Allura Red Dye Research Articles

Statistical physics insights in the Allura Red adsorption on chitosan: Effects of adsorbents features, and experimental conditions

This study presents an innovative approach using statistical physical modeling to analyze the effect of experimental conditions and adsorbent features on removing Allura Red dye by chitosan. Five models based on statistical physics were employed to understand the removal mechanism under different experimental conditions, including variations in pH, particle sizes, chitosan deacetylation degrees, and temperatures. The best models were determined through rigorous statistical analysis and a detailed evaluation of the estimated parameters, considering their physical meaning and standard deviations. The models demonstrated high predictive capacity (coefficients of determination greater than 0.9 and low mean squared error values < 110). Analysis of the effects of experimental conditions revealed that a pH of 6.6, particles smaller than 0.10 mm, a high degree of deacetylation (84 %), and temperatures of 298 K and 308 K present the greatest potential for dye removal by chitosan. Furthermore, it was observed that, in general, the dye removal mechanism involves the formation of a double layer with two adsorption energies under the best experimental conditions, and the process occurs predominantly by physical forces (adsorption energy below 35 kJ/mol). This work contributes significantly to understanding how experimental conditions influence the mechanism of dye adsorption by chitosan, offering valuable and new insights for future applications and optimizations in the treatment of effluent-containing dyes.

Photogalvanics of the platinum working electrode in the Allura Red d-Galactose-didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride-NaOH electrolyte

Photo-galvanic cell is a photochemical cell device whose performance depends on the combination of several factors like dye and reductant concentrations, dye stability, pH, light intensity, electrodes used, Pt electrode area, diffusion length, etc. An entirely new and unexplored combination of platinum with Allura Red photosensitizer, d-Galactose reductant, and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) surfactant has been explored in present research to upgrade the electrical performance of these cells. Allura Red is a water-soluble azo dye which shows good absorbance in region 501–507 nm. The Allura Red and DDAC is an anionic and cationic species, respectively, and therefore, the opposite charges of dye and surfactant molecules are expected to form a stable dye-surfactant complex enhancing the dye solubility and stability. d-Galactose has been used for its good reducing properties. This unexplored combination of Pt-Allura Red-d-Galactose-DDAC with these characteristics has encouraged further enhancement of the electrical output of the photogalvanic cells. The electrical output, stability, and spectral property of the photogalvanic cells have been studied in the present work. The observed power, current, potential, efficiency, and storage capacity (as half time) are of the order of 443.8 µW, 2400 µA, 721 mV, 11.61%, and 28 min, respectively. These observed results are higher than some reported data. In the spectral study, nearly the same band intensity of the pre-illuminated and post-illuminated electrolyte solution shows quite good photo-stability of the Allura Red dye in electrolyte form. This new combination of platinum-electrolyte still has the scope to achieve the enhanced cell performance of photogalvanic cells for future development.

Investigation on Deterioration of Allura Red Dye Under Visible Radiation by TiO2 Based Nanocomposite

This current study is to prepare and characterise a Cu-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Cu-doped Titanium dioxide with Tungsten (WO3) nanocomposite and its application for the deterioration of Allura Red (AR) Dye. After preparing the Cu- doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with WO3 and Cu-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites using wet chemical Sol-gel method over various soaking times, the XRD, BET, and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were used to determine the properties of the synthesized Copper-doped Titanium dioxide and Copper-doped Titanium dioxide with Tungsten nanocomposites. When Tungsten was added to Cu-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2), the X-Ray Diffraction showed that all of the composites' peaks shifted slightly in the direction of a higher diffraction angle. To evaluate surface area BET curve was used. The Copper-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2)/Tungsten (WO3) nanocomposite gives a significant photocatalytic activity because of its increased surface area. High surface area (BET) and anatase phase development (XRD), which are the main contributors to effective photocatalytic activity, were identified by the work's results. XRD revealed that the synthesised materials were in the anatase phase. Compared to CDT, CTW-15, CTW-30, and CTW-60 nanocomposites, the surface area (BET) of the CTW-45 nanocomposite is larger at 128.79 m2/g. By examining the kinetics of reaction parameters such as dopant concentrations, pH, catalyst dose, and dye concentration, the catalysts were able to determine the ideal conditions for improved photocatalytic degradation of Allura Red dye. At pH 4, dye concentrations of 5 mg/L, and CTW-45 concentrations of 100 mg/L, the percentage of AR dye degradation was greater. The findings of this study can be used to develop efficient nanocomposites that remove Allura Red dye from wastewater.

