Alpha-naphthyl Acetate Esterase Research Articles

Histological and histochemical characteristics of the developing chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) cecum.

Avian ceca play an important role in liquid absorption, cellulose digestion, and defensive mechanism. This study aims to demonstrate histological and histochemical characteristics of developing chicken cecum. For this purpose, 10 embryos on the 18th day of incubation, 10 chicks on hatching day and 10 chicks on the seventh day post-hatching were used. The histological sections prepared from proximal, middle, and distal parts of cecum were stained with Crossmon's triple stain, periodic-acid Schiff, Alcian blue (pH 2.5), Masson-Fontana's argentaffin silver stain and Gordon and Sweets's silver stain. Alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) were also demonstrated in the sections. In the proximal part, although the villi were rudimentary on the 18th day of incubation, well-developed villi were seen at seventh day post-hatching. In middle and distal parts, while it was seen that rudimentary folds appeared on the 18th day of incubation, mucosal folds were prominent and short villi were formed on the hatching day and seventh day post-hatching. Goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells were detected from the 18th day of incubation. The lymphoid follicles supported with reticular fibres were seen on the seventh day post-hatching in proximal cecum wall. While ACP-ase (+) lymphocytes were rarely observed, more ANAE (+) lymphocytes were in lymphoid follicles. As a result, development of cecum in chickens has been demonstrated by histological techniques in this study.

Kadmiyuma (CD) maruz kalan dişi sıçanlarda Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) uygulamasının bazı kan parametreleri ve ANAE-pozitif lenfosit oranları üzerine kısmi koruyucu etkileri

We aimed to research the influences of oral L.plantarum administration on some blood parameters and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)-positive lymphocyte ratios in female rats exposed chronically to Cd. In order to perform this investigation, rats were separated into four equal groups as control (C, n = 8), cadmium (Cd, n = 8), L.plantarum (n = 8), and Cd+ L.plantarum (n = 8). Cd (2.04 mg / mL) was orally applicated to Cd and Cd+ L.plantarum groups for 28 days. In addition, active-live L.plantarum (approximately 108 - 109 cfu / mL) was applicated orally to L.plantarum and Cd+ L.plantarum groups at the same time. C group animals received only fresh water and standard rat food during the study. After the applications, animals were decapitated and blood samples were collected for evaluating of some blood parameters (WBC and its different sub-types, RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and PLT) and also ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratios. WBC counts were determined the highest in the Cd group compared to other experimental groups (p < 0.05). On the other hand, LP administration caused a significant amelioration in WBC counts of Cd+ L.plantarum group animals when compared to Cd group (p < 0.05). Although NEU counts were detected the highest in the Cd group, these counts decreased due to oral L.plantarum administration in Cd+ L.plantarum group (p < 0.05). Increased PLT values due to CD administration were fixed by using LP diet in the Cd+ L.plantarum group compared to the Cd group in the study (p < 0.05). In conclusion, L.plantarum partially affects female rats’ blood parameters from the harmful effects of Cd.

Determination of Embryotoxic Effects of In Ovo Administered Propofol on Peripheral Blood Alpha Naphthyl Acetate Esterase and Acid Phosphatase-Positive Lymphocytes.

The aim of this study is to determine the possible embryotoxic effects of propofol, a general anaesthetic agent that is commonly used in clinical practice, on peripheral blood lymphocytes using enzyme histochemical techniques. For this purpose, 430 laying hen fertile eggs were used for this study. The eggs were divided into 5 groups as control, solvent-control (saline), 2.5 mg kg-1 propofol, 12.5 mg kg-1 propofol, and 37.5 mg kg-1 propofol, and injections were performed via the air sac just before the incubation. The peripheral blood alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios were determined on the hatching day. No statistically significant difference was found between both alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios of the control and solvent-control groups. However, when compared with the control and solvent-control groups, statistically significant decreases were observed in the peripheral blood alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios of the chicks from the propofol-injected groups. Besides, the difference between 2.5 mg kg-1 and 12.5 mg kg-1 propofol groups is not significant, whereas the difference between these 2 groups and the 37.5 mg kg-1 propofol group was statistically significant (P < .05). It was concluded that propofol given to fertilised chicken eggs just before incubation caused significant decreases in both the peripheral blood alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios.

