We investigated solubility variations of a medication in supercritical carbon dioxide with an insight into preparation of nanomedicines with improved aqueous solubility. As the case study, the solubility of famotidine (FAM) medicine in sc-CO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) was computed as a function of temperature and pressure, with a particular focus on modeling and predicting solubility and sc-CO2 density. Three regression models with machine learning behavior including Quadratic Polynomial Regression (QPR), Weighted Least Squares (WLS), and Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) were employed to analyze the data, and Sequential Model-Based Optimization (SMBO) was utilized for hyper-parameter tuning. Among these models, the best-performing model for predicting FAM solubility was the QPR model, with an impressive coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.95858 for all sets including training and validation. Additionally, QPR exhibited low MAPE of 1.64278E + 00, RMSE of 9.6833E-02, and a maximum error of 1.49480E-01, while exhibiting a higher maximum error of 18.99 kg/m³ for density predictions, indicating areas for potential improvement. These results highlight the accuracy and precision of the QPR model in predicting FAM solubility in sc-CO2. For the prediction of sc-CO2 density, QPR again proved to be the most effective model with a remarkable R2 score of 0.99733. This model achieved a low MAPE of 1.06004E-02, RMSE of 8.4072E + 00, and a maximum error of 1.89894E + 01. The QPR model demonstrates its exceptional capability in accurately predicting sc-CO2 density in terms of temperature and pressure.

A ramp (Allium tricoccum Aiton), or wild leek, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to the forests of eastern North America. Like other members of the Allium genus, ramps produce sulfur-containing compounds that give them culinary and medicinal appeal. Ramps reproduce clonally via bulb division and sexually via seed production, but little is known regarding how much genetic diversity is present in ramps and ramp populations. Furthermore, there is an unresolved question regarding species delineation, with as many as four species suggested. We developed four polymorphic microsatellite markers that we used to measure genetic diversity in ramps and found that ramp populations have low to moderate levels of genetic variation and high differentiation and that individual ramp populations vary in clonality and genetic diversity. Finally, we provide the first preliminary genetic evidence supporting the delineation of the purported second ramp taxon, narrow-leaf ramps (Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G. Jones).

Allium peikingense, a new species from the mountainous area west of Beijing, China, is described and illustrated herein. Morphological and phylogenetic evidence from 40 sampled populations consistently supports its placement within subgenus Caloscordum of the genus Allium. Although A. peikingense is very similar to A. neriniflorum and A. tubiflorum, it can be distinguished by its white tepals with relatively blunt apices, broader hollow semi-cylindrical leaves, four mature seeds per ovary, and a tetraploid chromosome number of 2n = 4x = 32. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and a dataset of 45 plastid sequences further demonstrate that all individuals of A. peikingense cluster into a distinct clade closely related to other species in the subg. Caloscordum, including A. neriniflorum, A. tubiflorum, and A. inutile. Detailed descriptions of morphological traits and habitat differences are also provided.

Famotidine-loaded chitosan hybridized fibroin nanoparticles exhibit outstanding efficacy in ameliorating peptic ulcer.

Plants of the genus Allium show significant anti-cancer properties due to various phytochemicals, including flavonoids. This study investigated the cytotoxic activities of the methanolic extract of Allium colchicifolium bulbs and its purified flavonoids. It also assessed the anti-angiogenic activities, a key mechanism of anti-cancer agents. The methanolic extract was fractionated using column chromatography (CC) on silica gel RP-18 and polyamide SC-6, then purified with Sephadex LH-20. The compounds were identified through spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Cytotoxicity and anti-angiogenic activities were evaluated using the MTT assay and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. Computational modeling explored the potential anti-angiogenic mechanisms of the purified compounds. Additionally, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiling predicted drug-likeness features. Three flavonoids - quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (1), isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (2), and quercetin (3) - were isolated and identified. Compounds 2 and 3 showed the highest cytotoxicity against PC3 (prostate cancer, IC50 = 1.72 ± 0.11 µg/mL) and MCF-7 (breast cancer, IC50 = 1.64 ± 0.11 µg/mL) cell lines. The methanolic extract and compound 3 also had potent anti-angiogenic effects with IC50 values of 4.2 ± 0.25 and 5.3 ± 0.3 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking indicated that compounds 1 and 3 had the strongest interactions with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, consistent with their anti-angiogenic activity. The ADMET profiling showed that compound 3 had the highest similarity to drug-like molecules. This was the first phytochemical study of flavonoids in A. colchicifolium bulbs. The results suggest that these bulbs could serve as a natural source for cancer prevention and treatment, owing to their cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, and in vivo studies are essential to validate their therapeutic potential.

