Alternate Pairs Research Articles

Taxonomic Validity of Dryopteris Laoshanensis J. X. LI ET S. T. Ma and Dryopteris Championii (Benth.) C. Chr. From China

A combination of plant taxonomy, micromorphological and palynological characters was used to systematically compare and study the status of the two closely related species, namely Dryopteris laoshanensis and D. championii. Results showed that the sporophylls of D. laoshanensis were triangularovate, with 1 alternate pair of pinnae at the base of the sporophylls, not shortened, and each alternate pair of pinnae gradually shortened upward; rhizome and petiole are densely covered with reddish brown ovatelanceolate scales; the sori are distantly placed from the main vein; spore perispore with curved ridges protrusions, which is clearly different from the D. championii. The leaves of D. championii were ovateoblong, 1 pair of pinnae at the base of the leaves slightly shortened, and the upper 2-4 pairs of pinnae were extended in sequence, which is the widest part of the leaves at the middle, and then the pinnae gradually shrinking upward; rhizome and petiole are densely covered with dark brown lanceolate scales; the sori close to main vein; spore perispore with tuberculiform and tuberculiform-rugulate protrusions. It provided micromorphological and palynological evidences for the clear identity of D. laoshanensis and D. championii as distinct species. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 863-871, 2022 (December) Special

Probabilistic Quantum Teleportation via 3-Qubit Non-maximally Entangled GHZ State by Repeated Generalized Measurements

We propose a scheme of repeated generalized Bell state measurement (GBSM) for probabilistic quantum teleportation of single qubit state of a particle (say, 0) using 3-qubit non-maximally entangled (NME) GHZ state as a quantum channel. Alice keeps two qubits (say, 1 and 2) of the 3-qubit resource and the third qubit (say, 3) goes to Bob. Initially, Alice performs GBSM on qubits 0 and 1 which may lead to either success or failure. On obtaining success, Alice performs projective measurement on qubit 2 in the eigen basis of $\sigma_{x}$. Both these measurement outcomes are communicated to Bob classically, which helps him to perform a suitable unitary transformation on qubit 3 to recover the information state. On the other hand, if failure is obtained, the next attempt of GBSM is performed on qubits 0 and 2. This process of repeating GBSM on alternate pair of qubits may continue until perfect teleportation with unit fidelity is achieved. We have obtained analytical expressions for success probability up to three repetitions of GBSM. The success probability is shown to be a polynomial function of bipartite concurrence of the NME resource. The variation of success probability with the bipartite concurrence has been plotted which shows the convergence of success probability to unity with GBSM repetitions.

Impact of a prestrained graded InGaN/GaN interlayer towards enhanced optical characteristics of a multi-quantum well LED based on silicon substrate.

This paper presents alternate pairs of InGaN/GaN prestrained layers with varying indium compositions, which are inserted between the GaN/InGaN MQW active region and the n-GaN layer in a light-emitting diode (LED) nanostructure in order to obtain enhanced optical characteristics. The device is mounted on a silicon substrate followed by a GaN buffer layer that promotes charge injection by minimizing the energy barrier between the electrode and active layers. The designed device attains more than 2.897% enhancement in efficiency when compared with the conventional LED, which is attributed to the reduction of a polarization field within the MQW region. The proposed device with 15% indium composition in the prestrained layer attains a maximum efficiency of 85.21% and a minimized efficiency droop of 3.848% at an injection current of 40mA, with high luminous power in the output spectral range. The device also shows a minimum blueshift in the spectral range, indicating a decrease in the piezoelectric polarization.

Instability Missed by Flexion-Extension Radiographs Subsequently Identified by Alternate Imaging in L4-L5 Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis.

