Alterations In Total Protein Research Articles

Fluctuations in Haemato-Biochemical Parameters in Organized and Farmer Flock of Goat Under Infestation of Lice

Parasites causes the economic wealth loss of any country and also the health of the animals the parasites are of two types viz. ecto and endo parasites. In ectoparasites ticks and lice are major while in endoparasites mites are included. Considering all these facts present investigation has been planned. This study evaluated the haematological and biochemical response of ticks captured in two different environmental reared goats such as organized and farmer flocks. The experimentally infected goats showed lower Hb, PCV, TEC, Neutrophil and MCHC values in the first three weeks of study but naturally infested groups showed higher values than the experimentally infected groups. Biochemical parameters viz. total protein and globulin were found higher a day 21 in experimental lice infected goats but albumin, A/G ratio, glucose, bilirubin and AST were considerably lower during 7 and day 21 in the experimental group when compared to naturally infected goats. There was no alteration in total protein, globulin, bilirubin and ALT between experimental and natural lice- infected goats but the A/G ratio was significantly higher in experimental lice infested goats. Anemia in lice-infested goats and attribute it to prolonged blood looses and loss of essential nutrients and oxidative stress which induce RBC damage and anemia. It is due to oxidative stress and biotransformation.

Associations of decreased serum total protein, albumin, and globulin with depressive severity of schizophrenia.

ObjectiveDepression and schizophrenia (SCH) were accompanied by an acute phase response (APR) that was implicated in the alterations in total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin levels. The aims of this study are to examine serum TP, albumin, globulin levels, depressive symptoms, and their associations in patients with SCH.MethodsWe recruited 34 patients with SCH and 136 healthy controls (HCs) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Psychiatric symptoms and biomarkers were assessed using the Chinese version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) as well as the bromocresol green and biuret methods.ResultsSerum TP (F = 46.11, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.19), albumin (F = 31.69, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.14), and globulin (F = 12.48, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.06) levels were lower in patients than those in HCs after adjusting for covariates. Serum TP (r = −0.37, p = 0.03) and albumin (r = −0.37, p = 0.03) levels were negatively correlated with depressive score in patients. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed the negative associations of depressive score with serum TP (β = −0.13, t = −2.92, p = 0.007), albumin (β = −0.23, t = −2.36, p = 0.03), and globulin (β = −0.16, t = −2.40, p = 0.02) levels in patients. Serum TP, albumin, and globulin levels exhibited the accuracies of 87.1, 70.0, and 69.4% in discriminating between patients and HCs (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.78, 0.68, and 0.77; sensitivity/specificity: 52.9%/95.6%, 55.9%/73.5%, and 76.5%/67.6%).ConclusionOur data suggested that decreased serum TP, albumin, and globulin should be regarded as the SCH risk factors and were implicated in the depressive severity of SCH, which further provided the support for the hypothesis that SCH and depression were accompanied by the abnormal inflammatory cytokines with the APR.

Toxicity and genetic analysis of Scaptotrigona bipunctata Lepeletier, 1836 contaminated with the pyrethroid cypermethrin

Stingless bees are important pollinators for the native forest of tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly in Latin America. This group contains more than 300 species, many of them native from Brazil. Their colonies present various types of structures, formats and materials. Scaptotrigona bipunctata (Lepeletier, 1836) is a species of stingless bee that builds large colonies within tree trunks. They are ecologically important as pollinators, maintaining the ecological balance. However, studies indicate that the number of bees has been decreasing drastically over the years due to habitat destruction and intensive use of agrochemicals. High doses of insecticides can lead to the death of bees, but low concentrations may promote behavioral changes that affect the colonies and its services to ecosystem and agricultural crops. Around 40% of all insecticides applied in Brazil are toxic to bees. Cypermethrin insecticide belongs to the pyrethroid group and it is widely used in several crops, such as cotton, potato, coffee, maize and tomato. This study aimed to investigate the mortality rate, alterations in total protein and esterase expression in S. bipunctataafter contamination by ingestion and contact with cypermethrin. At the end of the bioassays, there was found a low mortality rate, however, sublethal effects were expressive. Esterases showed different expression patterns after contamination, both by ingestion and contact and total protein analysis presented changes in expression, as well.