Low-Cost Solar Still System with Concave Condensing Cover for the Distillation of Synthetic Water Polluted with Allura Red Dye

Low-Cost Solar Still System with Concave Condensing Cover for the Distillation of Synthetic Water Polluted with Allura Red Dye

Fast on-Site and Highly Sensitive Determination of Allura Red Using a Portable Electrochemical Platform Based on Poly(pyrrole) and Bimetallic Nanocomposites Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide

Allura red (AR) is classified as an azo dye and is often used as a beverage and food additive. Nevertheless, the need for dose management of Allura red becomes especially important owing to the potential damage caused by the azo structure to the human body and the environment. In order to combat these problems, a novel portable electrochemical platform using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) that has been modified with poly(pyrrole) and Co-Ni bimetallic nanocomposites anchored on reduced graphene oxide (Co-Ni@rGO) was developed. The purpose of this platform is to enable rapid on-site and very sensitive determination of Allura red from carbonated energy beverages and water samples. Under ideal experimental conditions, the proposed platform’s response exhibits a notable linear relationship with the concentration of Allura red within the range of 0.0001–10 μM, having a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 nM and a high sensitivity of 24.62 μA μM−1 cm−2. Furthermore, the PPy/Co-Ni@rGO/SPCE platform exhibited favorable characteristics in terms of reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and selectivity for the quantification of Allura red. Consequently, the developed platform was capable of practically and effectively determining the Allura red dye content from various real samples, showing satisfactory recovery rates.

The adsorption behaviour of biochar derived from Prosopis juliflora with surface modified by KOH against Allura red dye

This study examined the efficacy of ProsopisJuliflora with surface changes as a bioadsorbent for the removal of Allura Red dye. The effects of adsorptive dosage, pH, and contact period with starting dye attentiveness on adsorption were examined in the batch adsorption study. The study demonstrated that the Allura Red dye may be absorbed by surfaces that had been treated with KOH compound.The percentages of Allura Red dye eliminated were 67.18 %, 75.88 %, and 94.37 %, respectively. UV–visible adsorption spectroscopy is used to quantify the extent of dye decolorization. The modified surface characteristics of the adsorbent produced by ProsopisJuliflora were reported using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The Adams-Bohart mathematical models are employed in the computation and assessment of adsorption efficiency. The adsorption-derived R2 values for the equilibrium isotherm data model were 94.63, 86.67, and 96.35. Diffusion and intraparticle regeneration were investigated to bolster the adsorption investigation.

Boosting the antimicrobial and Azo dye mineralization activities of ZnO ceramics by enhancing the light-harvesting and charge transport properties

Herein, we report the wet-chemical synthesis of a ferromagnetic nickel-doped ZnO (Zn1-xNixO) nanocatalyst as a novel and visible-light-driven photocatalyst. Through X-ray diffraction, UV/Vis absorption, electronic studies, and current-voltage experiments, the effect of the ferromagnetic nickel dopant on the structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of the synthesized Zn1-xNixO nanocatalyst was studied. The Ni-doping introduced the structural variation in the Zn1-xNixO nanocatalyst, exhibiting a visible light-triggered optical band gap of 2.96 eV and an excellent current conductivity of 6.3 × 10−4 Sm−1. Moreover, the synthesis of the Zn1-xNixO catalyst at the nanoscale enhanced its surface energy, showing a robust affinity to stick with the dye and pathogenic microbes. The synergistic effects of all the mentioned features enable our Zn1-xNixO nanocatalyst to efficiently generate and transport reactive oxygen species (ROS) under visible light illumination. Regarding antibacterial action, the as-synthesized Zn1-xNixO nanocatalyst showed 1.7% higher activity against E. coli than that of the drug Ciprofloxacin. In addition, doped nanocatalysts mineralize almost 97% of the Allura red dye in just 80 min with a constant rate value of 0.036 min−1. The impedance study and post-application XRD proposed that our Zn1-xNixO nanocatalyst has good conductivity and structural stability. Applications studies show the unusual photocatalytic activity of as-synthesized Zn1-xNixO nanocatalysts, which makes it a suitable candidate for industrial discharge treatment applications at the expense of solar light.

