Alternative Energy Utilization Research Articles

The economic and environmental assessment of alternative marine fuels and nuclear energy utilization on a floating power plant.

The paper aims to investigate the fuel and system options for a floating power plant (FPP) considering economic performance and the decarbonization goals of the International Maritime Organization. Various case studies have been assessed using a reference FPP, encompassing the instant and future retrofitting scenarios. The ready-to-use scenarios involve alternative fuel and organic Rankine cycle-based waste heat recovery system usage. Nuclear energy systems have been evaluated within the reference FPP since they are suitable candidates for achieving zero-carbon objectives and providing low-cost electricity. A simulation framework created in Python has calculated the fuel consumption regarding the power requirement and organized the approaches used in the study. An environmental model comparing the systems has been built to calculate upstream and operational emissions. The cost projection model for 2030 and 2050 has assessed the economic performance. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity (TOPSIS) one of the multi-criteria decision-making approaches has ranked the systems considering the outcomes of economic and environmental models over the years. Findings demonstrate that the current fuel usage scenario of the FPP is not suitable both environmentally and economically. The other emissions can be near zero and greenhouse gases can be decreased by up to 15.95% using alternative fuels. Nuclear energy is a strong candidate to meet the 2050 targets, but its viability is largely based on economic performance.

Aplikasi Kinerja Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya 1200 WP Terhadap Beban Pompa Air Menggunakan Homer Pro Di Desa Pandan Arang

Pandan Arang Village is located in Ogan Komering Ilir District, Kandis District, South Sumatra Province. Solar energy potential in this village is 4.95 kWh/m2/day. Utilization of alternative energy by building a Solar Photovoltaic (PLTS) system. The research aims to analyze the performance of a 1200 WP solar power plant with a water pump load of 2226 kW. The research method consists of 4 stages: 1. Location survey, 2. Data collection, 3. Simulation, 4. Technical analysis. Location data collection includes PLTS components and load data. This data is used for simulations using the HOMER PRO application. The simulation results show that the amount of electrical energy produced is 1605 kWh/year or 4.4 kWh/day. Simulation with 2 water pump loads produces unused electrical power of 3574 kWh/year or 72% of the total annual load. Meanwhile, in the simulation, the unused electricity load for 1 water pump is 1092 kWh/year. Thus, it can be concluded that the 1200 Wp PLTS system cannot meet the daily electricity load requirements for a year.

The making-or-breaking of material and resource efficiency in the Nordics

The relevance of efficient direct material input through both export market and domestic material sources offers useful material and resource productivity guidelines from both economic and environmental sustainability dimensions. In the current context, the drivers of material and resource efficiency in the Nordic region are examined by utilizing requisite empirical approaches over the period 1995–2020. The investigation revealed that economic activities which are characterized by Gross domestic product (GDP) alongside the growth of urban population and utilization of oil energy are all detrimental to the region's resource efficiency. It implies that material utilization efficiency cannot be optimized with the current trend of the region's GDP, urban population growth and the use of dirty energy. Contrarily, the findings, further revealed that alternative energy utilization vis-à-vis renewables are key indicators to spur material and resource efficiency in the region, thus throwing more support for the region's unavoidable energy transition goal. These highlighted results alongside the Granger causality inference offer sustainable development measures that are specifically motivated through the improvement of efficient and optimization of output.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PERAGA ENERGI TEBARUKAN BERBASIS ENERGI SURYA

Electrical energy is a very important requirement both now and in the future. The electrical energy that we use today still comes from conventional power plant. Conventional power plant will create many threats such as increasing pollution and decreasing fossil fuels. Problems like this will have a bad impact on the future. Utilization of alternative energy is one way to solve these problems. Around us there is a lot of energy that will have the potential for us to develop it into a source of electricity for our daily needs. This energy includes solar energy. The purpose of this research is to create and design a solar powered renewable energy teaching aid. The method used in this process is to collect data, then the design process of the props is carried out. Making props is an important factor in this research so that during the testing process the props do not experience significant obstacles. The design of this power plant aims to make teaching aids as a learning medium and to obtain maximum and more efficient energy quantity results. The props consist of several components, namely solar panels, controllers, inverters, volt ampere meters, batteries (accumulator), cables, lights and mini houses. These props are to show that solar energy can be used to generate electricity that can be used for home lighting purposes.

