Respondents who did not initiate early breastfeeding (IMD) represented the minority with postpartum hemorrhage, i.e. 3 (9.4%). Based on the study results obtained, there is a relationship between early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and the incidence of postpartum bleeding at Onan Hasang Community Health Center in 2023, which from the main trial Fisher's exact test, the obtained p value is 0.008, which is less than 0.05. This means that the earlier you start breastfeeding (IMD), the less postpartum bleeding you will have. We note that the majority of respondents who completed Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD) did not experience postpartum bleeding, i.e. 26 (81.3%). The majority of respondents who did not initiate early breastfeeding (IMD) had postpartum hemorrhage, i.e. 3 (9.4%). Fisher's exact test results showed a p-value of 0.008 < 0.05. This means that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) of this study is accepted, i.e. there is an association between early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage at community health centers. Onan Hasang coin in 2023.

HUBUNGAN POLA ASUH DAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DENGAN STATUS GIZI BAYI DI KLINIK SARGIATI Amd.Keb TAHUN 2023

The focus on improving public nutrition in Indonesia remains centered on addressing the nutritional status of Indonesian children. According to the 2014 Global Nutrition Report (GNR), Indonesia is one of 17 out of 117 countries facing the triple burden of stunting, wasting, and overweight among infants or toddlers within the first days of life. Despite efforts, exclusive breastfeeding rates in Indonesia have not met the targeted 80%. In 2016, exclusive breastfeeding rates for infants aged 0-5 months were at 54.0%, while only 29.5% were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months. Although South Sumatra province has surpassed the national average with a rate of 60.4%, it still falls short of the desired 80%. Researchers focused on the Sargiati Amd clinic, particularly exploring the correlation between parenting styles, exclusive breastfeeding, and infant nutritional status. Among the 19 respondents, the majority exhibited a certain parenting style. Among them, 11 individuals had good nutritional status (36.7%), while 8 had poor nutritional status (36.7%). Only a minority (6.7%) had poor nutritional status. Surprisingly, among those with good parenting habits, the majority had poor nutritional status (23.3%), while the minority had good nutritional status (13.3%). Statistical analysis using a chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05 yielded a p-value of 0.256 (P > 0.05), indicating acceptance of the null hypothesis (Ho) and rejection of the alternative hypothesis (Ha). Thus, no significant relationship was found between parenting style and nutritional status. However, there was a significant relationship between parents' eating habits and healthy habits with nutritional status (p = 0.014; p = 0.006).

On the Mode of Existence of Mute Law and the Inference of Cryptotypes

AbstractA widespread thesis in the analytical theory of law is that norms exist as linguistic entities. Rodolfo Sacco is one of the authors who have most fruitfully insisted, on the contrary, that there is no necessary correlation between norms and language, not even in the specific context of law. He thus extended the conceptualisation of legal normativity well beyond the boundaries of language through the notions of cryptotype and mute law. This paper takes into account two alternative hypotheses to the hypothesis that norms exist as linguistic entities, which are respectively based on the concepts of deontic state-of-affairs and deontic noema. Both hypotheses are tested for their applicability to the phenomena investigated by Sacco under the notion of mute law, notably with reference to cryptotypes. The question is raised then of how the existence of cryptotypes can be inferred from behaviour. The paper emphasizes the role that can be played in this context by nomotrophic behaviour, that is, the behaviour that consists in a reaction to the violation of a norm.

Detecting New Visual Binaries in Gaia DR3 with Gaia and Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) Photometry. II. Speckle Observations of 16 Low-separation Systems

Here we present speckle observations of 16 low-separation (s < 30 au) high-probability candidate binaries from the catalog by Medan et al., where secondaries typically lack astrometric solutions in Gaia. From these speckle observations, we find a second component is always detected within the field of view. To determine if the detection is consistent with a physical companion or a chance alignment with a background source, we utilize a statistic from Tokovinin & Kiyaeva that compares the apparent motion of the systems to the expected orbital motion ( μ′ ). Using simulated binary orbits, we construct likelihood distributions of μ′ assuming various total errors on the measurements. With the hypothesis that the system is a true binary, we show that large measurement errors can result in μ′ values higher than expected for bound systems. Using simulated chance alignments, we also create similar likelihoods to test this alternative hypothesis. By combining likelihoods of both true binaries and chance alignments, we find that 15 of the 16 candidates are physical systems regardless of the level of measurement error. Our findings also accommodate all 16 as physical systems if the average, relative measurement error on the binary separations and position angles is ∼4.3%, which is consistent with our knowledge of the Gaia and Gemini speckle pipelines. Importantly, beyond assessing the likelihood of a true binary versus chance alignment, this quantitative assessment of the true average measurement error will allow more robust error estimates of mass determinations from short separation binaries with Gaia and/or Gemini speckle data.