Cross-sectional preoperative and intraoperative imaging study of L4-L5 lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS). To determine if alternate imaging modalities would identify LDS instability that did not meet the criteria for instability based on comparison of flexion and extension radiographs. Pain may limit full flexion and extension maneuvers and thereby lead to underreporting of true dynamic translation and angulation in LDS. Alternate imaging pairs may identify instability missed by flexion-extension. Consecutive patients scheduled for surgery for single-level L4-L5 LDS had preoperative standing radiographs in the lateral, flexion, and extension positions, supine computed tomography (CT) scans, and intraoperative fluoroscopic images in the supine and prone positions after anesthesia but before incision. Instability was defined as translation ≥3.5mm or angulation ≥11° between the following pairs of images: (1) flexion-extension; (2) CT-lateral; (3) lateral-intraoperative supine; (4) lateral-intraoperative prone; and (5) intraoperative supine-prone. Of 240 patients (mean age 68y, 54% women) 15 (6%) met the criteria for instability by flexion-extension, and 225 were classified as stable. Of these 225, another 84 patients (35% of total enrollment) were reclassified as unstable by comparison of CT-lateral images (21 patients) and by lateral-intraoperative images (63 patients). Nine of the 15 patients diagnosed with instability by flexion-extension had fusion (60%), and 68 of the 84 patients reclassified as unstable by other imaging pairs had fusion (81%) ( P =0.07). The 84 reclassified patients were more likely to undergo fusion compared with the 141 patients who persistently remained classified as stable (odds ratio=2.6, 95% CI: 1.4-4.9, P =0.004). Our study provides evidence that flexion and extension radiographs underreport the dynamic extent of LDS and therefore should not be solely relied upon to ascertain instability. These findings have implications for how instability should be established and the extent of surgery that is indicated.

A Lipid-Inspired Highly Adhesive Interface for Durable Superhydrophobicity in Wet Environments and Stable Jumping Droplet Condensation

Creating thin (<100 nm) hydrophobic coatings that are durable in wet conditions remains challenging. Although the dropwise condensation of steam on thin hydrophobic coatings can enhance condensation heat transfer by 1000%, these coatings easily delaminate. Designing interfaces with high adhesion while maintaining a nanoscale coating thickness is key to overcoming this challenge. In nature, cell membranes face this same challenge where nanometer-thick lipid bilayers achieve high adhesion in wet environments to maintain integrity. Nature ensures this adhesion by forming a lipid interface having two nonpolar surfaces, demonstrating high physicochemical resistance to biofluids attempting to open the interface. Here, developing an artificial lipid-like interface that utilizes fluorine-carbon molecular chains can achieve durable nanometric hydrophobic coatings. The application of our approach to create a superhydrophobic material shows high stability during jumping-droplet-enhanced condensation as quantified from a continual one-year steam condensation experiment. The jumping-droplet condensation enhanced condensation heat transfer coefficient up to 400% on tube samples when compared to filmwise condensation on bare copper. Our bioinspired materials design principle can be followed to develop many durable hydrophobic surfaces using alternate substrate-coating pairs, providing stable hydrophobicity or superhydrophobicity to a plethora of applications.

Age-Dependent Metabolic Profiles Unravel the Metabolic Relationships Within and Between Flax Leaves (Linum usitatissimum).

Flax for oil seed is a crop of increasing popularity, but its cultivation needs technical improvement. Important agronomic traits such as productivity and resistance to stresses are to be regarded as the result of the combined responses of individual organs and their inter-communication. Ultimately, these responses directly reflect the metabolic profile at the cellular level. Above ground, the complexity of the plant phenotype is governed by leaves at different developmental stages, and their ability to synthesise and exchange metabolites. In this study, the metabolic profile of differently-developed leaves was used firstly to discriminate flax leaf developmental stages, and secondly to analyse the allocation of the metabolites within and between leaves. For this purpose, the concentration of 52 metabolites, both primary and specialized, was followed by gas chromatography (GC-) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in alternate pairs of flax leaves. On the basis of their metabolic content, three populations of leaves in different growth stages could be distinguished. Primary and specialized metabolites showed characteristic distribution patterns, and compounds similarly evolving with leaf age could be grouped by the aid of the Kohonen self-organising map (SOM) algorithm. Ultimately, visualisation of the correlations between metabolites via hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allowed the assessment of the metabolic fluxes characterising different leaf developmental stages, and the investigation of the relationships between primary and specialized metabolites.

