Alphanumeric String Research Articles

Mammary gland, skin and soft tissue tumors in pet cats: findings of the feline tumors collected from 2002 to 2022.

Cancer is a leading cause of death in cats, and the rate of such disease has been increasing recently. Nonetheless, feline oncology represents an important area of study not only for the health and wellbeing of cats but also for human health since various types of cancer in cats share similarities to those found in humans. Therefore, epidemiological studies on feline oncology may suggest environmental and genetic factors contributing to cancer in cats, which can eventually be translated to improve human cancer care. To provide an initial understanding of the epidemiology of feline neoplasms, a descriptive study was undertaken using a dataset documenting cases of feline cancer gathered from the Liguria region (northwest Italy) spanning from 2002 to 2022. The database includes tumor location, morphological codes of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd Edition (ICD-O-3), feline's breed, sex, neuter status, date of birth, date of diagnosis, national territorial unit code of the town of the owner's residence, and an alphanumeric string uniquely identifying the owner's surname. The dataset involves a population of 4,399 cats, including 3,195 females (1,425 neutered) and 1,204 males (750 neutered). Our results indicate that mammary gland tumors are the most represented tumors in the female population, while soft tissue and skin cancers appear to have a higher abundance in the male population during the periods investigated (2002-2022). Moreover, Poisson regression analysis showed that not neutered female cats have a significantly increased risk of developing mammary gland tumors compared to the neutered female population [proportional morbidity ratio (PMR) neutered vs. not neutered = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.47-0.72]; meanwhile, for both sexes, for soft tissue and skin tumors, being neutered appears to be a risk factor (PMR neutered vs. not neutered = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.86-2.73; PMR neutered vs. not neutered = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.89-1.51). Finally, the evaluation of the Ligurian municipalities pollution, based on wild boars data (i.e., biomonitors), which coexisted with cats, was correlated to cancer development for all the tumors investigated (in polluted areas, estimated PMRs ranged from 42.61 to 80.13, 95% CI: 29.94-105.11). Overall, the data presented here suggest the use of the feline population as a possible animal model for human health, i.e., sentinel.

Digital object identifier: What it is and why it matters?

Digital object identifiers (DOIs) have become essential tools in academic publishing for linking and identifying digital objects. This review examines the structure and assignment process of DOIs, shedding light on their critical importance in scholarly communication. DOIs consist of a unique alphanumeric string, including a prefix and a suffix, which serves as a persistent link to digital objects. By providing a standardized identifier, DOIs enhance the discoverability, accessibility, and referencing of various digital objects, including journal articles. The DOI also plays a crucial role in article promotion. With a DOI, authors, publishers, and researchers can effectively share and promote their articles, facilitating their discoverability in academic and research communities. However, challenges may arise with DOIs, such as non-functional links. This review provides troubleshooting tips for resolving such issues, including checking for typographical errors, validating the source, and seeking assistance from the DOI registration agency or the publisher.

Baby Steps, Giant Strides

This is the second time we are releasing a joint editorial from journals all over the world in the call for action to address climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic has caught the world unaware despite the progress in science; majority did not take the warnings of a looming pandemic. With climate change, its impact on infectious diseases will not be any gentler as the hazards are too numerous. From increased transmission of infections, expansion of infections to other geographic areas and emergence of new infectious diseases. This would be gargantuan compared to a pandemic as this would not only involve one infectious disease but numerous and would impact every aspect of the world we know. Joining this call for action is a baby step, but no action is too small in whatever way we can to help ensure a better Earth for our younger generation. Our giant stride for this issue comes with the news that our published articles will now have digital object identifier (DOI). The Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal is proud to announce as we join the more than 10,000 organizations that assigns DOI names. The DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by an international registration agency and will provide persistent identification of our articles. This will make our published articles easy to find, cite, link, assess and reuse, thus making scholarly communications more effective. Likewise, this increases opportunities for transparency in scholarly works. Technology has changed publishing dramatically and keeping up with this from the local forefront is not easy. We believe that we will be closer to the realization of making our local publications more visible and discoverable by a wider audience with this giant stride.

The Dialyzer Identification Code (DIC): A filter characteristics codification for dialyzer choice in renal replacement therapy.

