Alterations In Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Research Articles

Effects of copper nanoparticles on oxidative stress genes and their enzyme activities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in the environment due to their wide range of applications, posing potential threats to living organisms. Negative effects of Cu-NP exposure have been confirmed in many fish species, and they include disorders in the expression of oxidative stress genes and the activity of enzymes they encode. Common carp, known for its sensitivity to nanopollutants in water, serves as a valuable model organism for nanoparticle toxicity assessment. This study investigated the effects of specific Cu-NPs – copper nanopowder (Cu-NPs), colloidal copper nanoparticles (Cu), and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) – on gene expression and enzyme activity (GPX, CYP1A, HSP70, SOD, CAT) in C. carpio hatchlings, utilizing molecular biology tools and biochemical analyses. Results showed that Cu increased the expression of the hsp70 gene, Cu-NPs elevated the expression of the cyp1a and hsp70 genes, and CuO increased cyp1a expression. Conversely, sod and cat exhibited reduced expression across all samples (Cu, Cu-NPs, CuO). All Cu forms induced significant ROS accumulation and notable alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPX).

Alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers and helper T-cell subgroups in patients with periodontitis and IgA nephropathy.

Investigating the changes in the oxidative stress levels and helper T lymphocyte (Th) subsets in patients with periodontitis and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) to determine their relationship. IgAN has a high prevalence, poor prognosis, and no effective cure. Accumulating evidence has implicated a close relationship between periodontitis and chronic kidney diseases, in which both IgAN and chronic periodontitis show chronic inflammation and abnormal metabolism. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between the two diseases from this perspective. We divided 86 IgAN patients into patients with healthy periodontium (IgAN-H, n = 34) and patients with periodontitis IgAN (IgAN-P, n = 52); moreover, we divided 72 systemically healthy participants into patients with periodontitis (H-P, n = 35) and participants with healthy periodontium (H-H, n = 37). The proportions of Th subsets in peripheral blood were estimated using flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in plasma were assessed using cytokine assay kits. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the plasma levels of oxidative stress. Our results from analyzing the Th cell subsets indicated that Th2 cell counts in the IgAN-P group were significantly lower than those in the IgAN-H group, while Th17 cell counts were increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, the Th1/Th2 ratio and interleukin-6 levels in the IgAN-P group were significantly higher than those in the H-H group (p < 0.01). Compared with that in the H-H group, in the remaining three groups, plasma total oxidation state (TOS) levels were increased (p < 0.01), while plasma total antioxidant state (TAS) levels were decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, estimated glomerular filtration rate was negatively correlated with the probing depth and gingival bleeding index. IgAN was a risk factor for periodontitis, while TAS was a protective factor for periodontitis. The oxidative stress index (OSI) might be valuable for distinguishing periodontitis patients from healthy controls (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.951). IgAN is an independent risk factor of periodontitis, and the Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory response might be associated with the occurrence of periodontitis in patients with IgAN. Patients with coexisting IgAN and periodontitis exhibit increased oxidative stress, in which TOS and OSI are potential biomarkers for diagnosing periodontitis.

Effect of Acute Administration of Ethanol Extract of Cannabis sativa Leaf on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Male and Female Wistar Rats

Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in the cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products. This study investigated the acute effect of different doses of ethanolic extract annabis sativa (EECS) on oxidative stress biomarkers in male (M) and female (F) Wister rats. Twenty male rats (170 g ± 1.24) and twenty female rats (150 g ± 1.05) were separately assigned into four groups of five animals each for male and female, such that the rats in groups IM and IF, IIM and IIF, IIIM and IIIF and IVM and IVF received orally 1 mL of distilled water, 2 mg/kg body weight (BW) of EECS, 4 mg/kg BW of EECS and 6 mg/kg BW of EECS respectively for twenty one (21) days. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined using standard methods. Administration of different doses (2 mg/kg BW, 4 mg/kg BW and 6 mg/kg BW) of EECS significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased catalase, SOD, GPx, GSH and TAC levels respectively when compared with the control. However, Cannabis sativa (CS) increased MDA and LDH levels significantly (p&lt;0.05) when compared with the control. It was deduced that these alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers were dependent on the doses of CS consumed. Thus, the more the concentration of CS consumed, the more it may affect oxidative stress biomarkers negatively. In addition, all these effects of CS on oxidative stress biomarkers were more in male than in female.

Antox® and Bactofort® Improved Alterations in Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Induced by a Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in ISA Brown Chicks

Antox® and Bactofort® Improved Alterations in Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Induced by a Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in ISA Brown Chicks

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Age-Related Lower Urinary Tract Disorders: A Systematic Review.