Diminished Learning Over Repeated Exposures (LORE) in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

IntroductionWe determine whether diminished Learning Over Repeated Exposures (LORE) identifies subtle memory decrements in cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker burden.MethodsNinety‐four CU participants (mean age = 77.6 ± 5.02) completed a challenging associative memory test, at home, monthly, for up to 1 year (mean = 9.97 months) on a study‐issued iPad. Learning curves for face‐name memory were computed for two versions completed monthly: same face‐name pairs (A‐A‐A) and alternate face‐name pairs (B‐C‐D). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging characterized global amyloid (Pittsburgh Compound‐B (PiB); amyloid beta (Aβ)+/−) and regional tau burden (flortaucipir).ResultsDiminished LORE for same (but not alternate) face‐name pairs was associated with greater amyloid and tau burden. Aβ+/− group differences for same face‐name pairs emerged by the fourth exposure and was of medium‐to‐large magnitude (Cohen's d = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25‐1.08).DiscussionSubtle decrements in learning related to AD pathological burden in CU are detectable over short time‐intervals (ie, months). Implications for prevention trial design are discussed.

Characterizations of the dilation of frame generator dual pairs for group

In this paper, we are interested in the dilation problem on frame generator dual pairs for a unitary representation in Hilbert spaces. We show the existence of a Riesz generator dilation dual pair of a frame generator dual pair in Hilbert spaces. Then we reveal the uniqueness of such dilations in the sense of similarity and give a characterization of the dilation of frame generator alternate dual pairs by that of the canonical dual pair in terms of a special operator. We also exhibit that the corresponding operator between two dilations of a frame generator dual pair is in a special structure.

Genome editing of oncogenes with ZFNs and TALENs: caveats in nuclease design

BackgroundGene knockout technologies involving programmable nucleases have been used to create knockouts in several applications. Gene editing using Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription activator like effectors (TALEs) and CRISPR/Cas systems has been used to create changes in the genome in order to make it non-functional. In the present study, we have looked into the possibility of using six fingered CompoZr ZFN pair to target the E6 gene of HPV 16 genome.MethodsHPV 16+ve cell lines; SiHa and CaSki were used for experiments. CompoZr ZFNs targeting E6 gene were designed and constructed by Sigma-Aldrich. TALENs targeting E6 and E7 genes were made using TALEN assembly kit. Gene editing was monitored by T7E1 mismatch nuclease and Nuclease resistance assays. Levels of E6 and E7 were further analyzed by RT-PCR, western blot as well as immunoflourescence analyses. To check if there is any interference due to methylation, cell lines were treated with sodium butyrate, and Nocodazole.ResultsAlthough ZFN editing activity in yeast based MEL-I assay was high, it yielded very low activity in tumor cell lines; only 6% editing in CaSki and negligible activity in SiHa cell lines. Though editing efficiency was better in CaSki, no significant reduction in E6 protein levels was observed in immunocytochemical analysis. Further, in silico analysis of DNA binding prediction revealed that some of the ZFN modules bound to sequence that did not match the target sequence. Hence, alternate ZFN pairs for E6 and E7 were not synthesized since no further active sites could be identified by in silico analyses. Then we designed TALENs to target E6 and E7 gene. TALENs designed to target E7 gene led to reduction of E7 levels in CaSki and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines. However, TALEN designed to target E6 gene did not yield any editing activity.ConclusionsOur study highlights that designed nucleases intended to obtain bulk effect should have a reasonable editing activity which reflects phenotypically as well. Nucleases with low editing efficiency, intended for generation of knockout cell lines nucleases could be obtained by single cell cloning. This could serve as a criterion for designing ZFNs and TALENs.

Conversing in Verse

What does it mean to converse in verse? Stichomythia, where two characters alternate lines or pairs of lines in classical Greek drama, is also, perhaps surprisingly, a frequent feature of nineteenth century popular and literary lyric poems. One probably source is the ballad, where events are often narrated wholly in dialogue. I focus on two Victorian poets in whose work ballads were a strong presence, asking not only what each poet found in the but what each did with the modes of sociability at its core. What happens when we consider Christina Rossetti's devotional poems from the perspective of her pastiches? Or think of Thomas Hardy's elegies for Emma Hardy in light of the ballad expectations aroused by his poems--expectations attached, among other things, to his frequent use of conversational dialogue?

