Allocation Of Fault Current Limiter Research Articles

Optimal Allocation of Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Background: This paper delves into the potential of Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) as a transformative technology within power systems. FCLs assume a pivotal role in streamlining network expansion efforts, sustaining fault current levels, and augmenting the overall performance of power systems. The classification of FCLs is outlined, encompassing superconducting FCLs (SFCLs), Solid-State FCLs (SFCLs), and non-superconducting FCLs (Non-SFCLs). Objective: The core of this study lies in an exhaustive review of relevant literature, with a keen focus on optimal allocation strategies for FCLs. The primary objective of this paper is to function as an all-encompassing reference for both researchers and engineers, providing optimal FCL allocation studies. Method: this paper discusses various techniques for the optimal allocation of FCLs within power systems. These allocation methods are categorized based on multiobjective functions such as cost, fault current reduction, stability, protection coordination, reliability, and power quality. Results: This search presents an overview of the FCL survey structured around key components, including objective functions, design variables, constraints, optimization methods, network types, FCL types, and research contributions. Conclusion: This work aims to empower professionals in the field with a robust understanding of FCL allocation, ultimately contributing to the efficient and sustainable evolution of power systems. FCLs represent a promising technology for enhancing the performance and reliability of power systems, and this paper serves as a comprehensive resource for those interested in optimizing their allocation within these systems.

New Computational Method for Optimal Allocation of Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems

New Computational Method for Optimal Allocation of Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems

Allocation of Centrally Switched Fault Current Limiters Enabled by 5G in Transmission System

The allocation of fault current limiters (FCLs) is increasingly challenging in transmission systems these days. Specifically, the utilized deterministic expected short-circuit fault (SCF) scenarios are prone to cause over-configuration of FCLs. Moreover, the well-established local switching framework (LSF) renders inappropriate FCL switching and may further harm the system safe operation. Aiming at the above deficiencies, a novel 5G-based centralized switch FCL (CSF) framework as well as a method to allocate such flexible FCLs optimally is proposed in this paper. In the proposed CSF, the FCLs are switched by a FCL dispatching (FD) model considering system security constraints of both fault current and voltage sags. By exploiting the fast communication capability of 5G network as well as an off-line fault scanning strategy, the FD model is enabled to give online FCL switching schemes to meet the fast requirement of power system protection. Moreover, considering the probabilistic characteristic of SCFs, a bi-level FCL allocation model is established, in which the upper-level model sites and sizes FCLs considering the installation and expected switching costs while the lower-level model determines the optimal switched FCLs under each specific SCF scenario. Finally, numerical results are provided to verify the proposed allocation model, including its defending effect against SCFs in terms of fault current limiting, voltage sags relieving, as well as its cost-effectiveness.

Optimal allocation of fault current limiter in MMC-HVDC grid based on transient energy flow

Economical and reliable protection of dc-side short-circuit faults has become a key technology for promoting the development of module multilevel converter based high voltage direct current grid (MMC-HVDC-Grid). The fault current limiter (FCL) can effectively suppress the rapid development of fault current and reduce the current breaking capacity of the circuit breaker. In this paper, a method based on transient energy flow (TEF) analysis is proposed to optimize the allocation of resistive and inductive FCL in MMC-HVDC-Grid. In the proposed method, the electromagnetic TEF is measured firstly, and then, the TEF suppression rate and suppression efficiency are defined as optimization objectives, and the installation place of the FCL and its impedance parameters as optimization variables. To test the proposed method, a two-terminal and four-terminal bipolar MMC-HVDC-Grids with single-pole-to-ground dc fault are modelled in the PSCAD/EMTDC so that the TEF data can be acquired. The optimal FCLs' location and parameter values are determined through investigating the evolution paradigm of TEF along with changes of FCL position and parameters. The results prove that the selected parameters can effectively slow down the dc fault current rising rate, thus reducing the requirements on tripping current of the dc breaker.

Fault Current Limiter Placement to Reduce Recloser ‑ Fuse Miscoordination in Electric Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation using Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper presents a method to minimize protective devices in electric distribution systems with Distributed Generation (DG). With the growing penetration of DG in distribution systems, the main practice to maintain protective devices coordination during a fault is to disconnect all DG sources. This practice nullifies the benefits brought by DG in distribution systems, mainly because the majority of faults are proven to be temporary. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the allocation of fault current limiters (FCL), which consist in inert devices on system's normal operation, but insert a high impedance value in series with feeders when a fault occurs, thus, limiting is magnitude. FCL placement is treated as a multiobjective optimization problem, aiming to reduce fault currents difference between situations with DG and without DG penetration. Also, FCL size must be minimized, aiming to reduce costs. The search for the optimal solution is made using multiobjective particle swarm optimization and the method is tested on the Canadian Benchmark Test System, showing great efficiency.