Fabricating ternary α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles-polyaniline-graphite nanoplatelets nanocomposite with enhanced photoelectrochemical activity for potential use as peroxidase mimic as well as photocatalyst

Ternary nanocomposite based on the polyaniline (Pani), α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) [Pani/α-Fe2O3/GnP] (PFG) was prepared through a stepwise chemical route of synthesis. The flat band potential Vfb is found to be − 0.31, − 0.42 and − 0.78 V vs. Ag/AgCl as reference electrode under continuous illumination for the bare α-Fe2O3 NPs, Pani and PFG ternary nanocomposite. Incase of the potential application of the PFG ternary nanocomposite as a peroxidase-like mimic, the catalysis data was fitted according to the Michaelis−Menten kinetic model in order to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the Michaelis−Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (vmax) which were found to be 9.73 × 10−6 M, 1.26 × 10−6 M/sec and 6.51 × 10−5 M, 3.15 × 10−6 M/sec for α-Fe2O3 NPs and Pani whereas for PFG ternary nanocomposite, it was observed to be 7.12 × 10−5 M and 9.44 × 10−7 M/sec, respectively, depicting the fact that lower H2O2 concentration was required in order to acquire maximum reaction velocity incase of H2O2 as substrate. For TMB as substrate, the PFG ternary nanocomposite (2.75 ×10−4 M) displayed lower value of value of Km signifying its higher affinity for TMB as compared to HRP (1.24 ×10−8 M). Furthermore, the Allura Red dye degradation under visible light irradiation was carried out that resulted in the photocatalytic rate of 9.74 × 10−2 min−1 for PFG ternary nanocomposite which is high as compared to 1.56 × 10−2 min−1 for α-Fe2O3 NPs and 2.41 × 10−2 min−1 for pure Pani at 1 ppm concentration.

Synthesis of doped and porous CuO with boosted light-harvesting features for the photocatalytic mineralization of azo dyes

Porous Ni-doped copper oxide (NCO) photocatalyst has been produced using chemical activation and metal doping techniques. Structural, optical, morphological, and electrical analyses were performed on copper oxide (CO) and porous NCO photocatalysts. The monoclinic-phased, UV/Vis light-triggered, electrically conductive, and porous-surfaced NCO photocatalyst was successfully synthesized, according to a detailed physicochemical investigation. The photo-decomposition abilities of synthetic porous NCO and counterpart CO photocatalysts were investigated and compared using Allura red (AR). According to the photocatalytic study, the porous NCO photocatalyst outperformed its counterpart (CuO) and eliminated 91.4% (adsorption: 18%; decomposition: 79%) of the AR dye in 48 min. Over the porous NCO photocatalyst, the AR dye disintegrated at a rate of 0.024 min−1, which is more than 1.84 times quicker than the rate of disintegration over the CO photocatalyst. The porous NCO photocatalyst, as synthesized, preserved 88% of its photocatalytic activity after five recyclability tests and had remarkable electron-hole separation activity, according to reusability tests and transient-photocurrent measurements. Also, the radical capture experiment suggested that superoxide and hydroxyl are important for porous NCO's photocatalytic activity. According to the findings of this research, the synthesis of ferromagnetic metal-doped and porous semiconductive materials has a great potential for azo dye breakdown, which makes it an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable solution for the clean-up of polluted water.