Floral organogenesis in Dysosma versipellis (Berberidaceae) and its systematic implications

The Berberidaceae and the six other families of Ranunculales form a sister clade to all other eudicots, and are crucial to reconstructing the common ancestor of flowering plants. Previous studies have suggested that the petals of most Berberidaceae are derived from stamens, and some are thought to develop petals from common petal/stamen primordia. However, the flower ontogeny is still poorly known in the family and the presence of common primordia needs to be re-evaluated from a comparative developmental perspective. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy to study the floral development of the endemic Chinese species Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng ex Ying, which was originally placed in Podophyllum. Our results show that the floral organs are all free and the sepals, petals, and stamens are initiated centripetally in successive and alternate trimerous pairs of whorls around a single carpel. The nectarless petals are initiated separately and do not develop from common primordia with the stamens. Floral and developmental features of D. versipellis are similar to those of most members of Berberidaceae. The regular development of multiple flowers and absence of a secondary increase in the number of stamens in Dysosma support its exclusion from Podophyllum, and this is also inferred by the DNA sequence data.

Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Bilingual Mental Lexicon: Evidence of Cognate Effects in the Phonetic Production and Processing of a Vowel Contrast.

The present study examines cognate effects in the phonetic production and processing of the Catalan back mid-vowel contrast (/o/-/ɔ/) by 24 early and highly proficient Spanish-Catalan bilinguals in Majorca (Spain). Participants completed a picture-naming task and a forced-choice lexical decision task in which they were presented with either words (e.g., /bɔsk/ “forest”) or non-words based on real words, but with the alternate mid-vowel pair in stressed position (*/bosk/). The same cognate and non-cognate lexical items were included in the production and lexical decision experiments. The results indicate that even though these early bilinguals maintained the back mid-vowel contrast in their productions, they had great difficulties identifying non-words and real words based on the identity of the Catalan mid-vowel. The analyses revealed language dominance and cognate effects: Spanish-dominants exhibited higher error rates than Catalan-dominants, and production and lexical decision accuracy were also affected by cognate status. The present study contributes to the discussion of the organization of early bilinguals' dominant and non-dominant sound systems, and proposes that exemplar theoretic approaches can be extended to include bilingual lexical connections that account for the interactions between the phonetic and lexical levels of early bilingual individuals.

Solvent based 3D printing of hydroxyapatite laden scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Event Abstract Back to Event Solvent based 3D printing of hydroxyapatite laden scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Spencer Cutting1, Jonathan Pestes2, Janice Mckenzie1 and Ralph Stirling2 1 Walla Walla University, Biology, United States 2 Walla Walla University, Engineering, United States Introduction: The classic tissue engineering paradigm uses any combination of cells, a biomaterial scaffold, and bioactive factors to produce tissue. 3D printing is promising biomaterial fabrication method in bone tissue engineering for its inherent ability to create porous scaffolds of arbitrary shape[1]. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a popular material for bone tissue engineering for its bioattractive and osteoinductive properties[2]. We created HA laden scaffolds with a solvent based printing technique and report novel surface architecture resulting from the technique. Materials and Methods: Our 3D printer consists of three linear actuators mounted orthogonally in an aluminum frame to move an extruder assembly along X, Y, and Z axes. Linux CNC drives the printer according to custom G-code, depressing the syringe as the extruder assembly is moved in a series of overlapping ovals is drawn to approximate a rectangle. The next layer is printed orthogonal to the first to form a grid pattern. The origin of alternate pairs of perpendicular layers is offset by one half the spacing between lines, eliminating the long hollow columns typical of 3D printed scaffolds. Scaffolds are printed with a 1:3 (w:v) polycaprolactone (PCL):chloroform(CF) solution or a 1:2:6 (w:w:v) HA:PCL:CF solution mixed overnight in a rotary mixer. Samples were gold sputter coated and imaged with a SEM at Whitman College. Results and Discussion: We identified a variety of parameters that effect print quality. Print height, tip gauge, and the ratio of travel speed to extrusion rate strongly influenced fiber diameter and drying times. By modifying these parameters, we obtained comparable fiber diameters in samples printed with 22 gauge (Fig. 1) and 27 gauge (Fig. 2) dispensing tips. SEM revealed μm scale patterning in both HA laden and pure PCL scaffolds (Fig. 1 and 2), presumably due to solvent evaporation. Pure PCL scaffolds show longitudinal furrows on the order of tens of μm across (Fig. 2A and 2B) and μm scale surface roughness (Fig. 2C). HA laden scaffolds lack longitudinal furrows, but do have μm scale roughness (Fig. 2B). This can be explained by decreased drying time for the HA laden samples (2 days) relative to the pure PCL samples (3 weeks). Conclusion: We have successfully developed a system for solvent based printing of biomaterial scaffolds. Solvent based printing provides a convenient method for preliminary materials experimentation without the need to extrude printing filament; allows for printing of non-thermoplastic polymers; and introduces novel surface micro-architecture presumably as an effect of solvent evaporation. Because the technique is uncommon and holds promise for biomaterials manufacturing, we have prepared a detailed troubleshooting guide for other researchers. Future work will include precise determination of porosity, the effect of drying time on surface architechture, compressive strength, and scaffold cyto-compatibility. Whitman College; David Cowles; Jared Weakly

