Allyl Magnesium Research Articles

Assessment of the strength of grignard reagent for the synthesis of secondary and tertiary alcohols of terpenes using metal plate flow reactor

The secondary and tertiary alcohols of terpenes were synthesized from aldehydes, and ketones using allyl magnesium chloride by the continuous metal flow reactor method. The flow process was conducted using metal plate reactors of 10 ml capacity in the presence of solvent mixtures, instead of large amounts of pure solvent like tetrahydrofuran. The products were isolated, and confirmed using gas chromatography and Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques respectively. Subsequently, the optimization studies were conducted to obtain mild, and economical reaction conditions, by varying the amount of allyl magnesium chloride, temperature, pressure, retention time, and flow rates. A comparison between batch processes and flow processes proved the advantages of the flow process in terms of reproducibility and product yield without the requirement of excess reagents compared to the batch process. The product yield was found to be excellent (60–97 %) and reproducible at (1–50) gram scale through flow process. The scope of the reaction was studied by synthesizing terpene alcohols using different carbonyl compounds at optimized reaction conditions, which resulted in high product yield. This research addresses a crucial gap in terpene alcohol synthesis, offering a scalable and environmentally friendly approach with broad applicability.

Development of Efficient Synthetic Reactions Using Enamines and Enamides Carrying Oxygen Atom Substituent on Nitrogen Atom.

We have developed efficient synthetic reactions using enamines and enamides carrying oxygen atom substituent on nitrogen, such as N-alkoxyenamines, N,α-dialkoxyenamines, N-alkoxyanamides, and N-(benzoyloxy)enamides. The umpolung reaction by polarity inversion at the β-position of N-alkoxyenamines afforded α-alkyl-, α-aryl-, α-alkenyl-, and α-heteroarylketones by using aluminum reagent as nucleophiles. Furthermore, one-pot umpolung α-phenylation of ketones has been also developed. We applied this method to umpolung reaction of N,α-dialkoxyenamine, generated from N-alkoxyamide to afford α-arylamides. The vicinal functionalization of N-alkoxyenamines has been achieved with the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds by using an organo-aluminum reagent and subsequent allyl magnesium bromide or tributyltin cyanide. A sequential retro-ene arylation has been developed for the conversion of N-alkoxyenamides to the corresponding tert-alkylamines. The [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of N-(benzoyloxy)enamides followed by arylation afforded cyclic β-aryl-β-amino alcohols bearing a tetrasubstituted carbon center. The resulting products were converted into the corresponding sterically congested cyclic β-amino alcohols, as well as the dissociative anesthetic agent Tiletamine.

Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Acetals and Grignard Reagents To Form Diarylmethyl Alkyl Ethers and Triarylmethanes

AbstractWe herein report a transition-metal-free cross-coupling reaction of acetals and Grignard reagents. The method provides a modular preparation of diarylmethyl alkyl ethers, triarylmethanes, and 1,1-diarylalkanes that constitute the core structures of many bioactive molecules and synthetic motifs. A series of readily accessible acetals bearing aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl substituents efficiently coupled with commercially available aryl, alkyl, and allylic magnesium bromides to give the products in high yields. In addition to acyclic and cyclic acetals, ketal and orthoester also serve as viable substrates to afford sterically hindered tertiary ether and ketal respectively. A sequential difunctionalization of acetals led to the rapid synthesis of triarylmethanes and diarylalkanes.

Serendipitous discovery of new pentacycloundecane molecules

This study explored the rearrangement process which occurred during Grignard reactions of the pentacycloundecane (PCU) dione, 1. This compound was reacted with vinyl and allyl magnesium bromide to afford PCU-vinyl cyclic ether, 2, and PCU-allyl cyclic ether, 4, which upon ozonolysis afforded compounds PCU dilactone, 3 and PCU-cyclic ether monoacid, 5 respectively. This resulted in the discovery of three novel cage compounds, 2, 4 and 5. The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1 was proposed and investigated experimentally as an alternative synthetic route for the PCU dilactone. The unsymmetrical nature of compounds 2, 4 and 5 resulted in overlapping signals of the methine protons and carbons observed in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra, however, the complexity of the spectra was resolved by using 2D NMR techniques to successfully elucidate these compounds. Herein, the three novel cage compounds including compound 3 were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, HRMS. Single crystal X-ray crystallography analysis was also performed on compounds 3 and 5.

Scalable Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Spirocyclic Pyrrolidines.