Molecular insight into the modulation of ovalbumin fibrillation by allura red dye at acidic pH

The synthetic food additive dye induces amyloid fibrillation has many implications in the laboratory and industries. The effect of Allura red (AR), on the fibrillation of ovalbumin (Ova) at pH 2.0 was investigated. The influence of salt and pH was also seen on AR-induced Ova aggregation. We have used several spectroscopic and microscopy techniques to characterize the changes. The turbidity data suggest that concentrations above 0.05 mM of AR induce aggregation, and the size of aggregates increased in response to AR concentration. The kinetics data showed that the AR induces Ova aggregation quickly without lag time. The aggregates induced by AR have amyloid-like aggregates confirmed by far-UV CD and TEM. NaCl has very marginal effects in AR-induced aggregation. The turbidity results clearly state that Ova is not forming aggregates with pH above 4.0 due to electrostatic repulsion. However, Ova forms bigger aggregates in the presence of 0.5 mM AR at a pH below 4.0. These spectroscopic data suggest that the amyloid fibrillation that occurs in Ova is due to electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction. The amyloid fibrillation induced by AR dye in protein should be taken seriously for food safety purposes.

Production of nanostructured crystalline composite using residual ashes from flocculated sludge burning process in a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system

Nanostructured crystalline composite (activated carbon) was synthesized from residual ashes of the burning process of the sludge generated in the flotation step of a poultry slaughterhouse and was used for Allura red dye adsorption. The ashes were chemically activated using two types of reagents, H2O2 and H3PO4, and the structure, morphology, and surface of the adsorbents were characterized by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and Barret-Joyner-Hallenda (BJH) method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MID/FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the point of zero charge (PZC). The adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 at 400 ºC displayed the best performance in removing dye molecules in 10 mg.L-1 solution, with a removal rate of approximately 100% when using a concentration of 2 g.L-1 in particle size of 0.42 mm. Besides that, the adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 had a particle diameter of approximately 15 Å, a size corresponding to the nanometer range, presented a crystallinity structure with well-defined phases such as quartz and the major elements in the composition were carbon and silicon. The surface area of the ashes enlarged from 14.71 to 448.1 m2.g-1 when H3PO4 was used as an activator, producing a high-quality adsorbent, with an excellent cost-benefit, being it possible to be produced for a price of 9.35 USD.kg-1, a price lower than the commercial activated carbon, making it a promising candidate for application in an industrial environment.

Behavior of the adsorption of Allura Red dye by chitosan beads and nanoparticles

Behavior of the adsorption of Allura Red dye by chitosan beads and nanoparticles

An Integrated Suggestion to Decolourize Allura Red AC Dye in the Wastewater of Pharmaceutical Industries Using a Local Bacterial Isolates

Many types of dyes used in pharmaceutical and food industries such as (Allura Red AC) might be thrown out into the environment, leading to contaminating the natural water sources and its concentration in some tanks. To support the biological treatment, designed this project was to isolate and identify the bacteria from the biological treatment tanks, able to decolourize some industrial dyes waste used in the pharmaceutical industry in Iraq. Streaking on Tryptone soy agar with Allura red dye 0.001-mg/L, more than 11 single bacterial colonies were separated and tested for their ability on decolorization. In this paper, only Two isolates will be in focus for decolourizing. The Absorbance of Allura red at wavelength 510 nm of spectrometer demonstrated its clearly decreased within the incubation time 6–24 hours and depended on the initial concentration of the dye, which was done in MSM media. The isolates were identified by the VITEK-2 XL compound system as well as the 16S rRNA gene. The identification results showed that these isolates were related to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Development of adsorbent rigid structure based on Spirulina sp./chitosan bioblends coatings for dye adsorption in fixed bed column.