Abstract Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium and one of the most consumed vegetables globally. With the aim of supporting onion cultivation practices and breeding programs, this study examined the main classes of bioactive compounds, soluble sugars, antioxidant properties (measured via TAC, CUPRAC, DPPH• and ABTS•+ assays) and yield indicators of the widely grown onion cultivar Hamilton F1 (Bejo Zaden BV, Warmenhuizen, Netherlands) under the agroecological conditions of Vojvodina, Serbia. The onion was established by direct sowing in 4 × double-row strips, using a randomized block design with three replications. Extraction was performed with 80% methanol in order to prevent protein extraction and potential interferences with phenolics. The results revealed that total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and soluble sugars content (SSC) were 0.76 mg/g GAE, 0.29 mg/g QE, and 106.9 mg/g Glc, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in TAC and ABTS•+ assays, with values of 6.57 mg/g AAE and 3.67 µmol/g TE, respectively. The content of total hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives was below the detection limit. The dry matter content was 8.11%. Additionally, the total yield of the Hamilton F1 onion was 108.01 t/ha, with a first-class yield of 104.4 t/ha and a high proportion of marketable bulbs. The results indicate that the Hamilton F1 cultivar is characterized by a considerable content of the examined bioactive compounds that contribute to better agronomic traits, including improved performance under stress conditions, longer storage potential and greater disease tolerance. From consumers’ perspective, these compounds provide also health benefits. The findings emphasize the potential of Hamilton F1 as a reliable option for farmers and highlight the importance of breeding programs focused on developing onion cultivars with similar or improved functional properties, combining high yield potential with enhanced nutritional value.

This paper presents the results of the current present species composition of the genus Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) of the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. The phylogeny, ploidy, and chorological data are presented, and a checklist of species of the genus Allium in the study area is compiled. The large subgenera of Allium, including Melanocrommyum, have been identified, reflecting their prevalence in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. Ploidy of some species (A. artrosanguineum and A. turkestanicum) of the genus Allium growing in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau were studied for the first time using flow cytometry methods. The nrITS sequencing was used to construct a phylogenetic tree including sequences from the NCBI database. The phylogenetic tree of species of the genus Allium of the Kyrgyz Alatau was compiled taking into account previously published data. The list of studied Allium species in the Kyrgyz Alatau is represented by 25 species, which include seven subgenera and 17 sections. Also, the nomenclature of onion species is brought to the modern understanding of some species names. Based on specimens of the genus Allium collected in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau, an integral assessment of the current species composition using molecular–genetic, cytometric, and traditional botanical methods was carried out.

The genus Allium is highly diverse and ecologically significant in Eastern Kazakhstan, with several rare and endemic species belonging to the section Schoenoprasum. This study provides a comparative analysis of the seed morphology of four species from this section: A. ledebourianum, A. ivasczenkoae, A. schoenoprasum, and A. ubinicum. Seeds were collected from their natural habitats and analyzed through morphometric measurements, surface structure assessments, and environmental correlation. Distinct differences in seed length, width, thickness, and weight were identified, with A. ubinicum displaying the most pronounced divergence in size and mass. Qualitative traits, including surface texture, micropyle visibility, and chalaza structure, were also recorded. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed clear separation between the species, notably distinguishing A. ubinicum from A. schoenoprasum, challenging their previously assumed synonymy. Environmental variables such as light, moisture, and soil chemistry showed significant correlations with seed dimensions, suggesting that environmental conditions contribute to morphological differentiation. Although the micromorphological features observed under scanning electron microscopy were generally similar, the macromorphological traits proved to be taxonomically informative. The larger and heavier seeds of A. ubinicum suggest regional divergence or adaptive evolution, reinforcing its classification as a separate taxon. These findings contribute to the refinement of the species delimitation process within Schoenoprasum and underscore the role of seed traits in both taxonomic research and conservation strategies in floristically rich but understudied regions like Eastern Kazakhstan.

Complex investigation of the effect mechanism of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the additive-assisted crystallization of famotidine.

Phytonutrients are widely recognized for their protective health benefits in humans. Mounting studies suggest that dietary organosulfur compounds play a significant role in preventing various pathological conditions. Organosulfur compounds, such as diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, alliin, allicin, S-allyl cysteine, and sulforaphane, possess broad pharmacological activities, making them versatile therapeutic agents. Their antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, along with their effectiveness in managing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, and diabetes, highlight their potential as single-drug solutions for multiple health issues simultaneously. Plants belonging to Allium genus and Brassicaceae family are the most predominant sources of these compounds. This review aims to summarize the different natural sources and bioavailability of various organosulfur compounds as well as discuss the therapeutic potential of various organosulfur compounds in response to viral/bacterial infection, inflammation, cancer, oxidative stress, CVDs, obesity, and diabetes with special emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. This review also includes the effective doses as well as the mode of action underlying the therapeutic potential of specific organosulfur compound against respective pathophysiology. The outcome of this review will open new avenue for further investigation of organosulfur compounds against different pathophysiology and that will be helpful for the development of innovative therapeutics with promising health benefits.