Melvillipteris quadriseriatagen. et sp. nov., a new plant assigned to Rhacophytales from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of Arctic Canada

AbstractA new plant of Late Devonian (Famennian) age,Melvillipteris quadriseriatagen. et sp. nov., is reported from Melville Island, Nunavut, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Main axes and two orders of lateral branches are recognized. The main axes are monopodial in habit, with a zigzag and/or upright appearance and dense adventitious roots attached on some internodes. First-order branches are inserted on the main axes in distichous pairs, showing a quadriseriate pattern (i.e. alternate pairs); they bear one or two sterile ultimate appendages on the proximal portions, and then distally bear alternate second-order branches. Second-order branches bear alternate ultimate appendages which may be fertile or sterile; the sterile ultimate appendages are composed of one or two successive dichotomies, terminating in oppositely recurved tips, and fertile appendages show an elaborate branching system. Each fertile appendage has an initial dichotomy forming two sister branches, each of which further divides three or four times to produce ultimate divisions terminated by sporangia. Two to four small fusiform sporangia are grouped in a truss which is supplied by penultimate division of the fertile appendage. The sporangia have a pointed tip and a longitudinal dehiscence. This new plant resembles other plants with a quadriseriate branching pattern (e.g.RhacophytonCrépin,CephalopterisNathorst,ProtocephalopterisAnaniev,EllesmerisHill, Scheckler &amp; Basinger andProtopteridophytonLi &amp; Hsü), and is assigned to the Rhacophytales. Its similarity to and divergence from the rhacophytaleans, cladoxylopsids and other related plants are discussed.

New 6-screw linkage with circular translation and its variants

The circular translation generated by a pseudo-planar parallelogram with four screw pairs having equal pitches and parallel axes is introduced and a special Delassus parallelogram producing the same motion is obtained through the addition of a second pseudo-planar parallelogram with another value of its equal pitches. A mechanical generator of spherical translation stemming from the circular translation generator is revealed. Combining a spherical translation generator and a pseudo-planar or special Delassus parallelogram leads to a new family of 6-screw (6H) paradoxical linkages with circular translation in a purely geometric way. Their architectural type belongs to the structural group with two alternate pairs of joint-axes parallel and one pair of opposite joint-axes parallel. Moreover, the one-degree-of-freedom (1-DoF) movability is conditioned by metric constraints. The already published 6R linkages having circular translation are special types of 6H with all screw-pitches zero. The parallel arrangement of three special 6R linkages produces a 3-UU parallel platform with circular translation (U denotes a universal joint with intersecting joint axes of revolute pairs). A more overconstrained m-UU case (m≥4) with special joint-axes arrangements is disclosed too.

Cellular metabolites enhance the light sensitivity of Arabidopsis cryptochrome through alternate electron transfer pathways.

Cryptochromes are blue light receptors with multiple signaling roles in plants and animals. Plant cryptochrome (cry1 and cry2) biological activity has been linked to flavin photoreduction via an electron transport chain comprising three evolutionarily conserved tryptophan residues known as the Trp triad. Recently, it has been reported that cry2 Trp triad mutants, which fail to undergo photoreduction in vitro, nonetheless show biological activity in vivo, raising the possibility of alternate signaling pathways. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana cry2 proteins containing Trp triad mutations indeed undergo robust photoreduction in living cultured insect cells. UV/Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy resolves the discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro photochemical activity, as small metabolites, including NADPH, NADH, and ATP, were found to promote cry photoreduction even in mutants lacking the classic Trp triad electron transfer chain. These metabolites facilitate alternate electron transfer pathways and increase light-induced radical pair formation. We conclude that cryptochrome activation is consistent with a mechanism of light-induced electron transfer followed by flavin photoreduction in vivo. We further conclude that in vivo modulation by cellular compounds represents a feature of the cryptochrome signaling mechanism that has important consequences for light responsivity and activation.