Kinetic Studies of Immobilized Wheat‐Based Alpha‐Naphthyl Acetate Esterase in the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides

AbstractOrganophosphate pesticides could inhibit the activity of alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), which could be the fundamental for biosensor applications. k‐carrageenan was used for immobilization of ANAE extracted from wheat‐based sources. The activity of ANAE was assessed for optimum activity at a range of temperature and pH. Enzyme kinetic studies were performed using Michaelis‐Menten kinetic parameters from Lineweaver‐Burk, Langmuir, and Eddie‐Hofstee. The optimization studies showed that the relative activity of the enzyme remained high, even above 50 °C. kd obtained was very low, which indicates the high sensitivity of ANAE towards pesticides. The kinetic reaction of ANAE showed the promising application of biosensors in the detection of pesticide.

Purification, Characterization and Kinetic Study of Alpha Naphthyl Acetate Esterase From Atta Flour

Purification, Characterization and Kinetic Study of Alpha Naphthyl Acetate Esterase From Atta Flour

Effect of vitamin C supplementation on some leukocyte parameters in American mink (Neovison vison) with abnormal granulogenesis

Sapphire mink, a mutant colour variant of American mink, is an animal model of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). As in CHS, there are enlarged cytoplasmic granules in various cell types including leukocytes in Sapphire mink due to abnormal granulogenesis. Such cellular abnormality leads to a weakening of the immune defence as a consequence to the development of infections. A study with Sapphire mink and Standard mink was conducted to evaluate the immunostimulant effect of vitamin C (VC) supplementation (100 mg/day) on some leukocyte parameters. In the end of the 20-day treatment period, blood samples were collected to determine hematological (total and differential leukocyte counts, red blood cells (RBC) counts, and haemoglobin level) and cytochemical (activity and staining area of myeloperoxidase, eosinophilc peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and alpha naphthyl acetate esterase) parameters. The study showed that total leukocyte counts, segmented neutrophil counts, and monocyte counts were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Sapphire mink from the VC-supplemented group than in those receiving the control diet. These results indicate that VC supplementation may have a positive effect on immunity in Sapphire mink. Another interesting finding is an increase in the number of neutrophils with enlarged granules and lysosomal enzyme-positive area in VC-supplemented mink as compared with those fed the control diet. These observations suggest that VC supplementation can affect the lysosomal apparatus of leukocytes.

Effect of seasonal changes on the innate immunity of wild Pseudois nayaur: potential reason for its endangerment.

Seasonal climate change may impose stress on mammal's immune system, but this has never been connected to wildlife endangerment reasons. This study focuses on Pseudois nayaur, a rare Chinese sheep facing a severe situation of disappearing. Wild Pseudois nayaurs in Sichuan, China were observed in this research by an integrated method including habitat environment, foraging rules, and breeding activities investigation in ecology filed, accompanied with immunity research by peripheral blood, including erythrocyte, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages immunity by means of erythrocyte rosette, phagocytosis, lactate dehydrogenase release and acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase method, respectively. The results show that Pseudois nayaurs's innate and red blood cell immunity in autumn and winter Pseudois nayaurs and it may be the results of energy reallocation between reproduction and the immune system. In addition, the environment pressure found in Zhu Balong, Sichuan, China including food reduction, human disturbance, low temperature, and severe drought still existed, which may prevent the Pseudois nayaur from normal immunity enhancement before winter. In conclusion, the innate immunosuppression found in this study especially at their breeding season in autumn and winter may be the ignored cause of wild Pseudois nayaur's endangerment and should be considered in their protection strategy.

The influence of chitosan oligosaccharide on some hematological parameters in rats exposed to cadmium

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on some hematological parameters, and define the percentage of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocytes in rats that had been exposed to cadmium (Cd). Thirty-two (n = 32) male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups as the control (C), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), cadmium (Cd), and Cd + COS (CdCOS) groups. Blood samples were collected to assess erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), hemoglobin levels (HGB), hematocrit values (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets (PLT), and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocytes. The number of WBCs significantly increased in the Cd group compared to the C, CdCOS, and COS groups (P&lt;0.05). Although the lymphocyte count decreased significantly in the Cd group (P&lt;0.05), it was ameliorated by COS treatment in the CdCOS group compared to the Cd group (P&lt;0.05). Also, the percentage of peripheral blood ANAE positive lymphocytes decreased significantly in the CdCOS and Cd groups (P&lt;0.05). COS exhibits a partially protective effect on some hematological characteristics, apart from the percentage of ANAE positive lymphocyte in cases of chronic Cd exposure.