Development of Petro-Electric Vehicle

The exhaust of fossil fuels has made to think on alternative energy utilization like electrical energy. The automobile sector is one where one can replace the requirement of fossil fuels by electrical energy. Almost all researchers and developers are looking for design of new electric bike, without making an attempt to make modification in existing gasoline vehicle. The increase in price of petrol which cannot be offered by many of Indians particularly the farmers. The majority of farmers use TVS XL moped scooter for their day today work. In this paper an attempt is made to modify the existing TVS XL moped gasoline scooter by replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor. In this vehicle, the electric motor will supply the power to drive shaft through chain drive. The design and implementation of power transmission through chain drive when compared to hub mounted electric motor is more economical. The main reason for converting gasoline engine into electric drive reduces the financial burden on farmers, reduces the pollution and saves the material wastage (scarp).

Enhancing the Energy Efficiency of Buildings by Shading with PV Panels in Semi-Arid Climate Zone

Solar energy is one of the most abundant and available forms of renewable energy. Reliance on the electricity network can be decreased and net-zero energy achieved by mounting photovoltaic power on the tops of houses. Photovoltaic arrays can also change how the roof’s surface reacts to its environment. The influence of the structural system of a roof and weather on the energy consumption of a building is important. This research is concerned with focusing on the indirect effect of solar photovoltaic rooftop panels (shading effect) on the roof surface to see whether this effect is worth studying and calculating the total electrical load in the residential sector. Photovoltaic panels were modeled as a shading device, and the Integrated Environmental Solution-Virtual Environment Software was used to anticipate the monthly decline and growth in heating and cooling loads associated with the roof level. The influence of a photovoltaic system on a building’s roof-related energy load was measured concerning low-rise residential buildings in Mafraq city, which belongs to a mild dry-warm temperature zone. The findings indicated that a solar roof structure decreased heat loss by 4.85% in the summer and boosted heat transfer by 5.54% in the winter. The results highlight that renewable energy is very important in our times due to climate change and the increased demand for electricity by the residential sector, which is stimulated to find multiple ways to decrease and adapt to this change, and the aim of this paper helps to encourage to use solar energy by identifying the indirect effect of solar panels on building’s rooftops. This investigation also focuses on the value of offering essential instructions to who is concerned to the utilization of alternative energy to heat and cool structures, also will educate the public on a building’s total energy requirements, which is critical for future green structure design.

ENERGI ALTERNATIF BIOBRIKET DARI KOMBINASI LIMBAH AMPAS KOPI DAN LIMBAH BAWANG MERAH

Bio-briquettes have become a feasible method for achieving alternative energy and waste utilization goals. The approach of this research is to manufacture bio-briquettes by utilizing Robusta coffee grounds and onion peels with optimal standards obtained from nourishment and agricultural outgrowth in Brebes Regency. In bio-briquettes experiments, a 25% - 75%, 60% - 40% composition ratio of coffee grounds and onion peels was used, and a 50% - 50% composition ratio. The result of the bio-briquettes experiment demonstrate that the ratio of the mixture of 75% coffee grounds and 25% onion peels is the most optimal according to SNI Quality of Wood Charcoal Briquettes Number 01-6235-2000 with a calorific value of 5000,15 cal/gram, the water content of 6,55%, ash content is 6,8%, the volatile matter is 41,87%, and bG

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PERAGA ENERGI TEBARUKAN BERBASIS ENERGI SURYA

Electrical energy is a very important requirement both now and in the future. The electrical energy that we use today still comes from conventional power plant. Conventional power plant will create many threats such as increasing pollution and decreasing fossil fuels. Problems like this will have a bad impact on the future. Utilization of alternative energy is one way to solve these problems. Around us there is a lot of energy that will have the potential for us to develop it into a source of electricity for our daily needs. This energy includes solar energy. The purpose of this research is to create and design a solar powered renewable energy teaching aid. The method used in this process is to collect data, then the design process of the props is carried out. Making props is an important factor in this research so that during the testing process the props do not experience significant obstacles. The design of this power plant aims to make teaching aids as a learning medium and to obtain maximum and more efficient energy quantity results. The props consist of several components, namely solar panels, controllers, inverters, volt ampere meters, batteries (accumulator), cables, lights and mini houses. These props are to show that solar energy can be used to generate electricity that can be used for home lighting purposes.

HOW DO CONSUMING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND REMITTANCE INFLOWS IMPACT EGYPT’S ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT?