The glass particles were coated with Spirulina sp. LEB-18 and bioblends of Spirulina sp. LEB-18/chitosan by casting technique and, afterward, it was verified its potential as adsorbents for basic and acid dyes. Nine Spirulina sp. suspensions with different components were used to coat the glass particles, and in the best condition of coating were prepared the bioblends with chitosan. The coated glass particles with Spirulina sp. and its bioblends with chitosan were applied in adsorption of the allura red (acid) and methylene blue (basic) dyes in a batch operation evaluate the pH effect, and a fixed bed column operation, being evaluated to the removal percentage and adsorption capacity of the column. The glass particles coated with Spirulina sp. applied in batch adsorption showed the highest removal percentages for allura red dye (35 to 45%) at pH 4.0, and for methylene blue dye (35 to 80%) at pH 6.0 and 8.0. In fixed bed column using glass particles coated with bioblends were reached the amount dye of 54.2mg of adsorbed allura red dye and 60.2mg of the of adsorbed methylene blue dye, respectively. Moreover, it was found good dye adsorption capacities, around 89mgg-1, for both dyes, in acidic and basic pH values. Based on these results, these bioblends coated glass particles can be applied as an adsorbent for different types of dyes in adsorption column.

Development and characterization of regenerable chitosan-coated nickel selenide nano-photocatalytic system for decontamination of toxic azo dyes

In this investigation, chitosan-coated nickel selenide nano-photocatalyst (CS-NiSe) was successfully prepared through the chemical reduction method. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of CS-NiSe nano-photocatalyst. Further, XRD analysis exhibited a monoclinic crystalline phase of photocatalyst with a crystallite size of 32 nm based on Scherer's equation. The SEM micrographs showed that the photocatalyst has an average particle size of 60 nm. The bandgap of CS-NiSe was (2.85 eV) in the visible region of the spectrum. Due to this reason, the CS-NiSe was applied under solar light illumination for the photocatalytic activity of Erythrosine and Allura red dyes. The CS-NiSe presented the highest degradation efficiency of 99.53% for Erythrosine dye in optimized experimental conditions of 100 min at 30 °C, 30 ppm concentration, pH 5.0, and 0.14 g catalyst dose. For Allura red dye, a high degradation of 96.12% was attained in 120 min at pH 4.0, 100 ppm initial dye concentration, 35 °C temperature, and 0.1 g catalyst dose. The CS-NiSe showed excellent degradation efficiency and reduced to (95% for Erythrosine and 91% for Allura red dye) after five consecutive batches. Moreover, the statistical and neural network modelling analysis showed the significant influence of all studied variables on dyes degradation performance. The results demonstrated that CS-NiSe exhibited excellent photocatalytic performances for Erythrosine and Allura red dyes and could be a better photocatalyst for removing these dyes from industrial effluents.

Kinetic and Thermal Studies of Adsorption of Allura Red Dye by Surface Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles

In the present study, chitosan functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (CS@MNPs) were synthesized by a simple and economical coprecipitation technique for efficient magnetic removal of allura red dye (ARD) by adsorption technique from the aqueous solution. Size and surface properties of the bare and surface functionalized MNPs were determined with the help of XRD and TEM technique. Surface functionalization of the bare MNPs was confirmed with the help of FT-IR spectroscopy and TGA techniques. Magnetic properties of the synthesized bare and functionalized MNPs were determined by VSM technique. The effect of various parameters including adsorbent dosages, contact time, temperature on adsorption capacity of the CS@MNPs for allura red dye were investigated with the help of UV-vis spectrophotometer. The pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model were found to fitted well with the adsorption process of dye onto the chitosan functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (CS@MNPs).

Degradation of allura red dye using Fe-Zn metal nanoparticles obtained by phytosynthesis method.

AbstractIn the present work, the photocatalytic activity of metal Fe-Zn nanoparticles was evaluated through the degradation of the synthetic AZO colorant allura red. A Phytosynthesis method developed here takes advantage for the first time of the plant extract of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides as the reducing agent. A fitted Folin-Ciocalteu assay showed about 40% of total polyphenolic compounds used in the nanoparticles generation. UV-Vis and TEM analysis allowed identification of the nanoparticles as oxides of Fe and Zn. Finally, during measurement of the photocatalytic activity a load of 0.5 g/L was applied on a 15 μM solution of allura red as standard model pollutant, while environmental oxygen was used as the initiating agent. Tests showed a 66% degradation of the azo-type dye obeying a degradation kinetics of the first order after short times.