Synthetic approaches toward multigram preparation of spirocyclic α,α-disubstituted pyrrolidines from readily available starting materials are discussed. It was shown that although a number of synthetic methodologies have been known to date, many of the title compounds remain hardly accessible. The most appropriate literature method (which relied on reaction of imines and allyl magnesium halide, followed by bromocyclization) was identified and optimized. It was found that the method is most fruitful for simple non-functionalized substrates. Two novel approaches based on the Sakurai or Petasis reactions of cyclic ketones, followed by hydroboration–oxidation at the allyl moiety thus introduced, were elaborated. The latter method had the largest scope and was beneficial for the substrates containing organosulfur or protected amino functions. For the synthesis of 4-azaspiro[2.4]heptane, an alternative synthetic scheme commencing from tert-butyl cyclopropanecarboxylate (instead of the corresponding ketone) was developed. It was shown that the whole set of the methodologies developed can be used for the synthesis of various spirocyclic α,α-disubstituted pyrrolidines—advanced building blocks of potential importance to medicinal and agrochemistry—at up to a 100 g scale.

Mixed Allyl Rare-Earth Borohydride Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Application in (Co-)Polymerization Catalysis of Cyclic Esters.

A series of new trivalent rare-earth allyl-borohydride complexes with the formula [RE(BH4 )2 (C3 H5 )(thf)x ] (RE=Sc (1), x=2; RE=Y (2) and La (3), x=3) were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding rare-earth trisborohydrides [RE(BH4 )3 (thf)x ] with half an equivalent of bis(allyl)magnesium. The complexes were fully characterized by determining their X-ray structure. Similar to their previously described Nd (4) and Sm (5) analogues, these complexes display a monomeric structure with two terminal trihapto BH4 groups, one π-η3 allyl ligand, three THF molecules for complexes 2 and 3, and two THF molecules for complex 1. The catalytic behavior of complexes 1-5 toward the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide (l-LA) and ϵ-caprolactone (ϵ-CL) was assessed. The Nd complex featured the best activity toward l-LA (turnover frequency (TOF)=1300 h-1 ) and the order was Nd>La>Sm>Y>Sc. Complexes 1-3 were found very active for the ROP of ϵ-CL (TOF=166 000 h-1 ), which is in line with the already established exceptionnally high performance of complexes 4 and 5. With both monomers, it was shown that the borohydride moiety was the preferentially initiating group, rather than the allyl one. The random copolymerization of l-LA and ϵ-CL was performed with complexes 1-5, in the absence or in the presence of benzyl alcohol as a chain-transfer agent, affording copolymers with ϵ-caprolactone up to 62 % inserted. The copolymers synthesized display a variety of microstructures, that is, blocky, random, or quasi-alternating.

ChemInform Abstract: Ter‐Pyridine Catalyzed Allylation of Aldehydes and Ketones under Metal‐Free Condition.

Abstract Ter-pyridine derivatives were found to be potential catalyst for homoallylation of carbonyl groups. High yields of the products with short reaction times of ∼2 h were observed in several cases. These new catalysts work efficiently with the simple reagent such as allyl magnesium bromide and hence can avoid the use of other sensitive or toxic reagents. It was found that the presence of polar groups on the catalysts made them extremely efficient without the presence of any metal salts.

Construction of the Fused Pentacycle of Talatisamine via a Combination of Radical and Cationic Cyclizations.

The fused 6/7/5/6/6-membered (ABCDE) ring system of talatisamine was synthesized in 22 steps. After preparation of the AE-ring structure from 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohexanone, elaboration of the carboskeleton was realized by sequential additions of allyl magnesium bromide and the lithiated C-ring. The C11-bridgehead radical derived from the ACE-ring underwent the 7-endo cyclization with the enone moiety to form the B-ring in C10-stereoselective and C11-stereospecific manners. The 6-endo cyclization of the remaining D-ring was in turn attained by using the silyl enol ether as the nucleophile and the PhSeCl-activated olefin as the electrophile. These radical and cationic cyclizations were demonstrated to be highly chemoselective, and they significantly contributed to streamlining the route to the intricately fused pentacycle of talatisamine.

Ter-pyridine catalyzed allylation of aldehydes and ketones under metal-free condition

Ter-pyridine derivatives were found to be potential catalyst for homoallylation of carbonyl groups. High yields of the products with short reaction times of ∼2h were observed in several cases. These new catalysts work efficiently with the simple reagent such as allyl magnesium bromide and hence can avoid the use of other sensitive or toxic reagents. It was found that the presence of polar groups on the catalysts made them extremely efficient without the presence of any metal salts.