PurposeTo conduct a systematic review of preclinical and clinical peer-reviewed evidence linking alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers or outcome measures that were also prevalent in specific age-related lower urinary tract (LUT) disorders.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Embase were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 and March 2021. Animal and human studies that reported on the impact of oxidative stress in age-related LUT disorders through structural or functional changes in the LUT and changes in biomarkers were included. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol was followed.ResultsOf 882 articles identified, 21 studies (13 animal; 8 human) met inclusion criteria. Across LUT disorders, common structural changes were increased bladder and prostate weights, ischemic damage, nerve damage and detrusor muscle hypertrophy; common functional changes included decreased bladder contraction, increased bladder sensation and excitability, decreased perfusion, and increased inflammation. The disorders were associated with increased levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress that provided evidence of either molecular damage, protective mechanisms against oxidative stress, neural changes, or inflammation. In all cases, the effect on biomarkers and enzymes was greater in aged groups compared to younger groups.ConclusionsIncreased oxidative stress, often associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of age-related LUT disorders and may explain their increasing prevalence. This systematic review identifies potential markers of disease progression and treatment opportunities; further research is warranted to evaluate these markers and the mechanisms by which these changes may lead to age-related LUT disorders.

Habitat-, age-, and sex-related alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers in the blood of mute swans (Cygnus olor) inhabiting pomeranian coastal areas (Northern Poland)

The mute swan (Cygnus olor) can be considered a representative species of birds associated with the aquatic environment and responding very clearly to changes in the environment. Assuming that the condition of the mute swan population well reflects the state of the environment, this species was used in our research as a bioindicative species. Thus, the aim of our study was to elucidate the association between metal contents in soil samples collected from a habitat of mute swans and element contents in their feathers as well as the levels of biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, oxidatively modified proteins, and total antioxidant capacity in the blood of mute swans living in three agglomerations in coastal areas in the southern part of the Baltic Sea (Pomeranian region, northern Poland). We compared the effects of inhabitation, age, and sex on the ecophysiological accumulation of metals in three wintering populations of the mute swan from coastal areas of northern Poland, i.e., Słupsk, Gdynia, and Sopot. In Słupsk, the anthropogenic pressure was related predominantly to the level of Al and, to a lesser extent, to the content of Rh and Ru. We found maximum levels of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in the blood of the mute swans from Gdynia (38.20 ± 6.35 nmol MDA·mL−1). At the same time, maximum levels of aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins were noted in the blood of swans from Sopot compared to the values obtained in mute swans from Słupsk and Gdynia. This trend suggesting high levels of oxidative stress biomarkers was also confirmed by a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity in these groups.

Physcion ameliorates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and diabetes-related oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetes rat model

BackgroundPhyscion is an active component of Rheum officinale Baill, a popular traditional Chinese medicine used locally to treat diabetes. Previous studies revealed that physcion possessed antidiabetic activity of physcion using various in vitro models and no information is available on the antidiabetic activity of physcion in animal model. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of physcion in fructose-fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) rat model. In addition, acute toxicity of the physcion was evaluated in Wistar rats. MethodsPhyscion was administered orally at 10, 20 30 mg/kg body weight (bw) for four (4) weeks to the treated animals. Acute exposure of physcion was used to notice any sign of toxicity in the treated animals. ResultsAcute exposure of physcion showed no noticeable sign of toxicity in the treated animals. The diabetic untreated animals showed significant (P< 0.05) high fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers. Oral administration of physcion (P< 0.05) improved the alterations induced by diabetes comparable to metformin treated group. ConclusionThis study therefore, confirms the antidiabetic activity of physcion in animal model and recommends for further clinical study to verify the antidiabetic effect in human subjects.

In vitro and in vivo effects of flubendiamide and copper on cyto-genotoxicity, oxidative stress and spleen histology of rats and its modulation by resveratrol, catechin, curcumin and \u03b1-tocopherol