The determination of the effect of in ovo administered monosodium glutamate on the embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius and percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase positive lymphocyte in chicken.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer commonly used in modern nutrition. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of in ovo administered MSG on the embryonic development of thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocyte by using histological, histometrical, and enzyme histochemical methods in chickens. For this purpose, 410 fertile eggs were used. The eggs were then divided into five groups: group 1 (control group, n = 40 eggs), group 2 (distilled water-injected group, n = 62 eggs), group 3 (0.12mg/g egg MSG-injected group, n = 80 eggs), group 4 (0.6mg/g egg MSG-injected group, n = 90 eggs), and group 5 (1.2mg/g egg MSG-injected group, n = 138 eggs), and injections were performed via the egg yolk. On the 18th and 21st days of the incubation, the eggs were randomly opened from each group until six live embryos were obtained. The embryos of each group were sacrificed by decapitation, and blood, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius tissue samples were taken from the obtained embryos. The MSG-treated groups were found to be retarded embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius tissue compared to the control and distilled water groups. MSG treatment also resulted in reduced lymphoid follicles count and follicle diameters in bursa of Fabricius (P < 0.05). The percentage of peripheral blood ANAE positive lymphocytes was significantly lower in the MSG-treated groups than in the control and distilled water groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it has been found that in ovo administered MSG can adversely affect the embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius and decrease percentage of ANAE positive lymphocyte.

Immobilization of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) on k-carrageenan for potential biosensor application in pesticide detection

In this study, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) extracted from Atta (wholemeal) wheat flour and grinded wheat grains was immobilized on k-carrageenan beads that were amino-functionalized using 2% polyethyleneimine (PEI). ANAE is a plant esterase enzyme extracted from wheat, where its activity can be inhibited by organophosphate (OP) pesticide for biosensor applications. SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis) was conducted for ANAE to investigate its molecular weight. ANAE in both free and immobilized states have been investigated for its protein concentration, loading efficiency, activity and reusability and optimum temperature and pH. The study showed that the relative activity of ANAE remained to be higher than 90%, up to temperature of 50 °C. Regardless of the source of wheat for ANEA extraction, the optimum pH for ANAE was at pH 7–9. The optimum temperature for immobilized ANAE from both sources of wheat were within 35–40 ℃, which was slightly lower than that for ANAE in free state. ANAE survived washing and activity assay for 11 cycles, regardless of wheat sources for ANAE extraction.

Dietary encapsulated essential oil mixture influence on apparent nutrient digestibility, serum metabolic profile, lymphocyte histochemistry and intestinal morphology of laying hens.

ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of encapsulated essential oils (EOs) addition on nutrient digestion, serum biochemical parameters, peripheral blood alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive lymphocyte ratios and intestinal morphology in laying hens.MethodsA total of 320 laying hens of 48-wk-old were randomly allotted into 4 treatment groups with 10 replicates of 8 birds in each replicate. The birds were fed a basal diet (control) or the diet added with mixture of EOs (which consist of eugenol, nerolidol, piperine, thymol, linalool, and geraniol) at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for period of 84 days.ResultsThe addition of EOs at 100 or 200 mg/kg increased the dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestion as compared to control. The addition of all doses of EOs did not affect serum gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and P but increased serum asparate aminotransferase (AST) concentration. The addition of 200 mg/kg EOs increased serum creatinine, while 100 mg/kg decreased Ca concentration. The addition of 100 and 200 mg/kg EOs generally improved ANAE and ACP-ase positive peripheral blood lymphocyte ratios and intestinal morphology.ConclusionIt can be concluded that, the addition of 100 or 200 mg/kg encapsulated EOs generally increased apparent nutrient digestion and serum AST concentration, improved ANAE and ACP-ase positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal morphology in laying hens.

Immunomonitoring of Human Breast Milk Cells During HCMV-Reactivation

BackgroundBreast milk leukocytes may play a role in protecting the infant from pathogens. The dynamics and the role of lymphocytes in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-seropositive mothers shedding HCMV into breast milk during the first months postpartum (p.p.) are mostly unclear.MethodsBreast milk cells were analyzed by Pappenheim panoptic and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining as well as by imaging and polychromatic flow cytometry to simultaneously establish their morphological and phenotypic properties. The latter were characterized in HCMV-seropositive and seronegative mothers´ breast milk cells at different time points p.p.ResultsPanoptic staining of breast milk cells revealed the presence of monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes. Imaging flow cytometry data combining phenotypic and morphological analysis identified NKT-like cells, NK cells, epithelial cells, T cells and monocytes/macrophages. HCMV-seropositive but not -seronegative mothers had significantly higher T cell frequencies in mature milk.ConclusionsThe presence of lymphocyte subsets in breast milk may be more influenced by the HCMV-seropositivity of the mother than previously recognized.