Assessment of Natural Populations and Bioecological Characteristics of some Wild Species of the Genus Allium L. (Alliaceae J. Agardh.)

HS-SPME/GC–MS and E-nose-based characterization of volatile compounds in purple garlic across eight Chinese regions

The genera Allium (Liliaceae) and Anchusa (Boraginaceae) are flowering plant genera with a rich diversity, also including the Allium kharputense Freyn & Sint. and Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea species. The antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD), antidiabetic, and antiglaucoma effects of the Allium kharputense Freyn & Sint. and Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea species, which are commonly eaten foods in the Southeast of Türkiye in the treatment of several diseases, were studied. To interpret the antioxidant capacities of ethanol extract of two plant species, aerial parts were analyzed by ABTS and DPPH assays. The IC50 values of A. kharputense and A. azurea ethanol and water extracts for ABTS•+ activities were recorded in the range of 30.93 to 33.94 µg/mL and 33.45 to 33.78 µg/mL, respectively. Also, DPPH• activities were measured at 30.78 to 36.87 µg/mL and 31.67 to 32.45 µg/mL, respectively. The best of the IC50 values was measured in the ethanol extract of A. kharputense as 30.78 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid quantities in A. kharputense and A. azurea plants were measured. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents of A. kharputense and A. azurea species were recorded in amounts of 445.52 and 327.35 mg GAE/g in ethanol extracts, respectively, and 332.88 and 234.03 mg QE/g in ethanol extracts, respectively. The effects of A. kharputense and A. azurea on diabetes, AD, and glaucoma were studied on the target enzymes of diseases. The most efficient IC50 values were recorded at 10.72 μg/mL against α-glycosidase, 35.01 μg/mL against AChE, 38.05 μg/mL against BChE, 9.21 μg/mL towards hCA I, and 81.02 μg/mL towards hCA II isoenzymes. The kinds and amounts of phenolic compounds in A. kharputense and A. azurea were determined using LC-MS/MS against 53 standards. A. kharputense and A. azurea plants have prospective use in enhancing glaucoma, diabetes, AD, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and cancerous disorders.

Since ancient times, species of the genus Allium have played a significant role in the human diet, in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and in official medicine as raw materials, as well as medicinal and prophylactic agents. Phytochemicals such as organosulfur compounds, phenolic compounds, fatty acids and saponins are associated with the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these species, among many other biologically active substances. All parts of the plant, including the bulb, leaf, pseudostem, root, flower and seed, exhibit antioxidant properties in in vitro assays. Characteristic phytocompounds that contribute to the antimicrobial activity of onion crops include allicin, ajoene, allyl alcohol and some diallyl sulfides. Nanoparticles synthesized using Allium species are also known for their notable antimicrobial properties. Allium species are a product with high nutritional value, and due to secondary metabolites, it is also used to protect plants with various products created on the basis of its biologically active components. Allium species are valued for their unique macroelement composition and are used as popular vegetables and spices. In the Russian Federation, there is significant biological and morphological diversity of cultivated and wild onion species. Over the past few years, an extensive program of collecting and studying Allium species has been carried out at VNIIO – a branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. High morphological and biochemical variability of the studied species has been established, which can be used in breeding programs and when growing varieties.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are herbaceous monocotyledonous plants of the Genus Allium and are used the world over for culinary, medicinal and agricultural activities. This study investigated the constituent chemical compounds in the extracted oils of fresh garlic bulbs, and fresh onion bulbs. The fresh garlic and onion bulbs used in this study, were bought at Yankura market in Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. The oils of garlic, and onion were extracted using cold maceration. Constituent chemical compounds of the oils of garlic, and onion were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Thirty-three chemical compounds, with varying area percentages, were identified in the oil of garlic with retention time ranging from 5.96 to 36.27 minutes. Also, thirty-three chemical compounds with varying area percentages, were identified in the oil of onion, with retention time ranging from 8.3 to 36.49 minutes. Eight chemical compounds namely 9-Octadecenoic acid, N-Hexadecanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, Bromoacetic acid, 9-Oxabicyclo[6.1.0]nonane, Eicosene (E)-, and Carboxylic acid were identified to be common to both the garlic oil, and the onion oil. However, the onion oil had more compound concentration of these chemical compounds common to them both in most cases, than the garlic oil. This factor may confer more bioactivity on the onion oil than on the garlic oil.