BackgroundLiving organisms are frequently exposed to more than one xenobiotic at a time either by ingestion of contaminated food/fodder or due to house-hold practices, occupational hazards or through environment. These xenobiotics interact individually or in combination with biological systems and act as carcinogen or produce other toxic effects including reproductive and degenerative diseases. Present study was aimed to investigate the cyto-genotoxic effects of flubendiamide and copper and ameliorative potential of certain natural phyotconstituent antioxidants.MethodIn vitro cytogenotoxic effects were evaluated by employing battery of assays including Propidium iodide staining, Tunel assay, Micronuclei, DNA fragmentation and Comet assay on isolated splenocytes and their prevention by resveratrol (5 and 10 μM), catechin (10 and 20 μM), curcumin (5 and 10 μM) and α-tocopherol (5, 10 and 20 μM). In vivo study was also undertaken daily oral administration of flubendiamide (200 mg/kg) or copper (33 mg/kg) and both these in combination, and also all these concurrently with of α-tocopherol to Wistar rats for 90 days.ResultsFlubendiamide and copper produced concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on splenocytes and at median lethal concentrations, flubendiamide (40 μM) and copper (40 μM) respectively produced 71 and 81% nonviable cells, higher number of Tunel+ve apoptotic cells, 7.86 and 9.16% micronucleus and 22.90 and 29.59 comets/100 cells and DNA fragmentation. In vivo study revealed significant (P < 0.05) increase in level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in groups exposed to flubendiamide or copper alone or both these in combination. Histopathological examination of rat spleens revealed depletion of lymphoid tissue, separation of splenocytes and rarification in splenic parenchyma of xenobiotic(s) treated groups.ConclusionFlubendiamide and copper induce oxidative stress and produce cytogenotoxic effects along with histoarchitectural changes in spleen. All four tested natural antioxidants (resveratrol, catechin, curcumin and α-tocopherol) reduced flubendiamide and copper-induced cytotoxic effects in rat splenocytes. Rat splenocytes are very sensitive to flubendiamide and copper-induced cytogenotoxicity, therefore, these can be effectively employed for screening of compounds for their cytogenotoxic potential. α-tocopherol was effective in restoring alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers and preventing histoarchitectural lesions in spleen.

Peripheral Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Bipolar Disorder during Euthymia and in Siblings.

Oxidative stress is increased during the acute phases of bipolar disorder (BD). Our aim here was to analyze oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with BD during euthymia and their siblings. A cross-sectional study was performed in euthymic patients with BD-I (n=48), unaffected siblings (n=23) and genetically unrelated healthy controls (n=21). Protein carbonyl content (PCC), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and uric acid were measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood. The antioxidant capacity (TRAP) was lower (p<0.001) in patients with BD compared to their siblings and controls, whereas no differences were observed in PCC, TBARS or uric acid. In patients, the concentrations of TRAP and TBARS were positively associated with the dose of valproic acid (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). The concentrations of these biomarkers were not significantly associated with any of socio-demographic and clinical variables. A selective reduction in antioxidant capacity is present in BD during euthymia state, whereas other markers of oxidative stress are unaltered during euthymia. Siblings did not show any alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers. Oxidative stress might represent a state-dependent marker in BD. The association between treatment with valproic acid and oxidative stress markers in euthymia deserves further studies.

Evidence for the Important Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Acne

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disorder which is recognizable by dermatological lesions and scars. In addition to some pathogenetic factors such as hyperkeratinization, upregulated sebum secretion, and immunoinflammatory reactions, recent studies have also connected oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. In this article, we will briefly review clinical studies that interrogated alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers by a systematic search conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using “acne”, “oxidative stress”, and “reactive oxygen species” keywords. Overall, studies have shown that oxidative biomarkers (e.g. lipid peroxidation final products) are higher in acne vulgaris lesions. A significant positive correlation has also been noted between acne severity and oxidative biomarkers. In contrast, diminished levels of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase) have been observed in acne. We propose four probable mechanisms for the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in acne pathogenesis. We believe that ROS can contribute significantly to the acne vulgaris pathobiology via toll-like receptor (TLR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), mTOR pathway, and innate immune system, resulting in inflammation by alterations in the generation of several proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-a. [GMJ. 2019;8:e1291]&#x0D;

Evidence for the Important ¬Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Acne

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disorder which is recognizable by dermatological lesions and scars. In addition to some pathogenetic factors such as hyperkeratinization, upregulated sebum secretion, and immunoinflammatory reactions, recent studies have also connected oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. In this article, we will briefly review clinical studies that interrogated alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers by a systematic search conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using “acne”, “oxidative stress”, and “reactive oxygen species” keywords. Overall, studies have shown that oxidative biomarkers (e.g. lipid peroxidation final products) are higher in acne vulgaris lesions. A significant positive correlation has also been noted between acne severity and oxidative biomarkers. In contrast, diminished levels of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase) have been observed in acne. We propose four probable mechanisms for the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in acne pathogenesis. We believe that ROS can contribute significantly to the acne vulgaris pathobiology via toll-like receptor (TLR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), mTOR pathway, and innate immune system, resulting in inflammation by alterations in the generation of several proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-a.[GMJ. 2019;8:e1291]