Partial protective effects of melatonin on cadmium-induced changes in hematological characteristics in rats

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of melatonin (Mlt) on hematological characteristics to determine the percentage of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocytes in rats chronically exposed to cadmium (Cd). We used four groups of male rats: control (C), melatonin (Mlt), cadmium (Cd) and Cd + Mlt (CdMlt). Blood samples were obtained to assess the erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) as well as alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocytes. We found that the number of WBC increased in the Cd group compared to the other three experimental groups. Low MCV and MCHC values caused by Cd were ameliorated by Mlt treatment in the CdMlt group. We found no significant change in the RBC, HGB, MCH, PLT and HCT values among the experimental groups. Mlt treatment also increased the percentage of ANAE positive lymphocytes. Mlt partially protects some hematological characteristics in cases of chronic Cd toxicity.

Cytochemically Demonstrable B-Glucuronidase Activity in Normal and Neoplastic Human Lymphoid Cells

Mononuclear cell suspensions were prepared from 40 normal peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue specimens and 42 neoplastic specimens obtained from patients with malignant lymphoma and lymphocytic leukemia. These suspensions were analyzed for la antigens, surface immunoglobulin (Slg), sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette formation and, in some instances, acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity. The results of these studies were correlated with the expression of cytochemically demonstrable BG activity. The percentage of BG+ lymphocytes was found to be comparable, within 10%, to the percentage of E+ (T) cells in the majority of normal, non-neoplastic peripheral blood, tonsil, spleen, and lymph node specimens examined. Occasionally, the percentage of E+ cells exceeded the percentage of BG+ cells by 20% or more, suggesting the presence of an E+BG- T cell subpopulation. BG+ B lymphocytes were only demonstrated in 1 of 40 non-neoplastic lymphoid specimens. The neoplastic B cells in each of 14 B cell (la+Slg+E-) lymphomas were BG-. However, a variable proportion of the neoplastic cells isolated from 6 cases of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and neoplastic plasma cells isolated from 7 cases of multiple myeloma expressed BG activity. Thus, it appears that both normal and neoplastic BG- and BG+ B lymphocyte populations exist; the latter may be related to a state of activation or a stage of B cell differentiation. The neoplastic cells isolated from 4 T cell (la-Slg-E+) malignancies were BG+ while those isolated from 3 T cell malignancies were BG-. The variable expression of BG activity by T cell malignancies may be related to T cell differentiation. Investigation of BG expression by T cell derived malignancies may prove useful in sorting out T cell phenotypes.

Preliminary study on immobilization of plant esterase on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for biosensor application

The functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is extremely important to increase their solubility. This study reported the efficient functionalization of MWCNTs via acid treatment introducing carboxyl group at the side wall of MWCNTs by mixing the concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid. Plant esterase enzyme extracted from wheat flour called alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) was immobilized onto functionalized MWCNTs via covalent attachment of amine group in ANAE and carboxyl group of functionalized MWCNTs. In order to characterize the functionalization of MWCNTs and immobilization of enzyme, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been used to confirm the existence of these functional groups. The FTIR spectrums revealed that the several peaks formed at 1992.39, 2324.14, 2880.85 and 3029.51 cm−1 which can be assigned to the C=O symmetric stretching, O−H stretch from strongly hydrogen-bonded –COOH, H−C stretch modes of H−C=O in the carboxyl group, and O-H stretch from carboxyl groups (O=C−OH and C−OH) respectively. The immobilization of ANAE on functionalized MWCNTs confirmed by observation of the peak at 3646.81 cm−1 and 3850.91 cm−1 introduced the strong amide linkages between carboxylic acid groups and amine group on the MWCNTs. This proposed framework can be applied for fabrication of screen printed electrode as biosensor for detection of pesticide.

Effects of paclitaxel and resveratrol on blood characteristics in rabbits

ABSTRACTWe investigated the adverse effects of paclitaxel (PAC) on blood characteristics including the percentage of alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes, white cell count, number of neutrophil nuclear lobe and, erythrocyte diameter, and the protective effects of resveratrol (RES) on these characteristics. Male New Zealand rabbits were assigned to four groups. The control group (C) was given 40 ml normal saline, the PAC group was given 5 mg/kg PAC in 40 ml normal saline, the RES group was given 4 mg/kg RES in 40 ml normal saline, and the PAC + RES group was given 5 mg/kg PAC + 4 mg/kg RES in 40 ml normal saline. All injections were performed intravenously once/week for 8 weeks. PAC caused an increased total percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes, which was associated with neutropenia. The PAC group showed a right shift in the lobulation curve of neutrophil nuclei together with a decreased percentage of ANAE-positive lymphocytes. RES reduced the percentage of ANAE-positive lymphocytes, slightly increased the percentage of neutrophil leukocytes and reduced the total lymphocyte count. Administration of RES combined with PAC prevented, while PAC induced, neutropenia and lymphocytosis, and increased the percentage of ANAE-positive lymphocytes.

