Garlic Extract Research Articles

Inhibition of Accumulation of Neutral Lipids and Their Hydroperoxide Species in Hepatocytes by Bioactive Allium sativum Extract

Our ongoing research suggests that extracts from plant-based foods inhibit the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) and oxidized lipid droplets (oxLDs) in liver cells. These findings suggest their potential use in the alleviation of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its most severe manifestation, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Allium extracts (ALs: AL1–AL9) were used to assess their ability to reduce lipid droplet accumulation (LDA) and oxidized lipid droplet accumulation (oxLDA) by inhibiting neutral lipid accumulation and oxidation in LD. Among the tested Allium extracts, AL1, AL3, and AL6 demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects on the LDA. Furthermore, AL1 extract showed real-time inhibition of LDA in HepG2 cells in DMEM supplemented with oleic acid (OA) within 12 h of treatment. Our lipidomic approach was used to quantify the accumulation and inhibition of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) and oxidized TAG hydroperoxide [TG (OOH) n = 3] species in hepatocytes under OA and linoleic acid loading conditions. These results suggest that Allium-based foods inhibit LD accumulation by decreasing intracellular lipids and lipid hydroperoxides in the hepatocytes. The metabolomic analysis of AL1—the bioactive LDAI extract—using both LC-MS/MS and 1D-NMR [1H, 13C, and Dept (135 and 90)] approaches revealed that AL1 contains mainly carbohydrates and glucoside metabolites, including iridoid glucosides, as well as minor amino acids, organosulfur compounds, and organic acids such as the antioxidant ascorbic acid (KA2 = S13), and their derivatives, suggesting that AL1 could be a potential resource for the development of functional foods and in drug discovery targeting MAFLD/MASH and other related diseases.

Harnessing Nature's Potential: Innovating Antibacterial Cream through Garlic and Clove Extracts

The onset of the antibiotics period was characterised by the clinical implementation of penicillin, the inaugural antibiotic, unearthed in 1928 by Alexander Fleming in the green mould Penicillium notatum. Garlic and clove have long been used as traditional treatments for different diseases, including infections. Their antibacterial qualities have been attributed to their sulfur-containing components, such as allicin and ajoene in garlic, and eugenol and isoeugenol in clove. In this study, we wanted to produce a novel antibacterial cream leveraging the synergistic properties of garlic and clove extracts. The cream was manufactured utilizing a simple and scalable technique, and its antimicrobial activity was assessed against a panel of microbes present in our surrounding. The results indicated that the cream had considerable antibacterial action against all tested microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) comparable to conventional antibiotics. This study establishes a groundbreaking, ecologically-oriented method for safeguarding and healing the skin. The tropical antimicrobial cream provides a secure and efficient substitute for traditional antimicrobials that may have harsh effects, while also including the nourishing and rejuvenating qualities of tropical botanicals. This groundbreaking research marks a significant advancement in the realm of natural, holistic skin health solutions. The tropical antimicrobial cream stands as a potent alternative to conventional, potentially harsh antimicrobials, offering a safe and effective way to combat skin infections and irritations. Furthermore, its incorporation of nourishing and restorative tropical botanicals transcends mere protection, promoting overall skin health and well-being. Beyond the individual benefits, this innovation holds immense potential for promoting sustainable practices within tropical ecosystems by leveraging resources responsibly and ethically. This paves the way for a future where nature's wisdom empowers us to safeguard our skin with gentle effectiveness, while simultaneously cherishing and preserving the biodiversity that holds the key to our well-being.

In-situ biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using Allium sativum and Chondrilla juncea extract: characterization and application in dye decolorization

The synthesis of catalysts has gained specific concern due to their versatile applications in particular azo dye decolorization. In the current work, metallic nanoparticles (copper and silver) were In-situ biosynthesised using Allium sativum and Chondrilla juncea extract. The obtained Allium-copper oxide and Allium-silver oxide materials were analyzed using SEM, TEM, FT-IR, TGA-DTG, SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques. Allium peels had a rough surface, with nanoparticles equally distributed over it. The crystal structure of Allium peels was altered after the addition of CuO and AgO nanoparticles. The highest residual mass values in the prepared materials indicated that the metallic nanoparticles were, in situ, formed. The prepared materials had worse thermal stability than Allium peel powders. The azo dyes, Calmagite and Naphthol Blue Black B were tested in the catalytic power of the resulting materials. The decolorization process was affected by the dye structure, amount of H2O2, dye concentration, time of reaction, and temperature of the bath. The activation energy values for Allium-CuO were 18.44 kJ mol−1 for calmagite, and 23.28 kJ mol−1 for naphthol blue black, respectively. Nevertheless, the energy values for Allium-AgO were 50.01 kJ mol−1 for calmagite and 12.44 kJ mol−1 for Naphthol blue black. The calculated low energy values for the prepared materials suggested the high efficiency of the use of these catalysts in azo dye decolorization under the change of some main experimental conditions.

