In order to find out the contamination of mycotoxins in Triticeae crops of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a total of 153 Triticeae crop fruits were collected as target samples, and 22 mycotoxins were tested. High detection rate was found in the Alternaria mycotoxins, including tentoxin (TEN), tenuazonic acid (TEA) and alternariol (AOH) toxins. To further clarify the production rules of Alternaria mycotoxins. A number of 9 high yield toxic strains were selected from 65 bacterial strains and the gene sequences of each were determined. The nine selected Alternaria alternate were cultured under specific pH of the culture medium, temperature and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and their growth and toxicity were analyzed. The results showed that the toxic capacity of most A. alternate increased with the increase of culture environment temperature and decreased with the increase of UV irradiation. However, the production of some toxins did not meet this principle, or even met the principle of relativity. In the culture experiments, a total of five Alternaria toxins were detected as positive, which were TEN, AOH, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), TEA, and Alternaria (ALT). The altenusin (ALS) toxin was not detected in the metabolites of the nine Alternaria strains. It indicated that the TEN, AOH, AME, TEA, and ALT toxins should be particularly valued in the future risk assessments. This finding provided comprehensive information of mycotoxins contamination in the Tibetan Plateau Triticeae crops, it pointed out a direction to the Tibetan Plateau food crops' quality control.

The 17th to 19th century wooden and stone churches are an iconic symbol of Romanian national heritage. The present study investigates by qualitative and quantitative methods the microbial communities from the biodeteriorated surfaces of wooden and stone monument churches included in the cultural heritage list of local or national importance. From a total of twelve monuments, samples were taken with cotton sterile swabs, inoculated on specific culture and identified by classical, automated and molecular methods. A total of 133 strains belonging to Ascomycota phylum were identified and confirmed at species level from the wooden churches, amongst which, Penicillium spp. strains (mostly P. corylophylum, P. chrysogenum) were the most frequent, followed by Alternaria alternata and species of Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Fusarium genera. From the stone churches a total of 100 strains belonging to Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Fusarium and Rhizopus genera were isolated. A total of 55 bacterial strains were isolated and identified as Bacillus, Artrobacter and Pseudomonas species. The microbial load of the samples ranged between 2.18x107 and 3x105 CFU/mL. A very small number of fungal strains (6/77) isolated from wooden churches (mostly A. alternata, followed by P. corylophilum and one Cladosporium spp. strain) and from stone churches (5/55) (mostly A. alternata, followed by A. versicolor, A. nidulans strain) were involved in biofilm formation. The results of this study can help to improve understanding of the microbial deterioration of Romanian heritage churches and allow more reliable decontamination, conservation and preservation tools to be defined.

Derim öncesi meyve çürüklüğü nar bahçelerinde önemli bir problemdir ve ciddi ürün kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Adana ve Mersin illerindeki nar bahçelerinde derim öncesi meyve çürüklüğünün yaygınlığını saptamak, bununla ilişkili fungal patojenleri belirlemek ve farklı zamanlarda yapılan inokulasyonların hastalık oluşumuna etkisini ortaya koymaktır. 2018 yılında toplam 39 bahçede sürvey yapılmış ve simptomatik meyve örnekleri alınmıştır. Fungal patojenler standart mikolojik prosedürlere göre izole edilmiş ve klasik ve moleküler tekniklerle tanılanmıştır. Fungal patojenler bahçe koşullarında 2 farklı zamanda (çiçeklenme-meyve tutumu ve meyve büyümesi dönemleri) inokule edilmiş ve sırasıyla meyve dökümü ile kaliks çürüklüğü görülen meyve oranları kaydedilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, Adana ve Mersin’deki derim öncesi meyve çürüklüğünün yaygınlık oranlarının sırasıyla %70.6 ve %22.7 olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu illerdeki ortalama hastalık çıkışı yine aynı sırayla %5.0 ve %1.1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Simptomatik meyvelerden Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum spp., Diaporthe ambigua, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium spp. ve Talaromyces spp. türlerine ait izolatlar elde edilmiştir. Bu türlerin bazıları (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Coniella granati, Diaporthe ambigua ve Penicillium mallochii), çiçekli meyveciklere inokule edildiklerinde, %87.5-100 oranında dökülmeye neden olmuş, ancak saf su püskürtülen kontrolde dökülme oranları %60-70 arasında gerçekleşmiştir. Buna karşın meyveler yarı büyüklüğe ulaştığında sadece Coniella granati ve Diaporthe ambigua inokulasyonları kaliks çürüklüğüne neden olmuş, diğer türler meyveleri çürütememiştir. Bu sonuçlar, inokule edilen türlerin çiçek ve meyvecikler üzerinde patojenik olduğunu ve bu kısımların dökülmesine yol açtığını göstermiştir. Diaporthe ambigua’nın şimdiye kadar nar meyve çürüklüğüyle ilişkili olduğuna dair bir kayda rastlanmazken bu çalışma ile meyvelerde saldırgan bir tür olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