This research examines how the determinants of environmental degradation -including (combustible and non-combustible) alternative energy consumption and remittance inflows- impact Egypt’s ecological footprint for the 1977-2014 period. After confirming the co-integration among the selected variables, the short-run and the long-run coefficients are estimated by the autoregressive distributed lag method. The long-term findings indicate that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is not accepted for Egypt, as income has a U-shape impact on ecological footprint. Moreover, fossil-fuel consumption and financial development worsen ecological footprint in the long-run. In addition, while non-combustible alternative energy utilization does not significantly impact ecological footprint in Egypt, combustible alternative energy usage and trade globalization decrease it in the long-run. The results further reveal that remittance inflows to Egypt increase ecological footprint in both the short-run and the long-run. Pursuant to the findings, some policy conclusions and suggestions are propounded.

An Extension of the GRA Method for Decision Making In the Environment: Ranking of Alternative Energy Exploitation Project

Alternative Energy Exploitation Development and utilization of natural energy resources. Air pollution, climate change, water pollution, Thermal pollution and solid waste disposal are energy production and directly with consumption Related environmental issues. Alternative Energy Exploitation is Developing and Growing using natural energy resources to the greatest possible advantage, usually for profit. TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) analysis using the Alternative Energy Exploitation 1, Alternative Energy Exploitation 2, Alternative Energy Exploitation 3, Alternative Energy Exploitation 4, Alternative Energy Exploitation 5, Alternative Energy Exploitation 6 Alternative value and Criterion A. NPV (106 GDR), Criterion B. Jobs, Criterion C. Energy use (1012 cal/year), Criterion D Risk Index Evaluation Parameters in value. Alternative Energy Exploitation 1 is got the first rank whereas is the Alternative Energy Exploitation 3 is having the Lowest rank. In this paper Alternative Energy Exploitation 1 is got the first rank whereas is the Alternative Energy Exploitation 3 is having the lowest rank.

Analysis of Energy Structure and Alternative Energy Development

This paper analyzes the development and change of global energy use, points out the bottleneck of energy development and utilization, studies the development potential of alternative energy, and briefly describes the development and utilization of alternative energy. It is pointed out that the development of traditional industry and transportation is restricted by environmental pollution and oil safety, and the method of developing oil alternative energy in transportation field to solve the problems of environmental protection and oil safety is put forward.

The alternative energy utilization and common regional trade outlook in EU-27: Evidence from common correlated effects

The role of low-carbon energy and trade on the environment has drawn several studies that have looked at issues from different perspectives, thus yielding differing conclusions. Considering the current emphasis on the COP25 conference and the commitment to cut down carbon emissions level, this study also draws strength from the United Nations Sustainable development Goals (UNSDGs) that comprises of positive strides for access to clean and responsible energy consumption (SDGs 7, 12) and climate change mitigation issues (SDG-13). To this end, this study is a timely outlook that underpins the case of the European Union (EU) countries as well as the root cause of anthropogenic activities on clean trajectory of global environment. Hence, we investigate the connection between alternative and sustainable energy source, trade, income and emissions in 27 selected European Union economies by utilizing data covering the period 1990–2017 on an annual frequency. We used second-generation panel model estimators to analyze the relationship between the variables in the long-run. Specifically, the long run results from the MG (Mean Group), AMG (Augmented Mean Group), and CCEMG (Common Correlated Effects Mean Group) estimators reveal that sustainable and alternative energy sources have a negative significant impact on pollutant emissions while trade and income have a positive impact on carbon emissions except that the impact of trade is insignificant. Although the positive impact of openness in trade on carbon emission is insignificant, the positive impact suggests that the free-trade policy that is currently in place in the EU should further incorporate sustainable development goals (SDGs) to avoid the outsourcing of carbon emissions among the member countries. Causality tests reveal a feedback hypothesis between renewable energy, income, trade, and carbon emanations. The investigation proposes expanded utilization of sustainable power source to mitigate carbon emissions in the European Union.

Pengaruh Variasi Radius Sudu Turbin Angin Darrieus Tipe Sudu-J

Utilization of alternative energy, therefore this wind turbine is used as an alternative energy power plant. So this experimental study is used to determine how much influence on the performance of the Darrieus type J-blade vertical shaft wind turbine by varying the blade radius. The method used is a true experimental research method. The independent variables in this study are variations in wind speed of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 m / s. The dependent variable in this research is shaft power and efficiency. Then the controlled variables in this study were the number of blades 3 and the front radius of the blade: 5, 10, and 15 mm. The test results and data processing shows that the blade radius of the Darrieus J-blade type of wind turbine affects the performance of the Darrieus J-blade type wind turbine. In testing the highest value was achieved at a blade radius of 15 mm with a wind speed of 7 m / s, namely the shaft power value of 0.323 Watt and the efficiency value of 4.673%.