The neuroprotective effect of vitamin E on waterpipe tobacco smoking-induced memory impairment: The antioxidative role

AimsTobacco smoking is associated with a vast range of adverse health effects, including diminished cognitive and anti-oxidative capabilities. Conversely, vitamin E (VitE) is known to enhance data acquisition and retention and hippocampal oxidative defense. No studies, however, examined the protective effect of VitE with tobacco administration. Therefore, this study examined the protective effect of VitE on the cognitive and oxidative debilitating effects induced by waterpipe smoking. Materials and methodsWistar male rats were divided into four groups: waterpipe smoking, VitE, waterpipe combined with VitE, and control group. The exposure to waterpipe and VitE was for one month and then spatial learning and memory were assesses using Radial Arms Water Maze. Additionally, oxidative stress biomarkers (Catalase, GPx, and TBARS, GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG ratio) were assessed in the hippocampus. Key findingsThe results revealed that waterpipe smoking impaired short-term and long-term memory (P < 0.05). Waterpipe smoking reduced activity of catalase (P < 0.05), GPx (P < 0.05) and GSH/GSSG ratio (P < 0.05) in the hippocampus. Administration of VitE prevented memory impairment and alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers. Significancewaterpipe smoking induces short-term and long-term memory impairments, which were prevented by administration of VitE via its anti-oxidative properties.

Seasonal Alterations in Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Freshwater Snails: Bellamya bengalensis and Lymnaea acuminata from Malangaon Reservoir of Dhule District, Maharashtra, India

Objectives: Two freshwater snails Bellamya bengalensis and Lymnaea acuminata from Malangaon reservoir of Dhule district (Maharashtra, India) were examined to study biomarkers of oxidative stress with the investigation of antioxidant enzyme activities. Methods: The experimental snail species were collected seasonally and acclimatized in the laboratory. Their digestive glands were used to study the activities of oxidative biomarker enzymes like Lipid PerOxidation (LPO), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), CATalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). All investigations were carried out on double beam spectrophotometer (Elico BL 200). Findings: It was observed that, LPO level in B. bengalensis was 0.63, 0.55and 0.60(nmol of MDA formed/mg protein) while in L.acuminata 0.74, 0.67 and 0.70 respectively in summer, monsoon and winter seasons. GST activity was 23.41,15.73 and 19.61 in B. engalensis while 26.29, 18.34 and 22.29 in L.acuminata. Level of GSH was 0.083, 0.117and 0.094 (μM/g wet tissue) in B. bengalensis while in L.acuminata it was 0.018, 0.056 and 0.026 (μM/g wet tissue) in three seasons. The level of SOD was 20.87, 24.83 and 23.33 (U/mg of protein) in B. bengalensis while in L. acuminata it was 18.32, 22.35 and 20.73 in three seasons. Level of CAT was 9.23, 13.20, and 11.56 (U/mg of protein) in B. bengalensis while in L.acuminata it was 7.02, 10.53 and 8.86 (U/mg of protein) respectively during three seasons. GPx movement was 6.57, 8.50 and 7.48 (mg of GSH utilized/min/mg protein) in B. bengalensis. It was 5.05, 8.07 and 7.04 (mg of GSH utilized/min/mg protein) in L.acuminata respectively in three seasons. The obtained data also showed the lowest levels of LPO and activities of GST and uppermost doings of SOD, CAT, and GPx and uppermost heights of GSH in two snail types in rainy period than summer and winter period. This designates that in summer, the snails were under more conservation stress than winter and rainy periods. Application: It was decided that changes in antioxidant enzymes and LPO and GST activity can be used as tool in ecological nursing packages.

Anti-fatigue effects of dietary nucleotides in mice

ABSTRACTAs the building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are conditionally essential nutrients that exhibit multifaceted activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of dietary nucleotides (NTs) on mice and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were randomly divided into four experimental sets to detect different indicators. Each set of mice was then divided into four groups: (i) one control group and (ii) three NTs groups, which were fed diets supplemented with NTs at concentrations of 0%, 0.04%, 0.16%, and 0.64% (wt/wt). NTs could significantly increase the forced swimming time, enhance lactate dehydrogenase activity and hepatic glycogen levels, as well as delay the accumulation of blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid in mice after 30 days of treatment. NTs also markedly improved fatigue-induced alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes. Notably, NTs increased the mitochondrial energy metabolic enzyme activities in the skeletal muscles of mice. These results suggest that NTs exert anti-fatigue effects, which may be attributed to the inhibition of oxidative stress and the improvement of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscles. NTs could be used as a novel natural agent for relieving exercise fatigue.Abbreviations: ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BLA: blood lactic acid; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NTs: dietary nucleotides; SDH: succinate dehydrogenase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen

Intracellular antioxidant effect of vanillin, 4-methylguaiacol and 4-ethylguaiacol: three components in Chinese Baijiu

Vanillin, 4-methylguaiacol, and 4-ethylguaiacol can improve AAPH-induced alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in HepG2 cells.