Calcineurin is an important factor involved in glucose uptake in human adipocytes

Calcineurin inhibitors are used in immunosuppressive therapy applied after transplantation, but they are associated with major metabolic side effects including the development of new onset diabetes. Previously, we have shown that the calcineurin inhibiting drugs tacrolimus and cyclosporin A reduce adipocyte and myocyte glucose uptakes by reducing the amount of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) at the cell surface, due to an increased internalization rate. However, this happens without alteration in total protein and phosphorylation levels of key proteins involved in insulin signalling or in the total amount of GLUT4. The present study evaluates possible pathways involved in the altered internalization of GLUT4 and consequent reduction of glucose uptake provoked by calcineurin inhibitors in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Short- and long-term treatments with tacrolimus, cyclosporin A or another CNI deltamethrin (herbicide) decreased basal and insulin-dependent glucose uptake in adipocytes, without any additive effects observed when added together. However, no tacrolimus effects were observed on glucose uptake when gene transcription and protein translation were inhibited. Investigation of genes potentially involved in GLUT4 trafficking showed only a small effect on ARHGEF11 gene expression (p < 0.05). In conlusion, the specific inhibition of calcineurin, but not that of protein phosphatases, decreases glucose uptake in human subcutaneous adipocytes, suggesting that calcineurin is an important regulator of glucose transport. This inhibitory effect is mediated via gene transcription or protein translation; however, expression of genes potentially involved in GLUT4 trafficking and endocytosis appears not to be involved in these effects.

Haemato-Biochemical Alterations After Epidural Administration of Dexmedetomidine Alone and in Combination with Bupivacaine in Buffalo Calves

The study was conducted on 12 healthy male buffalo calves weighing between 50 to 60 Kg to evaluate haemato-biochemical alterations after epidural injection of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with bupivacaine. Haematological examination showed nonsignificant alterations. Biochemical examination showed significant increase in blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine while there was nonsignificant alterations in total protein and alkaline phosphatase. All haemato-biochemical changes were transient and compensatory.

Neuropeptide Y suppresses epileptiform discharges by regulating AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit in rat hippocampal neurons.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor glutamate receptor2 (GluR2) subunit in epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons were harvested from neonatal Sprague‑Dawley rats aged <24h and primarily cultured invitro. At day 12 following culture, hippocampal neurons were divided into the following groups: Control, Mg2+‑free, NPY+Mg2+‑free and BIBP3226+NPY+Mg2+‑free. The action potential of neurons was measured using the whole cell patch clamp technique in the control, Mg2+‑free and NPY+Mg2+‑free groups. AMPA current (IAMPA) was detected and peak current density was calculated in each group. Alterations in total protein and phosphorylation of the GluR2 subunit were detected by western blot analysis, and GluR2 mRNA expression levels were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in each group. The whole cell patch clamp technique demonstrated an abnormal action potential in the Mg2+‑free group. The frequency and amplitude of the action potential were significantly greater in the Mg2+‑free group compared with the control group, and significantly reduced in the NPY+Mg2+‑free group compared with the Mg2+‑free group (P<0.05). In the Mg2+‑free group, compared with the control group, peak current density was significantly reduced (P<0.05), GluR2 subunit protein content was slightly reduced (P>0.05), phosphorylation levels of GluR2 subunit were significantly greater (P<0.05) and GluR2 mRNA was significantly reduced (P<0.05). In the NPY+Mg2+‑free group, compared with the Mg2+‑free group, peak current density was significantly greater (P<0.05), phosphorylation levels of GluR2 subunit were significantly reduced (P<0.05) and GluR2 mRNA expression was significantly greater (P<0.05). In the BIBP3226+NPY+Mg2+‑free group, compared with the NPY+Mg2+‑free group, peak current density was significantly reduced (P<0.05), phosphorylation levels of GluR2 subunit were significantly greater (P<0.05) and GluR2 mRNA expression was significantly reduced (P<0.05). After 3h of treatment with Mg2+‑free extracellular fluid, epileptiform discharge was detected in the cells. NPY inhibited the discharge and its underlying mechanism may be that epileptiform discharge suppressed the function of the AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit. NPY relieved the inhibition of the GluR2 subunit via the Y1 receptor. This may provide a novel direction for future studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy.