Surfactants (adjuvants) are the substances often added to the spray tank, besides the pesticide formulation, whose role is to improve the performance of the pesticide or the physical properties of the spray mixture, or both. Adjuvants are not often used as fungicides themselves, however, it is interesting to investigate if they can improve the fungistatic activity of the system they are included in. Therefore the main aim of this work was to determine the effect of the addition of a newly obtained, never investigated before, sulfobetaine type surfactant to the fungicides on their final properties. In the in vitro experiment fungistatic activity of the surfactant and the system of surfactant with strobilurins and benzimidazole fungicides were evaluated. The tested surfactants were added to the liquid medium of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) at concentrations: 1, 10, 50, and 100 ppm. The organisms of Fusarium culmorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Microdochium nivale, and Alternaria brassicas were used as indicators. The experiments have shown that the addition of the new surfactant studied to the medium resulted in inhibition of mycelium growth of all the tested fungi. The system with the surfactant and the fungicide was much more effective against the tested fungi than individual fungicides.

The potential for endophytes to initiate changes in host secondary metabolism has been well documented. However, the mechanisms underlying endophyte-plant metabolic interactions are still poorly understood. Here, we analysed the effects of fungal endophytes on the metabolite profiles of grape cells from two cultivars: 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (CS) and 'Rose honey' (RH). Our results clearly showed that co-culture with endophytic fungi greatly modified the metabolic profiles in grape cells of both varieties. Treatments with endophytic fungal strains caused the numbers of detected metabolites to vary from 10 to 19 in CS cells and from 8 to 14 in RH cells. In addition, 5 metabolites were detected in all CS cell samples, while 4 metabolites were detected in all RH cell samples. Some endophytic fungal strains could even introduce novel metabolites into the co-cultured grape cells. The metabolic profiles of grape leaves shaped by endophytic fungi exhibited host selectivity and fungal strain specificity. In this assay, the fungal strains RH32 (Alternaria sp.) and MDR36 (Colletotrichum sp.) triggered an increased response of the detected metabolites, including the greatest increase in the metabolite contents in grape cells of both cultivars. No obvious effects in terms of metabolite numbers and contents in grape cells when co-cultured with fungal strains RH7 (Epicoccum sp.) and RH48 (Colletotrichum sp.) were observed. The results of this experiment suggest that endophytic fungi could be used to control the metabolic profiles of grapes and thus increase grape quality.