Determination of ANAE and AcP-ase Positivity in the Peripheral Blood of Pregnant Women with Hypothyroidism

Objective: Pregnancy is a stress factor for thyroid functions. The most commonly observed thyroid disorder is hypothyroidism. The immune system is affected both by pregnancy and hypothyroidism. This disorder causes a decrease in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. This study was aimed at the comparison of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase- and acid phosphatase-positive T lymphocyte distribution between healthy and hypothyroid pregnant women. Methods: Blood samples were taken from healthy and hypothyroid pregnant women between June-December 2016. The sampled subjects included 10 healthy non-pregnant women (HC), 10 healthy pregnant women (HP), and 30 hypothyroid pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy (HpPTRI, HpPTRII and HpPTRIII). From each of these groups, six smears were prepared and histologically stained for ANAE and AcP-ase activity and with May Grünwald-Giemsa. Results: The lowest ANAE- and AcP-ase-positive T lymphocyte percentages were detected in Group HP, and these percentages were higher in the hypothyroid pregnant groups, compared to Group HC (P<0.05). Based on PBL counts, the lowest lymphocyte and highest neutrophil leukocyte rates were detected in the pregnant groups. Hypothyroid pregnant women were determined to have monocytic leukocyte rates lower than those of Group HC and Group HP (P<0.05). Conclusions: In this study, it was concluded that significant alterations had occurred in the PBL and ANAE- and AcP-ase-positive T lymphocyte counts of Group HP and the hypothyroid pregnant groups. These findings provide important data about the immunity of hypothyroid pregnant women.

Effects of long term oral acrylamide administration on alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase activities in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats

ABSTRACTAcrylamide is an important industrial chemical; it also is formed in starch-rich foodstuffs during baking, frying and roasting. Most acrylamide exposure occurs by ingestion of processed foods. We investigated possible immunotoxic effects of extended administration of low doses of acrylamide in rats. To do this, we measured alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) activities in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Male and female weanling Wistar rats were administered 2 or 5 mg acrylamide/kg/day in drinking water for 90 days. Peripheral blood was sampled at the end of the administration period. We found ANAE staining in eosinophils and T-lymphocytes, but not in monocytes, platelets, B-lymphocytes and neutrophils. ACP-ase was found in B-lymphocytes. We found a significant reduction of the ratio of ANAE:ACP-ase in lymphocytes of the experimental animals compared to controls. We found no statistically significant differences between the doses or sexes. We found that acrylamide ingested in processed foods might affect the immune system adversely by decreasing the population of mature T- and B-lymphocytes.

Protective effect of quercetin on some hematological parameters in rats exposed to cadmium

ABSTRACTWe investigated the effects of quercetin (Q) on some hematological parameters and determined the percentage of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocytes in rats that had been exposed to cadmium (Cd). Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control (C), quercetin (Q), cadmium (Cd) and Q + Cd (CdQ). Blood samples were taken to assess erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), hemoglobin levels (Hb), hematocrit values (Hct), platelets (PLT), alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive lymphocytes. RBC, Hb, Hct; the number of PLT significantly decreased in the Cd group. To the contrary, these parameters were increased significantly in the CdQ group compared to the Cd group. Although we found a significant increase in total WBC count and neutrophil percentage, the number of lymphocytes decreased in the Cd group compared to the other three groups. Also, the percentage of peripheral blood ANAE positive lymphocytes decreased significantly in the Cd group (p < 0.05). Q exhibits positive effects on some hematological characteristics and the percentage of ANAE positive lymphocyte in cases of acute CD toxicity.

Purification, characterization and kinetic properties of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase from wheat flour (Triticum aestivum)

The study explores the potential of newly developed ITO based electrode for the electro-catalytic detection of Sudan I. The ITO based electrode utilizes a dense layer of 2D CuO nanostructures as an effective electron-transfer facilitator which promotes the electro-catalytic sensing of Sudan I in aqueous solution. The in-situ growth of CuO nanostructures was achieved using simple hydrothermal route with the assistance of tartaric acid utilized as an effective template. The in-situ grown layer comprises of 2D CuO nanostructures with morphological features similar to flowers composed of sharp-flake like features. The electro-catalytic oxidation of Sudan I over the described electrode system demonstrated low-over potential value and excellent working stability with good analytical linearity in the range of 0.001–1.56 µM. The ITO based electrode was found highly selective and sensitive towards Sudan I with limit of detection determined to be 1.2 × 10−4 µM (S/N = 3).