ANALISA PEMANFAATAN BRIKET LIMBAH ARANG KAYU ALABAN DI DESA TAPUK KECAMATAN LIMPASU KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

The solution to reduce the use of fossil fuels is by utilizing renewable energy such as solar power, wind power, and hydropower, as well as the utilization of other alternative energy derived from biomass. One of alternative energy from biomass that is very potential is briquettes. Tapuk Village, Limpasu Subdistrict, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency is one of the producers of Alaban wood charcoal, with grade D charcoal in the form of charcoal flakes and is often regarded as waste. This study aims to determine the physical properties of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes which include water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and calorific value, as well as the potential utilization of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes. so that residents can use Tapuk Village, Limpasu District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency as an alternative fuel to substitute kerosene and LPG. The results showed the physical properties of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes for 3.66 % water content, 3.15 % ash content, 14.31 % volatile matter content, 78.88% fixed carbon content, 6.259.33 cal / gr calorific value. The use of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes is able to produce consumption costs efficiency of 60% better than the use of LPG and 70% better than the use of kerosene.

Integrated life cycle assessment-analytic hierarchy process (LCA-AHP) with sensitivity analysis of phosphorus recovery from wastewater in Metro Manila

The adverse environmental impact caused by eutrophication has recently prompted the Philippine government to issue stringent regulatory standards for wastewater effluent quality. The involved stakeholders and industries are assessing the integration of biological nutrient removal (BNR) technologies in the current sewage treatment plant (STP) scenario. Moreover, efforts are being done to utilize wastewater as a resource such us recovery of nutrients as struvite fertilizer from the wastewater sludge. Since BNR and nutrient recovery systems are not yet integrated in STPs, the magnitude of the environmental impacts are yet to be evaluated in the Philippine setting. This study covers the holistic evaluation of the overall environmental performance scores of the following scenarios using a consequential Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework integrated with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the context of Water-Energy-Food Nexus: 1) current STP scenario; 2) BNR technology; and 3) nutrient recovery system. The environmental impact assessment was done using IMPACT 2002+ methodology in terms of the following impact indicators: human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, resources, aquatic acidification, and aquatic eutrophication. Value judgments from relevant stakeholders were elicited to rank the relative importance of the impact indicators in the evaluation of the overall environmental performance score. The LCA-AHP results show that the integration of a nutrient recovery system is the most preferred scenario. Sensitivity analysis was also done to evaluate the effects of changes in diet and utilization of alternative energy.

Development of botanical composition of grassland affected by the different exploitation intensity