The dialyzer is the core element of extracorporeal blood purification therapies where several processes take place depending on specific membrane characteristics. To date, the filter choice requires preliminary knowledge of all its characteristics as they cannot be easily deduced from the commercial trade name, hence the difficulty in identifying easily equivalent dialyzers and clearly comparing single-filter characteristics. The choice of improper dialyzers for a specific treatment can determine a less-effective blood purification and potentially harmful treatments. We aimed to propose a univocal and standardized alphanumeric string to summarize essential filter properties in the Dialyzer Identification Code (DIC). DIC clearly describes device characteristics and allows to compare different dialyzer performances without resorting to the technical data sheets. Therefore, the presence of the DIC on every device facilitates information retrieval on the dialyzer, its intended use, and can facilitate matching the dialysis modality to correct dialyzers achieving a personalized renal replacement therapy. The standard filter characteristics codification by the DIC may further optimize correct extracorporeal blood purification prescriptions and the use of equivalent filters from different providers avoiding treatment inefficiency, clinical complications, and improving patient safety.

Everything Old Is New Again: Does The ".Sucks" GTLD Change The Regulatory Paradigm In North America?

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Assessment of Secure OpenID-Based DAAA Protocol for Avoiding Session Hijacking in Web Applications

It is increasingly difficult to manage the user identities (IDs) of rapidly developing and numerous types of online web-based applications in the present era. An innovative ID management system is required for managing the user IDs. The OpenID lightweight protocol is a better solution to manage the user IDs. In an OpenID communication environment, OpenID URL is not secured in a session hijacking situation because in other existing OpenID communication methods such double factor authentication has more chances of valid user session hijacked. The proposed communication protocol secures the OpenID URL with the help of additional innovative parameters such as Special Alphanumeric String (SAS) and Special Security PIN (SSP). The anticipated triple authentication protocol authenticated client unique OpenID URL at OpenID Provider (OP) side once and SAS and SSP field at Relying Party (RP) side. The anticipated protocol provides unique Single-Sign-On (SSO) services to OpenID users. The experimental website is tested by experts of web developers for avoiding session hijacking situation in the presence of hackers. The findings demonstrated that Dense Authentication Authorization and Accounting (DAAA) protocol minimizes the risk of a session hijacking in OpenID communication environment.

An Efficient Graphical Authentication System

Password authentication is majorly used in applications for computer security and privacy. However, human actions such as selecting bad passwords and inputting passwords in an insecure way are considered as” the weakest link” in the authentication process. Rather than arbitrary alphanumeric string, users generally use weak password, more often based on their personal information. With new technologies coming up and mobile apps piling up, users can use the application anytime and anywhere with various devices. Although the evolution is convenient but it also increases the probability of exposing passwords to shoulder surfing attacks. Attackers can observe directly or use external recording devices to collect users’ credentials. To overcome this problem, a novel authentication system Pass Matrix, based on graphical passwords is proposed to resist shoulder surfing attacks. With a one-time code and horizontal and vertical bars covering the entire scope of pass-images, Pass Matrix will offer no hint to attackers to figure out or narrow down the password even they conduct multiple camera-based attacks. We will implement a Pass Matrix prototype and from the experimental result, the proposed system will achieve better resistance to shoulder surfing attacks while maintaining usability.

Terminology spectrum analysis of natural-language chemical documents: term-like phrases retrieval routine.

BackgroundThis study seeks to develop, test and assess a methodology for automatic extraction of a complete set of ‘term-like phrases’ and to create a terminology spectrum from a collection of natural language PDF documents in the field of chemistry. The definition of ‘term-like phrases’ is one or more consecutive words and/or alphanumeric string combinations with unchanged spelling which convey specific scientific meanings. A terminology spectrum for a natural language document is an indexed list of tagged entities including: recognized general scientific concepts, terms linked to existing thesauri, names of chemical substances/reactions and term-like phrases. The retrieval routine is based on n-gram textual analysis with a sequential execution of various ‘accept and reject’ rules with taking into account the morphological and structural information.ResultsThe assessment of the retrieval process, expressed quantitatively with a precision (P), recall (R) and F1-measure, which are calculated manually from a limited set of documents (the full set of text abstracts belonging to 5 EuropaCat events were processed) by professional chemical scientists, has proved the effectiveness of the developed approach. The term-like phrase parsing efficiency is quantified with precision (P = 0.53), recall (R = 0.71) and F1-measure (F1 = 0.61) values.ConclusionThe paper suggests using such terminology spectra to perform various types of textual analysis across document collections. This sort of the terminology spectrum may be successfully employed for text information retrieval, for reference database development, to analyze research trends in subject fields of research and to look for the similarity between documents.Graphical abstractTerminology spectrum building process with term-like phrases retrievalElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13321-016-0136-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

From Ramachandran Maps to Tertiary Structures of Proteins.