We studied the ratio of fungi genera in the affected root system of spring barley, the composition of pathogenic and comorbid mycobiota, which affected barley at different ontogeny stages. We discovered that the main root rot agents were Fusarium spp., Bipolaris spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., Alternaria spp., and the bacterium of Pseudomonas genera. In our research, 50.65% of Fusarium genera were taken at a sprouting stage from the affected root system, 54.25% were taken at tillering stage, and 56.25% were taken at milky-wax ripeness. The next abundant was B. sorokiniana fungus (20.6% of which were taken at sprouting stage, 18.4% at tillering stage, and 18.45% were taken at milky-wax ripeness. Less frequent were the representatives of Rhizoctonia genera – 19.45, 16.15, and 13.2% respectively. We suggested that while studying the pathogenic characteristics of root rot agents of spring barley, more attention need to be paid to their impact on the laboratory germination ability of seeds, the degree of the disease progression, biometric indices and plants persistence. Keywords: Spring barley; Root Rot; Species composition of the agents; Correlation of fungi genera; Pathogenic mycobiota; Phases of plants ontogeny References Ashley, R.O., Mullen, M.M., Eriksmoen, E., Schmidt, B., Barondeau, D., Duerre, D. & Eraas, K. (2000). Diagnosis and management of root disease in dryland wheat in southwest North Dakota. Dickinson Research Extension Center Annual Report. Available from: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/dickinso/research/2000/agron00p.htm Bilai, V.I. (1977). Fuzarii. Kiev, Naukova Dumka (in Russian). Bilai, V.I. (1982). Metody eksperimentalnoj mikologii. Kiev. Naukova Dumka (in Russian). Chulkina, V.A., Tabakayev, V.N. & Pahotnyuk, V.E. (1974). Osobennosti zarazheniya semyan yarovoj pshenicy i yachmenya fitopatogennymi gribami v razlichnyh ekologo-geograficheskih zonah Zapadnoj Sibiri. Borba s vreditelyami i boleznyami selskohozyajstvennyh kultur, Nauchno-tehnicheskij byulleten, 12, 3–11. (in Russian). Khohriakov, M.K. (1974). Metodicheskie ukazaniya po eksperimentalnomu izucheniyu fitopatogennyh gribov. Leningrad. Nauka (in Russian). Korshunova, A.F., Chumakov, A.F. & Shchecochihina, R.I. (1976). Zashita pshenicy ot kornevyh gnilej. Leningrad. Kolos (in Russian). Mirchink, T.G. (1976). Pochvennaya mikologiya. Moscow. Moscow State University (in Russian). Naumov, N.A. (1937). Metody mikologicheskih i fitopatologicheskih issledovani. Moscow. Selhozizdat (in Russian). Nelson, P.E., Toussoun, T.A., Marasas, W.F.O. (1983). Fusarium species. University Park. The Pennsylvania State University Press. Pidoplichko, N.M. (1977–1978). Griby – parazity kulturnyh rastenij. Vol. I-III. Kiev. Naukova dumka. (in Russian). Tepliakov, V.I. & Tepliakova, O.I. (2003). Bolezni yarovoj pshenicy v Zapadnoj Sibiri. Zashita i karantin rastenij, 1, 17–18. (in Russian).

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Science / College of Agriculture/ University of Tikrit with the aim of isolating and diagnosing fungi contaminated by stored wheat grains and estimating the concentration of FB1 in it and determining its physiological effects in rats, The results of the study showed the presence of Aspergillus sp. molds by 38 in the tested samples, followed by Fusarium sp. by 28 and Alternaria alternata by 19 then the genus Penicillium sp. by 10 and Mucor sp. by 5. The presence of FB1 toxin in local and imported wheat samples was also investigated by estimating using ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immune Sorbent Assays) as its highest concentration was 2.240 mg/kg in local wheat from the A-Dour district, while the lowest concentration was 0.103 mg/kg in Australian wheat samples. The ability of F.monliforme mold isolates to produce FB1 was also studied, it was found that they were capable of producing toxin with concentrations of 4.264 mg / kg in local wheat samples taken from Al-Dour district and 3.597 mg / kg in local wheat samples taken from Baiji district. Using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). With regard to the sensory evaluation of wheat flour used in the study, the best results for wheat flour of Australian wheat gave the highest results which reached 24 degrees while the worst results for wheat flour of Baiji which amounted to 14 degrees for the qualities studied: color, smell. With regard to the sensory evaluation of beard made from wheat samples in this study, the highest was recorded 33 degrees for Australian wheat and lowest evaluation for Dour wheat with 24 degrees with regard to the studied qualities of color, smell, taste. The effect of FB1 on the rate of weight gain in male rats has also been studied, the presence of this toxin in the rats' diet led to a significant decrease in weight after 21 days of the trial age, where the average weight in the T3 treatment was 141 g and the results showed a significant increase in the relative weight of the liver and Kidney in treatment T3 was 4.6g and 1.7g respectively.