Article Details: Received: 2019-04-08 | Accepted: 2019-06-03 | Available online: 2019-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.101-109 The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of different intensity of grassland exploitation on the development of floristic composition. The experiment was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in the Žirany village (SW Slovakia) characterized by a mild climate with an average annual temperature of 9 °C. Before the experiment was established, the grassland was used for sheep grazing and dominated by Lollium perenne L. The monitoring period was 2017 and 2018. The experimental crops were mown 2× (variant 4), 3× (variant 3) and 4× (variant 2). We established also control variant (variant 1) which was not mowed and fertilized, as well. The floristic composition was evaluated before each cut. It follows from the results obtained at the beginning of the monitoring in 2017, grass species (Lollium perenne L., Poa trivalis L., Poa pratensis L.) predominantly prevailed and they maintained their dominant position during the whole vegetation period in 2017. Furthermore, other meadow herbs (Achillea millefolium L., Cerastium arvense L.) were found in higher proportion. Legumes were found in a lesser extent. In 2018, we reduced the proportion in the botanical groups of other meadow herbs and leguminous plants. Conversely, grasses increased their share compared to 2017. The cover has been reduced mainly in variant 3 (3× mowed) and variant 2 (2× mowed). Keywords: floristic composition, mowing management, grasses, legumes, other meadow herbs, permanent grassland References BOVAL, M. and DIXON, R. (2012) The importance of grasslands for animal production and other functions: A review on management and methodological progress in the tropics. In Animal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 748–762. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000304 BRITAŇAK, N. et al. (2013) Production capacity of a mountain meadow in Slovakia. In Michalik, D. L., et. al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 22nd International Grassland Congress – Revitalising Grassland to Suitain our Communities, 2013 Sept 15–19, Sydney, pp. 1520–1521. ECONOMIC and social development program 2014–2020 Village Žirany [online]. Retrived 2019-01-09 from http://www.zirany.eu/documents/1427100129phsr-zirany2014.pdf (In Slovak). EZE, S., PALMER, S. M. and CHAPMAN, P. J. (2018) Soil organic carbon stock in grasslands: Effects of inorganic fertilizers, liming and grazing in different climate settings. In Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 223. GAISLER, J., PAVLŮ, V. and PAVLŮ, L. (2011) Effect of different extensive management treatments on the plant diversity of an upland meadow without forage utilisation. In Grassl. Sci. Eur., vol. 16, pp. 577–579. GIBSON D. J. (2009) Grasses and grassland ecology. New York: Oxford University Press. 305 p. JANCOVIC, J. and VOZAR, Ľ. (2014) Use of grasslands (In Slovak) In SKLADANKA, J. et. al. Fodder crops. Brno: MU. 368 p. (In Czech). KLAPP, E. (1971) Wiesen und Wieden. Berlin: Paul Parey. 520 p. KLIMES, L., JONGEPIEROVA, I., and JONGEPIER, J.W. (2000) The effect of mowing on previously abandoned meadow: a ten year experiment. Praha: Přiroda.. KOHOUTEK, A. et al. (2009) Selected indicators of productive and extraproductional management of grasslands in the Czech Republic. In Grassl. Sci. Eur., vol. 14, pp. 11–24. KRAJCOVIC, V. (2004) Integration of mountain farming landscape systems. In Use of permanent grassland in mountain and agriculturally disadvantaged areas (Publication on the occasion of Slovakia´s accession to the European Union). Banska Bystrica: VUTPHP, pp. 56–133 (In Slovak). MICHAUD, A. et al. (2012) Identification of the environmental factors which drive the botanical and functional composition of permanent grasslands. In J. Agric. Sci., vol. 150, pp. 219–236. MORAVEC, J. et. al. (1994) Phytocoenology. Praha: Academia. 403 p. (In Czech). O‘MARA F. P. (2012) The role of grasslands in food security and climate change. In Annals of Botany, vol. 110, no. 6, pp. 1263–1270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs209 POLLAK, S., JANCOVA and LIESKOVSKÝ, M. (2013). Alternative energy utilization options grasslands: proceedings of research papers. Piesťany: Plant production research centre in Piesťany. 218 p. (In Slovak). REGAL, V. 1956. Microskopic method for evaluation of grass quality. Proceeding CS AZV, Plant production, no. 6 (In Czech). SMITH, N. A. C., WILLEMS, J. H. and BOBBINK, R. (2008) Longterm after-effect of fertilisation on the restoration of calcareous grasslands. In Appl. Veg. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 279–286. STÝBNAROVA, M. and DUFEK, A. (2016) Changes of botanical composition of permanent grassland four years after the cessation of different fertilization with compost and slurry. In Cattle Research, 2016, vol. 58, no. 211.

Pemanfaatan Energi Alternatif di SMAN 1 Labuapi

Counselling about the use of alternative energy has been carried out at SMAN 1 Labuapi as a partner. This counselling needs to be done because based on the analysis of the situation, the people around SMAN 1 Labuapi desperately need energy assistance. Meanwhile, in the area around the SMAN 1 Labuapi, there is plenty of alternative energy. Therefore, the main purpose of implementing community service is to motivate the community, especially the community of SMAN 1 Labuapi, to be able to provide their own energy. Then, it is hoped that SMAN 1 Labuapi is expected to provide a model of alternative energy utilization to meet the energy needs of the wider community of Desa Labuapi continuously. The method used in this service is the method of counselling and demonstration about the use of alternative energy. The results of service are changes in the behaviour of the people of SMAN 1 Labuapi to utilize alternative energy. One tool that had been practised was a biogas maker unit using gallons of Narmada.