Sequence to structure of proteins is an unsolved problem. A possible coarse grained resolution to this entails specification of all the torsional (Φ, Ψ) angles along the backbone of the polypeptide chain. The Ramachandran map quite elegantly depicts the allowed conformational (Φ, Ψ) space of proteins which is still very large for the purposes of accurate structure generation. We have divided the allowed (Φ, Ψ) space in Ramachandran maps into 27 distinct conformations sufficient to regenerate a structure to within 5 Å from the native, at least for small proteins, thus reducing the structure prediction problem to a specification of an alphanumeric string, i.e., the amino acid sequence together with one of the 27 conformations preferred by each amino acid residue. This still theoretically results in 27(n) conformations for a protein comprising "n" amino acids. We then investigated the spatial correlations at the two-residue (dipeptide) and three-residue (tripeptide) levels in what may be described as higher order Ramachandran maps, with the premise that the allowed conformational space starts to shrink as we introduce neighborhood effects. We found, for instance, for a tripeptide which potentially can exist in any of the 27(3) "allowed" conformations, three-fourths of these conformations are redundant to the 95% confidence level, suggesting sequence context dependent preferred conformations. We then created a look-up table of preferred conformations at the tripeptide level and correlated them with energetically favorable conformations. We found in particular that Boltzmann probabilities calculated from van der Waals energies for each conformation of tripeptides correlate well with the observed populations in the structural database (the average correlation coefficient is ∼0.8). An alpha-numeric string and hence the tertiary structure can be generated for any sequence from the look-up table within minutes on a single processor and to a higher level of accuracy if secondary structure can be specified. We tested the methodology on 100 small proteins, and in 90% of the cases, a structure within 5 Å is recovered. We thus believe that the method presented here provides the missing link between Ramachandran maps and tertiary structures of proteins. A Web server to convert a tertiary structure to an alphanumeric string and to predict the tertiary structure from the sequence of a protein using the above methodology is created and made freely accessible at http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/software/proteomics/rm2ts.jsp.

Security Issues in Networks and its Solution at Architecture Level

infrastructure involves a variety of geographically distributed data sources, computational resources, storage systems, and databases and works as a unified integrated resource. Due to this security problems become an urgent and complex undertaking for the network applications. 512 bit RSA in today environment has become vulnerable to attacks and is considered no more secure. In order to secure data or information over a network we need to study different possible security issues in networks and to study how security issues affect the network performance. We will be investigating various solutions to these security issues and purpose an architectural based algorithm for providing security. We hereby will present an algorithm based on random alphanumeric string concatenation with addition to using n prime numbers. The idea behind this new technique is to provide maximum security for data by applying random alphanumeric string concatenation instead of ordinary integers over the network. Using combination of two different keys mechanism we will encrypt the plaintext twice. This will help to secure the data even if one succeeds to have an access to others private key Also we used n prime number which is not easily breakable and are difficult to decompose. This technique provides more efficiency, security and reliability over the networks.

Refund Fraud? Real-Time Solution!

When seven million dependents vanished from the tax rolls in 1986 the IRS recovered three billion dollars in revenue. A simple enforcement measure was applied. Taxpayers were required to list the social security number (SSN) for any dependent they claimed on their tax return. Costing next to nothing to implement, the benefits of this enforcement action continue to this day. A similar enforcement measure could be employed against refund fraud. Even though the solution is not as simple as that adopted in 1986, it is similar. The effort is worth making. The revenue loss is much larger. As before, the key to the enforcement effort is to convince the fraudsters that they can be caught in real-time. This paper proposes a technology-based solution to refund fraud – W-2s (as well as 1099s, W-4s and W-9s) should be “digitally signed.” This solution is narrowly focused on tax compliance, and does not pursue broader concerns with identity theft that underpins some of the more serious instances of this fraud. This solution is not “paper based.” The digital signature is both an alpha-numeric string and a 2-D bar code and can be transmitted in an e-file as well as a paper document. Employees will have the ability to independently check the accuracy of any digital signature associated with their employment by accessing an IRS web site that will identify mis-matches (if any). Employees will be able to demand that their employer correct any signatures found to be in error. There are five classes of filing mis-match/refund frauds that this proposal confronts. The five classes are: 1. Identity mis-matches (when SSA/IRS databases do not match identity-data on the forms/returns filed); 2. When legitimate W-2s or 1099s are altered by taxpayers; 3. When fraudsters steal identities and then file false returns; 4. When taxpayers collude with professional tax-preparers (2-party collusions), and 5. When businesses, professional tax-preparers and taxpayers collude (3-party collusion). A tax solution must reach two groups – legitimate taxpayers and outright identity thieves. A tax solution will not prevent identity theft, nor will it solve SSN theft. It does not need to do so to be successful. This is not to say that preventing refund fraud may go a long way to reducing these thefts. Identity and SSN theft occur for many more reasons than simply to secure false refunds from the tax system.