Endophytic fungi inhabit healthy plant tissues, and are now considered as ubiquitous symbionts of plants. Besides having the positive effects on the plants in phytostimulation, production of pigments, enzymes and bioactive compounds and nutrient cycling, they are also responsible for the destruction of host tissues and toxic production within the host. The endophytic fungi can be found in any part of the plant such as scale primordial, meristem, resin ducts, petiole, buds, stem, root, shoot, leaves, barks and even in the pneumatophores. Mangroves act as a host for plenty of endophytic fungal populations. The endophytic fungi obtained from mangroves have certain specialized characteristics and are resistant to several environmental stress conditions. Aim of the present study is to isolate and identify endophytic fungi inhabiting mangrove plant species that are abundantly found along the state of Northern Kerala, India. The collected plant specimens were surface sterilized and ground to paste form to earn the extract, which was then inoculated into the medium to obtain fungal culture. Among seven plant specimens collected, six types of endophytic fungi were morphologically identified as Aspergillus sp. (two different species), Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp. and Sarocladium sp.

En los últimos años, la citricultura mundial se ha encontrado amenazada por la presencia del psílido asiático de los cítricos, Diaphorina citri, un insecto perjudicial por ser portador de la bacteria “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (las)”, causante de la enfermedad Huanglongbing (HLB), que ha provocado la devastación de plantaciones y la reducción de la producción de cítricos en todo el mundo. En el año 2017 se reportó la presencia de D. citri en plantas traspatio del cantón Catamayo, en la provincia de Loja, por lo que la presente investigación tuvo por objetivo identificar los enemigos naturales (depredadores, parasitoides y hongos) asociados a D. citri, y evaluar su incidencia en campo. Para ello, se realizaron muestreos en plantas traspatio (Citrus spp. y Murraya paniculata) del cantón Catamayo. Los muestreos se efectuaron a una altura de 1,5 m de las plantas en los cuatro puntos cardinales de la misma. Se colectaron larvas y adultos de depredadores, ninfas parasitadas y adultos de parasitoides, y adultos de D. citri para el aislamiento de hongos. Como resultado de la identificación en el laboratorio, se determinó la presencia de 11 especies depredadoras (principalmente Cheilomenes sexmaculata y Chrysopa spp.), dos especies de parasitoides (Diaphorencyrtus sp. y Tamarixia radiata) y cuatro especies de hongos (Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. y Alternaria sp.). Diaphorencyrtus sp. tuvo una tasa de parasitismo del 7,76 %. Estas especies podrían utilizarse para establecer programas de control biológico, aprovechando su potencial como reguladores de poblaciones de ninfas de Diaphorina citri.

The aim of this study was to monitor the quality and mycobiota composition of table eggs during storage period. The most significant changes in the egg weight and water activity were observed on Day 7. To identify the mycobiota present on the eggshell by PCR method, a newly designed procedure for the extraction of fungal DNA based on a combination of commercial isolation kit, proteinase K and ultrasound was implemented. Identified mold genera included Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria alternata group. Their ratio varied considerably during storage with the dominance of Penicillium spp. on Day 14.

Herbal antiseptics with phytoncidal action, for example, plant essential oils, can be used indoors in the presence of people. The antifungal activity of essential oils of medicinal plants (anis, basil, clary cage, clove, coriander, jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemon, orchid, rose, rosemary, tea tree, wormwood, ylang ylang) was evaluated by the degree of growth inhibition of mold colonies Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Colonies incubated in Petri dishes with a drop of essential oil on the lid under control – petrolatum. All essential oils in the experiment had phytoncidal properties. The oils were divided into groups: 1 – with fungicidal action (coriander, jasmine, orchid, rose); 2 – with high fungistatic activity to all strains (lavender, basil, tea tree oil); 3 – with fungistatic properties against individual strains (C. cladosporioides – rosemary and anise, A. alternata and A. flavus – lemon, A. oryzae – wormwood); 4 – with a stimulating effect of the growth of colonies A. oryzae – lemon oil.