수온 상승에 따른 북방전복, Haliotis discus hannai과 둥근전복, H. discus discus 체액의 생리학적 변화

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of elevated water temperature (WT) on biochemical and immunological factors in the hemolymph of the abalones, Haliotis discus hannai and H. discus discus. The abalone were exposed to various WT; 20, 22, 24, 26 and for 4 days. In the control and , total-protein (TP), glucose and calcium (Ca) in hemolymph of H. discus discus were higher than the values in H. discus hannai. The values of magnesium (Mg), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lysozyme in H. discus hannai were similar to the H. discus discus in the control. There were no significant alterations in TP, glucose and Mg levels of hemolymph in H. discus hannai and H. discus discus by WT increases. The values of Ca, ALP and lysozyme were increased in H. discus hannai exposed to the high temperature (26 and ) compared to control, while the values in H. discus discus were not significant difference between the WT groups. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity was increased in hemolymph of H. discus hannai exposed to high temperature () compared to the control (P

Intrinsic Up-Regulation of 2-AG Favors an Area Specific Neuronal Survival in Different In Vitro Models of Neuronal Damage

BackgroundThe endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) acts as a retrograde messenger and modulates synaptic signaling e. g. in the hippocampus. 2-AG also exerts neuroprotective effects under pathological situations. To better understand the mechanism beyond physiological signaling we used Organotypic Entorhino-Hippocampal Slice Cultures (OHSC) and investigated the temporal regulation of 2-AG in different cell subsets during excitotoxic lesion and dendritic lesion of long range projections in the enthorhinal cortex (EC), dentate gyrus (DG) and the cornu ammonis region 1 (CA1).Results2-AG levels were elevated 24 h after excitotoxic lesion in CA1 and DG (but not EC) and 24 h after perforant pathway transection (PPT) in the DG only. After PPT diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL) protein, the synthesizing enzyme of 2-AG was decreased when Dagl mRNA expression and 2-AG levels were enhanced. In contrast to DAGL, the 2-AG hydrolyzing enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) showed no alterations in total protein and mRNA expression after PPT in OHSC. MAGL immunoreaction underwent a redistribution after PPT and excitotoxic lesion since MAGL IR disappeared in astrocytes of lesioned OHSC. DAGL and MAGL immunoreactions were not detectable in microglia at all investigated time points. Thus, induction of the neuroprotective endocannabinoid 2-AG might be generally accomplished by down-regulation of MAGL in astrocytes after neuronal lesions.ConclusionIncrease in 2-AG levels during secondary neuronal damage reflects a general neuroprotective mechanism since it occurred independently in both different lesion models. This intrinsic up-regulation of 2-AG is synergistically controlled by DAGL and MAGL in neurons and astrocytes and thus represents a protective system for neurons that is involved in dendritic reorganisation.

Impact of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible carp (Labeo rohita).

Laboratory evaluations were made to assess the toxicological and biochemical effect of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible freshwater culture carp (Labeo rohita). There was a significant negative (P < 0.05) correlation observed between effective doses of cypermethrin and exposure periods; that is, LC50 values decreased from 0.323 μg/L (6 h) to > 0.278 μg/L (12 h), > 0.240 μg/L (18 h) and >0.205 μg/L (24 h). Exposure to sublethal doses of cypermethrin for 24 h and 96 h exposure period caused significant (P < 0.05) time- and dose-dependent alterations in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acids, glycogen, pyruvate, and lactate level and in the activity of enzyme protease, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase in liver and muscle tissues of fish. Thus, cypermethrin has potent piscicidal activity against fingerlings of fish Labeo rohita and adversely affects their behavioural patterns, shifting aerobic pathway of fish respiration towards anaerobic pathway and also inhibiting energy production by suppressing ATP synthesis.

Anaesthesia for fetal surgery.

*Department of Anesthesia, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,**Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia and †Department of Anesthesia andCritical Care, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Schoolof Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Alterations in total protein, IgM and specific antibody activity of male and female sea bass (Dicentrarchus labraxL., 1758) sera following injection with killedVibrio anguillarum

The relationship between the levels of total proteins, immunoglobulins and antibody activity in serum of sea bass broodstock, following one or two intraperitoneal injections of heat-killedVibrio anguillarum(V1), was studied over a period of 10 months. Determination of immunoglobulin (IgM) level was carried out using a double monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA and the specific antibody activity to V1 (AbV1) quantified by indirect ELISA. IgM level decreased during the first month post-immunisation (p.i.), but persisted at a high level from the third month until the eighth month p.i. in injected fish and until the tenth month p.i. in boosted fish. AbV1 level increased after 2 weeks and remained elevated for longer than 10 months p.i. Neither the IgM nor the AbV1 levels of control fish were changed following an injection of phosphate-buffered saline. The V1 injection did not modify the protein level, but alteration of protein levels over time differed between males and females. Moreover IgM production was significantly higher, but no significant difference was found between males and females in AbV1 production. The decrease of IgM level after injection may be explained by consumption of IgM, with paratopes close to the injected antigen epitope, which are mobilised to compensate for the lack of the specific antibodies. This early decrease is likely to be an adaptation rather than a deficiency of the immune system.