Learning regular expressions

The simplest regular expression is a plain alphanumeric string. Such a regexp matches with all strings containing its content as a substring. As an example, consider the following verse from Cenerentola, my favorite opera by G. Rossini: ``Zitto, zitto, piano, piano, senza strepito e rumore.'' The regexp /piano/ is said to match with the verse, because the latter contains the same characters, with the same sequence, of the regexp.

StrCombo: combination of string recognizers

In this paper, we contribute a new paradigm of combining string recognizers and propose generic frameworks for hierarchical and parallel combination of multiple string recognizers. The frameworks are open to any new achievement in either recognizers or combination algorithms, and can be applied to both machine-printed and handwritten string recognition problems. A parallel combination system, StrCombo, is implemented based on three independent alphanumeric handwritten string recognizers that act as black boxes. We propose a graph-based approach that regards each segment from individual string recognizers as nodes of a graph, and choose the optimal path with the lowest cost to output a combined result. All factors such as the agreement of size, classification, and the position are converted into a measurement resulting in a soft decision. StrCombo has achieved a substantial improvement over any one of the individual recognizers, as demonstrated by experimental results on standard numeral string databases and a non-standard alphanumeric string database from real-life applications.

STASSAGE: A FORTRAN program to decode stratigraphic ages from the international IGBADAT database

STASSAGE is a FORTRAN program designed to decode stratigraphic age data contained within the international igneous rock database IGBADAT, and databases with similar structure. The algorithm decodes and translates stratigraphic information and retrieves rock samples falling within a desired stratigraphic age or a stratigraphic age interval, as specified in a search condition, along with petrographic, geochemical, mineralogic, and other ancillary data pertaining to these specimens. Program core operation involves two basic steps: decoding and translation, followed by search, comparison, and retrieval. The search engine in the program utilizes a system of stratigraphic figure-of-merit (SFOM) numbers and the principle of inclusiveness. The SFOM number system assigns to every recognized stratigraphic age a numerical value that is largest for oldest ages and smallest for youngest ones. The Principle of Inclusiveness states that “ All Belongs to One and One Contains All”, meaning that all ages in lower-rank stratigraphic age divisions are included in higher-rank age divisions containing them, and that a higher-rank age division contains in it all of its lower-rank component ages. In order to select specimens satisfying some given search criteria, search algorithms invoke the principle of inclusiveness and use extensive alphanumeric string comparisons that apply simple greater-than and lessthan Boolean algebra operators to the SFOM numbers to decode abbreviated IGBA age nouns. Samples screened by the search filter are saved in an output file, along with their full specimen descriptions for further analysis. Optionally, the program provides the facility to recast retrieved data of such samples into blank-delimited spreadsheets which are compatible with most spreadsheet programs.

Method for recognizing alphanumeric strings spoken over a telephone network

The present invention describes a method for recognizing alphanumeric strings spoken over a telephone network (10) wherein individual character recognition need not to be uniformly high in order to achieve high string recognition accuracy. Preferably, the method uses a processing system (14) having a digital processor, an interface (42) to the telephone network (10), and a database (32) for storing a predetermined set of reference alphanumeric strings. In operation, the system (10) prompts the caller to speak the characters of a string, and characters are recognized using a speaker-independent voice recognition algorithm (48). The method calculates recognition distances between each spoken input character and the corresponding letter or digit in the same position within each reference alphanumeric string. After each character is spoken (206), captured and analyzed (208), each reference string distance is incremented (204) and the process is continued, accumulating distances for each reference string, until the last character is spoken. The reference string with the lowest cumulative distance is then declared to be the recognized string (210).

Dance, Video, Notation and Computers

A number of problems in the recording of dance are discussed. Video recordings and dance notation provide some solutions, but create new problems as well. The solution of these problems using computers is discussed, as well as several other uses of computers in dance and various ways of getting dance information into a computer. The specific computing problems encountered in the “Computers and Dance” program at the University of Sydney are briefly described. The bringing together of dance and computing is shown likely to have substantial benefits for both disciplines. In computing, it will expand the horizons of computer graphics, solid modelling, expert systems and dynamic analysis. The most interesting impact of dance on computing is likely to be in expanding the dimensionality of thought of programmers from the one-dimensional mind-set of an alphanumeric string to the four dimensions required for visualising Petri nets.