Marigold blight caused by Alternaria porri-first report from Manipur

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to determine the pathogenic fungi that infect tomatoes in farmer's land and level of damage in Amor-Amor. This research was conducted from October 2017 to January 2018 which was carried out in Amor-Amor Village, North Lombok Regency and in the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram.The method used in this research was descriptive by collecting data in the field directly. The results showed that with highest intensity of disease is caused by the fungus Alternaria sp. that is 48% in tymoti varieties and 62.50% in servo varieties and followed by Phytophthora sp. with disease incidents of 5.33% in tymoti varieties, 14.66% in servo varieties, and Rhizoctonia sp. 28.83% in tymoti varieties, 13.33% in servo varieties respectively.

The genus Bacillus is one of the wellknown group of bacteria as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can support plant growth or otherwise control the plant pathogens. In this study, three strain of B. pumilus from BIOTEC culture collection (BCC 7507, TBRC 2887 and TBRC 2903) were investigated for their potential to be used as fungal pathogen control. The growth characteristics of these B. pumilus strains were determined by making the growth curve of each strain. Further, antagonistic activity of B. pumilus against the anthracnose pathogens C. capsici, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum , the rice dirty panicle pathogen Curvularia lunata , the leaf spot pathogen Alternaria brassicicola , and the rice blast pathogen Magnoporthe grisea were evaluated by identified the inhibition zone from their activity. Then, the secondary metabolites produced by these Bacillus strains were also examined using anti-fungal activity assays. All B. pumilus strains showed very low biocontrol activity against M. grisea , but not against C. acutatum, C. Capsici, C. gloeosporioides, A. brassicicola and C. lunata . Culture extracts derived from these strains did not show any activity against M. grisea in the spore germination inhibition assay. These results showed that the three B. pumilus strains did not exhibit strong potential for application as biocontrol agent.

Bread is a cereal product which provides essential nutrients to the body. Several fungi have been associated with bread spoilage yet bread fungi may offer some benefits. The studied aimed to assess the phytochemicals present in bread fungi and the antimicrobial effects of the fungal isolates. The fungi were isolated using the pour plate technique with Potato dextrose agar and Tryptone soya agar as the growth medium. The fungi were characterized and identified based on their morphological characteristics. The fungi, Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp, Fuasrium spp, Mucor spp, Alternaria spp, Tricothecium spp, Sporendonema spp Trichothecium spp and Clasdosporium spp. occurred most frequently in the bread sample. The fungal isolates contained phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tanins, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids and steroids, which reflects its ability to produce bioactive compounds which could serve both environmental and medicinal purposes. The trends of zone of bacteria inhibition for E,coli was penicillium spp< Aspergillus spp< Fuasrium spp< Rhizopus spp, for staphyloccus was penicillum spp< Fuasrium spp <Aspergillus spp etc.

Background: There is evidence to demonstrate an association between fungal sensitization and asthma. Several studies have shown that saprophytic fungi such as Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus species are the most prevalent fungal allergens worldwide. The main purpose of this study was to compare Alternaria alternata, Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus fumigatus allergen bands by using the same patients and controls’ sera in clinical investigations. Methods: Forty-eight patients with asthma (23 males, 25 females) and Forty-eight healthy controls (23 males, 25 females) were collected in 2017. Glass beads and liquid nitrogen were used to disrupt the cell wall of cultured fungi. SDS-PAGE was used to isolate protein fractions. IgE immunoblotting against the patients and controls sera were performed to isolate protein bands after electrotransfering into the nitrocellulose membrane. Results: Our findings demonstrated the most allergenic bands consist to A. alternata with 17 bands (44.7%) relative to P. citrinum and A. fumigatus, and we found that asthmatic patients in the age range of 41 to 70 years were more sensitive when compared to other age groups. Conclusion: Our results showed that A. alternata had more power in sensitizing the patients in comparison with P. citrinum and A. fumigatus. Also, the protein bands with high molecular weight can be considered as an index of sensitizing in immunoblotting assay.