Preliminary investigation of protein utilization by an aquatic earthworm in response to sublethal stress.

'Previous studies have illustrated the potential usefulness of monitoring biomo­ lecule levels (total protein, DNA, and RNA) in juvenile fish and invertebrates exposed to sublethal doses of environmental toxicants. Ninety-six hr exposures of five contaminants (benzophenone, ethyl acetate, hexavalent chromium, hy­ drogen cyanide, and p-cresol) to larval fathead minnows yielded measurable alterations in total protein, DNA, and RNA that closely paralleled results from concomitant 28-32 d growth assays (Barron and Adelman 1984). Daph­ nia magna exposed to toxicants in various assays also exhibited changes in protein, RNA, and DNA levels, with the most sensitive responses usually oc­ curring during the rapid growth life stage (McKee and Knowles 1986a, b; Knowles and McKee 1987). These results suggest that the use of biomolecule analyses as indicators of reduced growth in chemically stressed aquatic organ­ isms holds promise. Over the past several years, we have conducted both acute and sub-acute sediment bioassays using endrin-contaminated Great Lakes sediments and the aquatic earthworm Stylodrilus heringianus (Keilty et al. 1988a, b, c). Because growth, or the lack of it (measured as the change in dry worm body weight over an experiment), has proved to be a reliable indicator of sublethal stress, the relationship of total protein to dry body weight was investigated in this prelim­ inary study. Total protein was chosen because it is relatively easy to measure (a spectrophotometer and commercially available protein reagent packages are all that is needed), is a major component of dry weight and is less susceptible to breakdown or interferances during analysis (Barron and Adelman 1984).

Observations of HDL components in female probands following an ultra-long distance run of 100 miles.

The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides as well as the cholesterol, phosphatidyl choline, and apolipoprotein components of HDL were tested in 19 participants immediately before and immediately after a 100-mile run. After the run, taking into account any alterations in total protein, the following changes were observed: a decrease in total cholesterol (p less than 0.001), as well as in triglycerides (p less than 0.05), and an increase in HDL cholesterol (p less than 0.05), and HDL phosphatidyl choline (p less than 0.01). The concentrations of HDL apolipoprotein A-I and HDL apolipoprotein A-II were not affected. The results indicate a change in composition of HDL following extreme prolonged physical exercise in women.

Phytohemagglutinin alters cell morphology and decreases prolactin production in GH cells

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produced morphological and functional alterations in a clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH 4C 1). Addition of PHA (2–5 μg/ml) results in a decrease in the proportion of elongated cells from 20% in control cell cultures to less than 10% in the presence of PHA. This effect can be observed after exposure of cells to PHA for 2–3 h and requires 4 days to be reversed after removing PHA from the culture medium. A specialized cell function, the production of the peptide hormone prolactin (PRL), is also affected by PHA treatment. Exposure of cells to 2 μg/ml PHA results in greater than 50% inhibition of PRL production. The above effects of PHA occur without any apparent alteration in total protein per culture dish, the rate of protein synthesis or the overall growth characteristics of the cells.

Schistosoma mansoni: Alterations in total protein and hemoglobin in the hemolymph of infected Biomphalaria glabrata

The total protein concentrations in the hemolymph of noninfected Biomphalaria glabrata and those parasitized by Schistosoma mansoni have been compared. That of the former, averaging 1.42 g/100 ml, is greater than that of the latter which averages 0.96 g/100 ml. The hemoglobin concentrations in the two categories of snails have also been compared and that in noninfected specimens, averaging 0.956 g/100 ml, is higher than that in infected snails which average 0.650 g/100 ml. It has also been ascertained that both the total protein and hemoglobin concentrations in snails of different sizes vary; specimens measuring between 10 and 16 mm in diameter tend to include more hemoglobin than larger ones. On the other hand, larger snails tend to include greater total protein concentrations. The starvation of B. glabrata causes a decrease in hemolymph total protein concentrations and this is partly due to loss of hemoglobin and partly to loss of other proteins. The oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and cyanmethemoglobin of noninfected and infected snails, as well as the dissociation subunits of hemoglobin, have been characterized by spectrophotometry. Twenty hemolymph protein fractions have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel-disc electrophoresis. An additional band with an R f value of 0.8285 commonly occurs in the hemolymph of snails harboring older infections. The osmolarities of the hemolymph of parasitized, nonparasitized, and starved snails have been determined. There is generally a drop in osmolarity in infected and starved specimens. The reduction in hemoglobin can explain, in part, the earlier observations that the heart rates of parasitized snails are faster.