GAP: towards almost 100 percent prediction for β-strand-mediated aggregating peptides with distinct morphologies

Distinguishing between amyloid fibril-forming and amorphous β-aggregating aggregation-prone regions (APRs) in proteins and peptides is crucial for designing novel biomaterials and improved aggregation inhibitors for biotechnological and therapeutic purposes. Adjacent and alternate position residue pairs in hexapeptides show distinct preferences for occurrence in amyloid fibrils and amorphous β-aggregates. These observations were converted into energy potentials that were, in turn, machine learned. The resulting tool, called Generalized Aggregation Proneness (GAP), could successfully distinguish between amyloid fibril-forming and amorphous β-aggregating hexapeptides with almost 100 percent accuracies in validation tests performed using non-redundant datasets. Accuracies of the predictions made by GAP are significantly improved compared with other methods capable of predicting either general β-aggregation or amyloid fibril-forming APRs. This work demonstrates that amino acid side chains play important roles in determining the morphological fate of β-mediated aggregates formed by short peptides. http://www.iitm.ac.in/bioinfo/GAP/.

Experimental investigation on terminal connection and system function pair during SFRA testing on three phase transformers

It is highly desirable to maximize the ability of detecting even a slightest movement in the winding-core arrangement of a power transformer while employing Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) measurements. The terminal connection employed and system function considered significantly influences the detection sensitivity that can be achieved. Being an off-line, low-voltage method, SFRA tests permit any possible terminal connection and system function amongst the numerous possibilities. Currently available literatures and the IEEE guide on SFRA measurements (IEEE Std C57.149™-2012) list out most of these possibilities for both single phase and three phase transformers. The terminal connection and system function listed in the IEEE guide on SFRA measurements is an outcome of past experience and knowledge. The IEEE guide provides much attention in detecting outer phase symmetry, mid phase asymmetry, changes in the inductance and other minute mechanical deviations. Despite all, an expert opinion is inevitable while making a meaningful interpretation from the measured SFRA data. In particular, more expertise is required while ascertaining the minor winding deviations which usually manifest in the mid frequency range. A possible way to simplify this task is by obtaining more information (distinguishable resonant peaks) in the measured amplitude frequency response function. It simply means enabling the SFRA method to reveal all the natural frequencies manifested by the winding-core assembly. The author has already addressed this issue for single phase, two-winding transformers. However, three phase multi-winding transformers are quite different in construction. So, the applicability of the same configuration (single phase, two-winding) on three phase transformers remains to be ascertained. Also, there exist several possibilities of alternate terminal connection and system function that might provide more insight into the status of the winding-core assembly. In conclusion, it is believed that the proposed alternate terminal connection and system function pair can also be included during routine SFRA tests on three phase transformers after adequate verification.

Radiocarbon Dates on Textile and Bark Samples from the Central Grave of the Adena Mound (33RO1), Chillicothe, Ohio

The Adena Mound (33RO1) is the type site of the Adena culture, yet there have been no radiocarbon dates to place it reliably within a temporal framework. Fortunately, the artifact collection, curated by the Ohio Historical Society, includes objects that are highly suitable for radiocarbon dating, including fragments of textiles and tree bark associated with the central burial. We selected a textile fragment and two bark fragments for radiocarbon dating. The textile exhibits alternate pair twine with very fine yarns probably composed of cellulose bast fibers. The bark is from a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) tree. The results of the radiocarbon dating indicate that the Adena Mound was constructed between the end of the second century B.C. and the beginning of the first century A.D., placing it near the midpoint in the sequence of radiocarbon-dated Adena culture sites. This study demonstrates the value of museum collections for gleaning new data from curated materials.

Multilayer thin film encapsulation for organic light emitting diodes

Thin film encapsulation for OLEDs using alternate layer pairs of organic films and magnesium fluoride thin films deposited by normal and glancing angle deposition methods.