Pareto optimal allocation of fault current limiter based on immune algorithm considering cost and mitigation effect

This paper presents a multi-objective Pareto optimal method for allocation of fault current limiters based on an immune algorithm, which takes into account two objectives of the cost and fault current mitigation effect. A sensitivity factor calculation method based on the rate of fault current mitigation is proposed to reduce the search space and improve the efficiency of the algorithm. In this approach, the objective functions related to the cost and fault current mitigation effect are established. A modified inversion operator based on equal cost is proposed to converge to global optimal solutions more effectively. The proposed algorithm is tested on the IEEE 39-bus system, and obtains the Pareto optimal solutions, from which the user can select the most suitable solutions according to the preferences and relative importance of the objective functions. Simulation results are used to verify the proposed method.

Multi objective optimal allocation of fault current limiters in power system

Transmission systems, connection of distributed generation to the grid are increased due to increase in power demands. This fact causes the increase in short circuit level of power networks. The occurrence of fault in such networks leads to large short circuit currents throughout the system, which may exceed the rating of existing circuit breakers and can damage system equipment. There are some approaches to reduce this fault current such as power network reinforcement and utilization of fault current limiter (FCLs) in power systems. Power system reinforcement is too difficult if not impractical. Therefore, the utilization of FCLs can provide an effective way to suppress fault currents. The effectiveness of FCL depends on the number of FCLs and their installation location. In this paper, a novel approach is presented to determine the optimal number and location of FCLs to improve the power network reliability and fault current reduction based on different conflicting objective functions. IEEE 39 BUS system and IEEE 57 BUS system are considered to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. The objective functions considered for the optimal allocation are reliability of power system, economic impact and short circuit current reduction. Unlike what has been previously done in literature, in this paper Pareto based optimization algorithms, namely non-dominated sorting algorithm, multiobjective particle swarm optimization and multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition, are utilized to deal with this problem. The use of these methods made it possible to obtain the Pareto optimal front in which these objective functions are optimized simultaneously.

Restoring recloser-fuse coordination by optimal fault current limiters planning in DG-integrated distribution systems

Abstract In this paper, the Fault Current Limiter (FCL) is used to restore the coordination between the protection devices in distribution systems with high-level of DG penetration. The FCL allocation may be described as an optimization problem involving multiple objective functions which are contradictory and of different dimensions. So, it is formulated as a multi-objective constrained nonlinear programming problem. The interaction among different objectives gives rise to a set of compromised solutions, largely known as the Pareto-optimal solutions. The objectives are to simultaneously minimize: the increase in fault current levels due to the penetration of DG, voltage sag, and the total cost (size) of required limiters. The optimization problem is solved using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The method is applied to two distribution test systems. Effects of different operating factors are assessed. Comparative analysis of results is provided.

Optimal allocation of fault current limiters for sustaining overcurrent relays coordination in a power system with distributed generation

This paper addresses the problem of overcurrent relays (OCRs) coordination in the presence of DGs. OCRs are optimally set to work in a coordinated manner to isolate faults with minimal impacts on customers. The penetration of DGs into the power system changes the fault current levels seen by the OCRs. This can deteriorate the coordinated operation of OCRs. Operation time difference between backup and main relays can be below the standard limit or even the backup OCR can incorrectly work before the main OCR. Though resetting of OCRs is tedious especially in large systems, it cannot alone restore the original coordinated operation in the presence of DGs. The paper investigates the optimal utilization of fault current limiters (FCLs) to maintain the directional OCRs coordinated operation without any need to OCRs resetting irrespective of DGs status. It is required to maintain the OCRs coordination at minimum cost of prospective FCLs. Hence, the FCLs location and sizing problem is formulated as a constrained multi-objective optimization problem. Multi-objective particle swarm optimization is adopted for solving the optimization problem to determine the optimal locations and sizes of FCLs. The proposed algorithm is applied to meshed and radial power systems at different DGs arrangements using different types of FCLs. Moreover, the OCRs coordination problem is studied when the system includes both directional and non-directional OCRs. Comparative analysis of results is provided.

Solução do problema de superação de disjuntores pela alocação ótima de dispositivos limitadores de corrente de curto-circuito utilizando algoritmos genéticos

Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia para auxiliar nos estudos de limitação de correntes de curto-circuito em sistemas elétricos com problemas de superação de disjuntores, através da alocação ótima de dispositivos limitadores. O problema de otimização é solucionado aplicando-se Algoritmos Genéticos e levando em consideração os requisitos de custo mínimo, alocação de um número mínimo de dispositivos e a máxima redução da corrente de curto-circuito. A detecção da superação do disjuntor é feita pela análise tanto da corrente de curto-circuito que o disjuntor deve interromper como também da relação X/R do sistema. O modelo computacional desenvolvido utiliza de modo integrado o programa ANAFAS do CEPEL, mantendo a compatibilidade com as bases de dados utilizadas em estudos de curto-circuito no setor elétrico brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos com o sistema IEEE14 e com um sistema real brasileiro de grande porte comprovam a robustez do modelo, apresentando soluções que satisfazem às restrições com custo de investimento reduzido para todos os cenários analisados.