Anti-fatigue effect of Myelophil in a chronic forced exercise mouse model

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of Myelophil. ICR male mice (10 weeks old) were forced to run for 1 hour, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Each running session was followed by administration of distilled water, Myelophil (50 or 100mg/kg), or ascorbic acid (100mg/kg) 1h later. Equal proportions of Astragali Radix and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix were extracted using 30% ethanol, and formulated into Myelophil. To evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of Myelophil, exercise tolerance and forced swimming tests were conducted. Underlying mechanisms, including oxidant–antioxidant balance, inflammatory response, and energy metabolism, were investigated by analyzing skeletal muscle tissues and/or sera. Myelophil significantly increased exercise ability and latency times, and decreased the number of electric shocks and immobility time on exercise tolerance and forced swimming tests compared with control group. Myelophil also significantly ameliorated fatigue-induced alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant capacity, as measured by multiple assays, including enzyme activity assays and western blotting, as well as alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, Myelophil normalized alterations in energy metabolic markers in sera. These findings suggest that Myelophil reduces the effects of chronic fatigue, likely by attenuating oxidative and inflammatory responses and normalizing energy metabolism. Consequently, this study provides evidence for the clinical relevance of Myelophil.

Naringin modulates the impairment of memory, anxiety, locomotor, and emotionality behaviors in rats exposed to deltamethrin; a possible mechanism association with oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase and ATPase

Exposure to pyrethroid pesticides has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, like neurodegenerative disorder, low IQ, pervasive developmental disorder, attention problems. Thus, we investigated the relationship between pyrethroid deltamethrin exposure to acetylcholine esterase, ATPase, oxidative stress biomarkers, and impaired behavior performance, and the possible ameliorating mechanism of dietary flavonoid naringin in male Wistar rats. Adult male wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I: control group; group II received DLM dissolved in corn oil 12.8mg/kg BW orally (1/10 LD50) for three weeks; group III received DLM as group II and naringin (100mg/kg BW for 21days) orally. Group IV: naringin alone. DLM exposure leads to reduction in the levels of acetylcholinesterase, Na+/K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ATPase, enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants activities in cortex and hippocampus region and increase the activities of TBARS. DLM-induced neuronal alterations was evidenced by impairment behavioral performance, like memory, anxiety, locomotor, and emotionality behaviors. This is also supported by histopathological findings of cortex and hippocampus region of rats. However, naringin treatment modulates the abnormalities of DLM-induced alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, acetylcholine esterase, ATPase, and behavioral performance of rats. These findings highlight the efficacy of naringin as neuroprotectant. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that DLM cause neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations. Oxidative stress, free radical mechanism play major role on DLM-induced neurotoxicity. Naringin could be a suitable agent for preventing the toxicity of DLM by its potent antioxidant, free radical scavenging and neuroprotective activity.

Alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers associated with mild hyperlipidemia and smoking

Oxidative stress may increase the risk of atherosclerosis. The association of mild forms of hyperlipidemia, particularly primary hypertriglyceridemia, with oxidative stress has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers associated with three major types of mild untreated hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and combined hyperlipidemia) in nonsmoker and smoker individuals. Five biomarkers were measured in 139 adult healthy men (83 nonsmokers and 56 smokers, ages 18–75), which included normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. Triglyceride levels were associated with a significant main effect on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (iPF2α) levels in plasma (p<0.05 and p<0.005, respectively). Smokers with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and combined hyperlipidemia had alterations in 1, 3 and 2 oxidative stress biomarkers compared to nonsmoker normolipidemics. Smokers (including normolipidemics and hyperlipidemics) had higher plasma FRAP (120.8 vs. 102.0μM quercetin/l, p<0.05) and erythrocyte catalase activity (5125 vs. 4093U/g Hb, p<0.01), while they had lower erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (20.3 vs. 23.0U/g Hb, p<0.05) compared to nonsmokers. These findings show that mild forms of hyperlipidemia, particularly in smokers, are associated with alterations in some oxidative stress biomarkers.