Impact of circadian rhythm and seasonal variability on the essential oil of Allium stracheyi Baker from Uttarakhand, Himalaya.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained by green synthesis using plant extracts from the genus Allium have attracted significant scientific interest due to their potential applications as antimicrobial agents in the biomedical field. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of AuNPs obtained by green synthesis using extracts of Allium sativum and Allium ursinum. These plant extracts are rich in sulfur compounds (allicin), flavonoids and polyphenols, which not only facilitate the formation of nanoparticles, but also confer them increased antimicrobial properties. The nanoparticles thus obtained were characterized by spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis) and were tested for antimicrobial activity. Microbiological tests performed in vitro demonstrated an antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria but also against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. The results support the idea that gold nanoparticles functionalized with Allium extracts may constitute a promising alternative in the development of natural antimicrobial compounds with applications in medicine, the food industry and the pharmaceutical field. Article history: Received 16 May 2025; Revised 29 May 2025;Accepted 29 May 2025; Available online 25 June 2025

Allium ursinum L. (ramson, wild garlic), is a perennial herb of Allium genus, known for its medicinal uses and recent growing significance in contemporary phytotherapy. Wild garlic (Allium Ursinum L.) has long been considered a spring vitamin. Past application of A. ursinum exists in the treatment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases. Current research focuses on its vast phytochemical content - in particular, sulfurous compounds, phenolic acids, and flavonoids - and pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cardiovascular properties. This review summarizes recent data on the botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological characteristics of A. ursinum, with particular attention to its potential in nutraceuticals and therapy.

Background: Famotidine has been widely utilized as a therapeutic intervention in the management of peptic ulcers for a number of years. Famotidine (FM) functions as a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, and it is prescribed for the treatment of various types of ulcers as well as hypersecretory disorders. This medication is employed both for active treatment and for long-term maintenance therapy. Despite its relatively short biological half-life (2.5-4h). Aim: this study aimed to enhance its therapeutic efficacy by formulating FM into gastro-retentive matrix tablets using natural polymers. Methods: A total of 15 gastro-retentive matrix tablets were prepared using the direct compression method. Results: The formulated tablets exhibited a thickness ranging from 4.1±0.31 to 4.4±0.20 mm, slightly higher than those utilizing synthetic polymers. Tablet hardness fell within the array of 3.7±0.12 to 4.0±0.14 kg/cm2, ensuring good mechanical resistance. Friability, ranging from 0.20±0.22 to 0.50±0.24%, remained below 1%, indicating favourable tablet durability. Weight variation adhered to specified limits, and drug content ranged from 19.06±0.36 to 19.09±0.21 mg, meeting acceptable criteria. Swelling index studies demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in swelling, with xanthan gum exhibiting the highest index (160 %) and guar gum the lowest (60 %). Gastro-retentive matrix tablets F1-F15 released 97.00 % to 71.67 % of the drug over 12 hours, showcasing prolonged release characteristics. Conclusion: In-vitro release studies affirmed sustained buoyancy for over 12 hours, reflecting the effectiveness of the formulations. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed no interactions between the drug and polymers, confirming the formulation’s stability. DSC thermogram revealed the thermal stability of the drug within the formulated tablets, signifying its suitability for therapeutic use without undergoing any interactions. Major Findings: The chosen gastro-retentive matrix tablet F4 showed stability in terms of drug content, weight fluctuation, friability, and in-vitro release profiles.

Allium genus (Amaryllidaceae) is widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Some species, including garlic and onion, have been used since ancient times as both food ingredients and medicinal plants. Many reviews deal with the chemical constituents, particularly the typical sulfur compounds, as well as with Allium pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. The bibliographic search performed in this review is mainly focused on the potential role of Allium species in inhibiting melanogenesis, which has been mainly assessed through the evaluation of the inhibitory properties on tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. Two well established models for identifying potential skin-whitening agents have been used to assess the anti-melanogenic effects of Allium species, the mushroom tyrosinase and the murine melanoma B16 cell line. Here, a literature search from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases has been performed using the keywords "Allium", "tyrosinase", "anti-melanogenic", and "melanogenesis", combined by means of Boolean operators. Based on selected inclusion criteria, 32 eligible papers have been selected. The aim of this systematic review is to offer an overview of the species for which the ability to affect melanogenesis has been demonstrated to date, highlighting a new and emerging perspective on the potential therapeutic use of Allium species. The biological properties of isolated pure compounds and the negative outcomes have been also considered.