The leguminous crops grown on a natural infectious background in small-plot experiments at the Botanical Garden of the National Research University “BelSU” (Belgorod, Russia). The strains from rhizosphere and filloplanes of leguminous crops were identified by the method of water washes. The pathogenic properties of the isolated strains were determined by the bioassay method on seeds. The study of pathogenicity micromytcetes strains revealed that Alternaria alternata, Cunninghamella echinulata, Trichoderma lignorum had a stimulating effect on seed germination and the development of test plants of legumes, while Aspergillus niger and Bipolaris australiensis had an inhibitory effect. The species Alternaria infectoria, Fusarium heterosporum, Stemphylium solani, Ulocladium botrytis possessed a non-pathogenic property to perennial legume grasses, and in one degree or another caused inhibition of the development of annual legumes.

Analysis of genetic diversity of Alternaria longipes of tobacco in Hubei

The fungal community composition and structure of two ancient tetraploid wheat varieties, native to the Sicilian territory of Italy, Perciasacchi (winter wheat) and Tumminia (spring wheat) were investigated using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS). This showed a predominance of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes including Alternaria , Fusarium , Mycosphaerella, Filobasidium, Cystofilobasidium, Cryptococcus , Leucosporidium , Dioszegia, Puccinia , Sporobolomyces, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Holtermanniella and Gibberella . Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) showed that Aureobasidium, Leucosporidium and Puccinia differentiated between the two wheat varieties. In addition, the microbial association analysis suggested that some endophytic taxa play important roles within the wheat fungal community. Genera such as Cryptococcus and Cystofilobasidium were shown to have consistent antagonistic activity against Gibberella spp., while, Acremonium and a group of unidentified ascomycetes had mutual exclusion relationships with Puccinia. Since both Gibberella and Puccinia contain several economically important pathogens of wheat, the detected fungal interactions may indicate microbial-mediated resistance in these wheat varieties.