Effective biosorption of Allura red dye from aqueous solutions by the dried-lichen (Pseudoevernia furfuracea) biomass

ABSTRACT Allura red (AR), which is known as the monoazo class of synthetic food colourant(E129) has been widely used in food industries. Due to the potential toxicity of azo dyes and pathogenicity, the removal of AR from industrial wastewaters is very important environmentally. So, this article aims to investigate the biosorption process of AR by lichen (Pseudoevernia furfuracea) from aqueous solutions. Batch biosorption conditions of AR food dye onto lichen biosorbent as initial AR concentration, solution pH, contact time, temperature and recovery were investigated. From the results, it has been observed that the highest removal efficiency is approximately 87% at a contact time of 5 hours, initial AR food dye concentration of 1000 mgL−1 and agitation speed of 150 rpm at natural pH 8.0. The maximum ARbiosorption capacity from the Langmuir model was found as 0.280 mol kg−1 at 25°C. Biosorption kinetics were analysed by using intra-particle diffusion and pseudo-second-order models. Biosorption thermodynamics has shown that ARbiosorption onto lichen biosorbent is endothermic, possible and spontaneous. The lichen (Pseudoevernia furfuracea) can become an alternative biosorbent for the removal of AR from the environment and wastewater.

Comparison between Allura Red dye discoloration by activated carbon and azo bacteria strain.

Azo dyes are extensively used in different industries areas, such as Allura Red (R-40). Previous studies have proven its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. For the removal of this type of emerging pollutant from effluents, tertiary treatment techniques such as activated charcoal are used. Alternatively, the use of bacteria is preferred because of its quick discoloration processes. The aim of the present investigation is to compare the efficiency removal of R-40 from aqueous media by a physicochemical process and a biological one. The sorption kinetics of 10 ppm of R-40 was carried out with the use of activated charcoal based on walnut shells in water. Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis stains were used separately to decolorize nutrient broth media supplemented with 50 ppm of R-40. The activated carbon was capable to remove 99.87% of R-40 at 264 h, while the bacterial strains decolorized 92.13% (P. aeruginosa) and 88.21% (B. subtilis), respectively, under microaerophilic conditions after 168 h. Therefore, both process strategies, physicochemical and biological rapprochements, were able to remove the dye from aqueous media. R-40 was not cytotoxic to used strains, besides gram-positive either negative bacteria could be applied to turn over this azo dye in short term. Combination of both approaches may be implemented in tandem architecture.

Allura Red dye sorption onto electrospun zirconia nanofibers

Abstract Zirconia fibers were obtained by sol-gel and electrospinning techniques, using polyvinylpyrrolidone and zirconium butoxide as precursor. The as-spun fibers obtained from the precursor solutions were continuous and a mean diameter of 300 ± 95 nm was observed in samples obtained using a high precursor molar ratio (Z1: 0.1 M). The fibers were treated at different temperatures, and characterizations by thermal analysis, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy and XRD demonstrated that monoclinic and tetragonal phases of zirconia are present. The predominant phase is monoclinic with some crystalline peaks corresponding to tetragonal zirconia. The phase transition from tetragonal to monoclinic zirconium oxide was observed at 1000 °C. At 1200 °C, the fiber morphology was preserved, while diameter decreased to 130 ± 39 nm due to the thermal decomposition of organic matter and sintering process. The adsorption behavior of the zirconia fibers was evaluated. Maximum adsorption capacity of Allura Red dye onto zirconia fibers was 0.895 mg/g. The data fitted better to pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models, while equilibrium data fitted to Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies suggest that sorption of Allura Red dye on zirconia fibers takes place by a chemisorption process on a heterogeneous surface. The results showed that zirconia fibers can be used as an alternative adsorbent material for the effective removal of Allura Red dye from water. The manufacture of zirconia fibers by the electrospinning method offers an alternative to produce ceramics that can be used as adsorbent materials.