Chromium(II)-Catalyzed Amination of N-Heterocyclic Chlorides with Magnesium Amides

We report a ligand-free chromium(II)-catalyzed amination reaction of various N-heterocyclic chlorides. CrCl2 regioselectively catalyzes the reaction of chloropyridines and dichloropyridines, dichloroquinolines, dichloroisoquinolines and dichloroquinoxalines with a range of aliphatic, allylic, benzylic and saturated (hetero)cyclic magnesium amides in the presence of lithium chloride as additive. The reactions were performed at 50 °C in THF and led to the desired aminated products in 56–96% yield.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Quinolizidines and Azaspiro[4.5]decanes from D‐Xylose.

AbstractDepending on the conditions the reaction of key intermediate (II) with allyl magnesium bromide yields either mono‐allylated compound (IV) or bis‐allylated compound (V) as main product.

Cationic, Neutral, and Anionic Allyl Magnesium Compounds: Unprecedented Ligand Conformations and Reactivity Toward Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Starting from bis(allyl)magnesium [Mg(C(3)H(5))(2)], a set of cationic, neutral, anionic, and dianionic allyl magnesium compounds has been isolated and characterized, including [Mg(C(3)H(5))(THF)(5)][B(C(6)F(5))(4)] (3), [Mg(C(3)H(5))(2)(1,4-dioxane)(THF)] (2), [KMg(C(3)H(5))(3)(THF)] (6), and [MMg(C(3)H(5))(4)] (8: M = K(2); 9: M = Ca). In solution, the allyl ligands of the compounds display fluxional behavior, even at low temperatures. Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals unusual μ(2)-η(1):η(3)- and unprecedented μ(3)-η(1):η(3):η(3)-coordination modes in the heterobimetallic compounds 6 and [8·(THF)(2)]. Density functional theory calculations confirm that these metal-allyl conformations are energetically stable. The magnesium compounds have been investigated as initiators for butadiene polymerization and ethylene oligomerization. The heterobimetallic compounds display initiation properties, including higher reaction rates, that are distinctively different from those of the monometallic species. Reactivity trends depend on the formal charge of the magnesium compounds (dianionic, higher-order magnesiate > monoanionic, lower-order magnesiate) and on the nature of the counterion (K(+) > Ca(2+)).

The stereochemical outcome of allyl magnesium and indium additions to 5-substituted norbornen-7-ones and its application to cis fused carbocycle formation via ring rearrangement metathesis

The addition of allyl magnesium and allyl indium reagents to a key TBS protected norbornenyl building block, synthesised in 6-steps from commercially available 1,1-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorocyclopentadiene, has been achieved providing the syn addition products with high diastereoselectivity. The subsequent exposure of the addition products to metathesis conditions, in the presence of ethene, then provided cis fused[3.0.3]-carbocycles with very high regioselectivity, via a Ring Rearrangement Metathesis (RRM) transformation.

New fused dithiabicyclic compounds from the reaction of N, N-dialkyl perfluorothioamides with allylmagnesium halides

Allylmagnesium reagents react with N, N-dialkylperfluorothioamide to give, at low temperature, an adduct stable enough to be trapped. At room temperature, this adduct can evolve by elimination of either a sulfide salt, leading to an iminium intermediate, and then an N, N-dialkyl-α,α-bis(allyl)-α-perfluoroalkylamine. This process is favoured if an excess of allyl magnesium is used. Alternatively, the adduct eliminates an aminyl moiety giving allyl(perfluoroalkyl)thioketone which is converted in situ into an unprecedented fused bis(perfluoroalkyl) bis(dihydrothiopyrane). A sequence deprotonation of the thioketone – oxidation of the resulting dienethiolate – dimerization of the dienethiyl radical is proposed to rationalize the formation of this unexpected bicyclic compound.