Licht ist ein wichtiger Umweltfaktoren, der die Entwicklungsprozesse und metabolischen Prozesse von fast allen Organismen der Erde beeinflust. Filamentose Pilze konnen Licht mittels verschiedener Photorezeptoren wahrnehmen. Der schwarze Sporen-produzierende Pilz Alternaria alternata ist ein weit verbreitetes pra/post-Ernte Pflanzenpathogen, der in der Lage ist mehr als 70 Sekundarmetabolite zu produzieren. A. alternata kann auch selten als Humanpathogen Allergien verursachen. Viele Prozesse in A. alternata werden durch Licht gesteuert. Rotlicht stimuliert die Sporenproduktion, aber kontinuierliche Beleuchtung mit Blauchlicht inhibiert die Sporenproduktion komplett. Interessanterweise kann der inhibierende Effekt von Blaulicht durch Rotlicht aufgehoben werden, was eine Verknupfung zwischen den Lichtsensorsystemen suggeriert. Das A. alternata Genom kodiert ein Phytochrom (FphA), ein WC-1 Ortholog (LreA), ein Opsin (NopA) und ein Cryptochrom (CryA) als putative Photorezeptoren. Neben dem White Collar-1 Ortholog LreA, das schon zum Teil untersucht wurde, waren weitere Funktionsanalysen der Gene durch Schwierigkeiten bei der Konstruktion von homologen knock-out Stammen limitiert. Jedoch wurde die CRISPR/Cas9 Technologie in A. alternata etabliert, die schnelle und prazise Veranderung von Gensequenzen und somit Studien von Genfunktion und –regulation zulasst. Mit der Verwendung dieser Technologie, haben wir die Rolle von FphA und LreA sowie das Zusammenspiel mit dem high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) Kinase Signalweg durch loss-of-function Mutationen fur fphA, lreA, and hogA untersucht. Die Deletion von fphA, lreA and hogA fuhrte zu einer Reduktion der Sporulation im Dunkeln, was eine aktivierende Funktion der Photorezeptoren (FphA und LreA) und HogA suggeriert. Die Entwicklung von Konidiophoren benotigt eine transkriptionelle Kaskade, die aus brlA, abaA und wetA besteht. Nach 60 min Beleuchtung mit Weislicht wurde die Expression von abaA und wetA in fphA und lreA Mutanten aufgehoben, wodurch die wichtige Rolle von Photorezeptoren in der Sporulation und asexuellen Entwicklung bestatigt wurde. Ein BrlA Ortholog wurde nicht gefunden. Die Auskeimung von Konidien war in Rot-, Blau-, Grun- und Dunkelrotlicht verzogert. Die Deletion von Phytochrom, aber nicht von lreA, hob die Repression unter allen Bedingungen auf, was die hemmende Funktion von FphA und die Prasenz zusatzlicher Blaulicht Rezeptoren bestatigt. Weitergehend wurde die Auswirkung von Licht und die Rolle von FphA, LreA und HogA auf die Sekundarmetabolitbildung untersucht. Die Alternariolproduktion war sowohl im Licht als auch im Dunkeln strikt von hogA abhangig. Stattdessen wurde die Bildung einer gelben Substanz stimuliert. Die Blau- und Grunlicht Stimulation der Alternariolproduktion war nur von LreA abhangig und nicht von FphA. Die Resistenz gegenuber oxidativem Stress durch Wasserstoffperoxid und Mennadion war in dem fphA und lreA-Deletionsstamm, aber nicht im hogA Deletionsstamm erhoht. Die erhohte Resistenz war unabhangig von den Lichtbedingungen und kann durch eine Induktion von Katalasen und Superoxiddismutasen erklart werden. Zur weiteren molekularen Analyse wurde die Induktion von ccgA (clock-controlled gene in Neurospora crassa and light-induced in Aspergillus nidulans) untersucht. Das Gen wird auch in A. alternata durch Licht induziert. Die Induktion war strikt von LreA und nur leicht von FphA abhanig. Fur die weitergehende Charakterisierung der Rollen von fphA, lreA, and hogA, wurde die Regulation weiterer putativer lichtregulierter Gene untersucht. Die Expression des Katalase Gens catA and des short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases Gens (AAT_PT02522) ist von FphA, LreA and HogA abhangig. Die Lichtinduktion von ferA (ein putatives Ferrochelatasegen) and bliC (bli-3, light regulated, unbekannte Funktion) benotigen LreA und HogA, aber nicht FphA. Da vorherige Untersuchungen in A. nidulans, N. crassa and Trichoderma viridae eine Interaktion zwischen den Rot und Blaulicht Photorezeptoren mit der HOG-MAP-Kinase Kaskade suggerieren, wurde die Expression von Genen, die durch osmotischen Stress induziert werden, in den drei Mutanten untersucht. Die Transkriptmenge von hogA, atfA und ccgA war in fphA, lreA und hogA Mutanten reduziert. Wahrend die Expression von bliC von lreA und hogA abhangig war, wies der fphA Deletionsstamm eine vergleichbare Expression zum Wildtyp auf. Desweiteren wurde die Phosphorylierung von HogA unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen durch Immunostaining untersucht. Nach Beleuchtung mit Rot und Blaulicht wurde Fluoreszenz im Zytoplasma und angereichert im Zellkern detektiert. Die Stimulation des Signals wurde nicht im fphA oder LreA Mutantenstamm beobachtet, wodurch die Aktivierung des Hog Signalweges durch FphA und LreA suggeriert wird. Der Verlust von fphA verstarkte die Pathogenitat auf Tomaten, wahrend lreA und hogA Deletionsstamme eine abgeschwachte Virulenz im Vergleich zum Wildtyp aufweisen. Zudem fanden wir, dass fphA eine Rolle in der Temperaturwahrnehmung spielt.