BIM Data Exchange Standard for Hydro-Supported Structures

With the rapid adoption of building information modeling (BIM) across diverse industries, the need for a universal standard for BIM data exchanges has become critical for the success of BIM applications. Questions of the level of development and interoperability of BIM as methods to exchange data and integrate various model-based applications into an efficient work process have come to the forefront of BIM standardization to improve the design and construction of facilities. Current BIM software authoring tools center on conventional structural systems and are not yet adequate for modeling floating structures. Hydro-supported structures comprise a special type of structure that relies primarily on the hydraulic buoyancy of the supporting water body to maintain equilibrium and safety. It is an area that is increasingly drawing the attention of architects and engineers to resolve many issues in coastal areas and to deal with issues related to increased flooding and tropical storms, such as shoreline stabilization, hurricane response, alternative energy, and rainwater collection and utilization. The study centers on expanding BIM standardization for designing and analyzing floating and amphibious structures. It seeks to address the information delivery manual (IDM) and model view definitions (MVDs) as they provide the basis for data exchange specifications for the industry foundation classes (IFC) schema. This research aims to enable a proficient BIM workflow for designing hydro-supported structures characterized by the coherent, organized, and reproducible exchange of consistent data that is commonly recognized across the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.

Carbon Footprint Estimation for Oil Production: Iraq Case Study for The Utilization of Waste Gas in Generating Electricity

Oil is the main energy resource on earth since its discovery, and Iraq depends mainly on crude oil to generate electricity. The process of oil extrusion differs depending on the physical nature and the accessibility of the reservoirs. In Iraq as a case study, the production of oil is easier, and relatively cost effective due to its high pressure which makes oil emerge to the surface with minimum effort compared to other deep reserves. Oil production is usually connected with high waste. In this study case, the main issues addressed are the waste of oil production and the associated gas as a co-product. Associated gas is a blend of hydrocarbons dissolved in the oil under high pressure underground reservoirs. It is naturally released when crude oil is brought to the surface under low pressure [1].The aim of this study is to estimate the carbon footprint of crude oil production in Iraq. It considers the associated gas, a part of the production lifecycle in order to propose an alternative energy utilization solution that can reduce the energy waste as well as the carbon footprint. The energy estimation is then used to substitute the equivalent generated electricity from fossil fuel.Basic mathematics is used to estimate the potential energy of the flare gas in order to evaluate the equivalent energy losses. Umberto software is used to estimate the carbon footprint for both flared gas and the electricity generation based on kWh.While the flared gas can be reprocessed to avoid energy waste, this has its own drawbacks. The main drawback of this solution is that the gas needs to be liquefied in order to be efficiently transported. This, as a result, implies a high energy consumption as well as carbon dioxide emissions in both processing and transportation.The outcome of this study is to utilize the flared gas in generating electricity instead of the adopted method of using fossil fuel. This solution potentially saves about 50 million tons of carbon dioxide annually as per todays production rates.

The effect of heat, air mass flow rate and temperature on paddy drying time using rotary type dryer

In this study a heat exchanger was manufactured and utilised as paddy dryer. Diesel engine exhaust gas was used to heat the air and supplied to the heat exchanger. A shell and multi tube helical coil heat exchanger was employed with shell length and diameter of 1,050 mm and 152.4 mm, respectively. Furthermore, a tube with twenty coil and 3,250 mm length was attached inside the shell where coil diameter and helical coil number are 58.8 mm and 4, correspondingly. Besides, Heat source was generated from the diesel engine exhaust gas. The engine can generate 54 kW of power and maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The aim of this research is to analyse the paddy drying time using rotary type dryer equipped with heat exchanger. This study based on experimental work, the data retrieval procedure is the way in which to obtain the necessary data to be analyzed, where the procedure is initially the water is loaded into the tank and the valves are all open, then the pump switch is switched on so that water flows in the drains of the appliance heat exchanger and then diesel engine turned on so that hot gas flow in the gas line. This is done to dispose of the air contained in the heat exchanger, let it last for a while until the exhaust gas temperature goes into the heat exchanger in steady state. The result revealed that in order to obtain 14% of paddy moisture content, it took 8 hr and 33 minutes of drying time at 46.7 °C of air temperature with the rate of air mass flow of 0,057383 kg/s. Whereas, it was 8 hr and 37 minutes long to get the same moisture content when the air temperature and air mass flow were maintained at 70.4 °C and 0,082788 kg/s, accordingly. The energy needed to dry the paddy at 46.7 °C was 19374.89 kJ. In contrast, it was required 18932.03 kJ of energy at 70.4 °C. If it is seen from the explanation then the main conclusions of this research that by using this rotary type drying tool the drying process can be done and can save cost and time, besides that also this finding provide recommendation information related to the utilization of alternative energy for drying.