Cyclopropanation with Dibromomethane under Grignard and Barbier Conditions

Tertiary Grignard reagents and dibromomethane efficiently cyclopropanate allylic (and certain homoallylic) magnesium and lithium alcoholates at ambient temperature in ether solvents. Lithium (homo)allyl alcoholates are directly cyclopropanated with magnesium and dibromomethane under Barbier conditions at higher temperatures. The reaction rates depend on the substitution pattern of the (homo)allylic alcoholates and on the counterion with lithium giving best results. Good to excellent syn-selectivities are obtained from α-substituted (homo)allyl alcohols. In tandem reactions, cyclopropyl carbinols are obtained from allyloxylithium or -magnesium intermediates, generated in situ by alkylation of conjugated aldehydes, ketones, and esters as well as from allyl esters and carbonates or vinyloxiranes. [¹]

A novel stereoselective synthesis of (−)-β-conhydrine from ( R)-2,3- O-cyclohexylidine glyceraldehyde

A novel stereoselective synthesis of (−)-β-conhydrine is achieved. Stereoselective Grignard reaction of ( R)-2,3- O-cyclohexylidine glyceraldehyde with ethyl magnesium bromide, chelation controlled stereoselective Grignard reaction of allyl imine derivative with allyl magnesium bromide, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of the diallyl product provides (−)-β-conhydrine in high yield.

An Efficient Double 1,2-Addition Reaction of 2,3-Allenoates with Allyl Magnesium Chloride

In this paper, it was reported that double 1,2-addition reaction of 2,3-allenoates with allyl magnesium chloride at room temperature in the absence of any transition metal catalyst provides an efficient method for the synthesis of tertiary alpha-allenols. The optically active allenol could be prepared from the reaction of the optically active 2,3-allenoate without obvious racemization of the axial chirality. Under different reaction conditions, cyclization reactions of alpha-allenol 2i prepared have been studied for the synthesis of different 2,5-dihydrofuran derivatives.

Tandem Cyclopropanation with Dibromomethane under Grignard Conditions

Tertiary Grignard reagents and dibromomethane efficiently cyclopropanate allylic (and certain homoallylic) magnesium and lithium alcoholates at ambient temperature in ether solvents. Lithium (homo)allyl alcoholates are directly cyclopropanated with magnesium and CH2Br2 under Barbier conditions at higher temperatures. The reaction rates depend on the substitution pattern of the (homo)allylic alcoholates and on the counterion with lithium giving best results. Good to excellent syn-selectivities are obtained from alpha-substituted substrates, which are in accord with a staggered Houk model. In tandem reactions, cyclopropyl carbinols are obtained from allyloxylithium or -magnesium intermediates, generated in situ by alkylation of conjugated aldehydes, ketones, and esters as well as from allyl carboxylates or vinyloxiranes. Using this methodology, numerous fragrance ingredients and their precursors were efficiently converted to the corresponding cyclopropyl carbinols.

Synthetic Applications of Enantioselective Protonation and Case Study for (S)‐α‐Damascone

Among the fragrance compounds synthesized by enantioselective protonation, (S)-alpha-damascone, (R)-muscone, and (S,S)-Vulcanolide are the most prominent ones. (S)-alpha-damascone has been prepared by four different procedures: from the magnesium enolate, from the lithium enolate, from the enol, and from the corresponding thiol ester. We now present a new, industrially viable protocol for the addition of allyl magnesium chloride to the 'cyclogeranoketene' by a Barbier reaction, followed by protonation of the ensuing magnesium enolate by an aggregate formed from (-)-N-isopropylephedrine, lithium isopropylate, and acetic acid, furnishing (S)-alpha-damascone in 91% yield and with 71% ee.

Different Modes of Reactivity of Cp*W(NO)(alkyl)(η3-allyl) Complexes with Cyclic Amines: The Influence of the Allyl Ligands

Metathesis reactions between Cp*W(NO)(CH2EMe3)Cl (E = C or Si) and a variety of bis(allyl)magnesium reagents lead to the formation of 18e Cp*W(NO)(alkyl)(η3-allyl) complexes. The compounds Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(η3-CH2CHCMe2) (1), Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(η3-CH2CMeCH2) (2), Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(η3-CH2CHCHMe) (3), Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(η3-CH2CHCHPh) (4), Cp*W(NO)(CH2SiMe3)(η3-CH2CHCHMe) (5), and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(η3-CH2CHCH2) (6) have thus been synthesized in moderate yields. The solid-state molecular structures of 3, 4, 5, and 6 feature σ−π distorted allyl ligands in the endo conformation. Complex 1 effects the concurrent N−H and α-C−H activations of pyrrolidine and piperidine under ambient conditions and forms the alkyl amido complexes Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(NC4H7-2-CMe2CH═CH2) (7) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(NC5H9-2-CMe2CH═CH2) (8), respectively. Complexes 2−5 react with pyrrolidine in a similar manner, but the reaction of 3 to produce Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(NC4H7-2-CH2CMe═CH2) (10) is not as clean since 3 is thermally unstable at 20 °C....