Botanical extracts for insect management: lessons from participatory research in peri-urban horticultural systems of central Argentina

ABSTRACT We evaluate botanical insecticides as a technological device for synthetic input substitution in peri-urban horticultural system transitions. For that purpose, a Participatory Action Research (PAR) framework was proposed, and garlic extracts (GE) performance was evaluated for pest and natural enemy regulation in lettuce crops in conventional and agroecological contexts. Through three PAR cycles under actual production conditions, we observed GE effectiveness on aphids, thrips, and natural enemies. Additionally, context-specific adaptations were noticed: for conventional systems; the extract is useful near harvest and serves as a trust-building tool while reducing synthetic insecticide dependence. Instead, for agroecological systems, garlic extract highlighted biodiversity’s relevance for system redesign.

Efficacy of Different Bio-Pesticide and Botanical against Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci L.)

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate efficacy of Bio-pesticide and botanical against thrips on onion and was carried out at experimental Farm of Organic Research farm Karguwan Ji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (Utter Pradesh) during Rabi Season of 2022-2023. The Bio-pesticide and botanical evaluated were Beauveria bassiana, Garlic extract, Metarrhizium anisopliae, Castor oil, NSKE, Neem oil, were tested against onion thrips under field conditions along with untreated control. Two sprays were given at an interval of fifteen days starting at the ETL. The treatment with Garlic extract emerged as the most effective treatment and recorded the least (2.07- 2.80) thrips /5 leaves.

Residual effect of commonly used insecticides on key predatory mites released for biocontrol in strawberry.

Florida is the second largest producer of strawberries in the United States. However, the production system faces numerous challenges, especially Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) infestations. Management of this pest involves applying insecticides and use of predatory mites, particularly Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans, and Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae). Strawberry growers in Florida are concerned about the compatibility of the commercial formulations of insecticides used in strawberry pest management with predatory mites. This study assessed the residual effect of commercial insecticides used in strawberry production on the survival, feeding, and oviposition of the 3 predators. Using Munger cells, predators were exposed to commercial formulations of spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, azadirachtin + pyrethrin, Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps javanica, capsicum, garlic, and canola oil extracts, and water control. There was a gradual decline in the survival and feeding of predatory mites when exposed to all insecticides. Spinetoram had the highest impact on the survival and feeding of all predators compared to other insecticides, while C. javanica had the lowest impact. Cyantraniliprole and azadirachtin + pyrethrin significantly reduced predator survival after 72h of exposure, whereas capsicum, garlic, and canola oil extracts caused a similar reduction after 96h. All predators consumed low proportions of S. dorsalis across all treatments. Oviposition was low in all treatments, with no discernable variation among treatments. These results highlight the potential of using entomopathogenic fungi in conjunction with A. swirskii, N. cucumeris, and N. californicus for the management of S. dorsalis and T. urticae in strawberries.

Nutritional Innovation Using Green Seaweed (Ulva sp.) and Garlic Powder Extracts for White-Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Challenged by Vibrio harveyi.

This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic (Allium sativum) powder ethanolic extracts against Vibrio harveyi in vitro. The stimulatory effects of Ulva sp. extract (UE) and garlic powder extract (GPE) on the growth performance and innate immune responses of white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and their challenge against V. harveyi infection were also investigated. A commercial shrimp diet (36.1% protein) was enriched with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0gUE/kg diet and 2, 4 and 6gGPE/kg diet, whereas the control group was free of any supplement. Health juveniles of L. vannamei (average weight 2-3g) were distributed in 21 fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (500-L capacity) at a stocking density of 300 animals/tank to represent each treatment in triplicate. The animals were fed ad libitum on the experimental diets up to satiety four times daily for 60 days. The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic powder evoked their richness of several bioactive compounds showing significant antibacterial activity against V. harveyi. The GPE exhibited a higher inhibition zone than that of the UE. The supplemented diets did not significantly affect weight gain %, final weight, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and survival rates of white shrimp compared to those fed on the control diet. Significant increases were observed in total haemocyte count, phagocytosis and phagocytic index of all treatments compared with the control group. There were significant increases in serum total protein, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase, lysosomal enzyme activity, phenoloxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity with offered diets with increasing the levels of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic powder up to 2.0gUE/kg diet and 6gGPE/kg diet, respectively. The ethanolic extraction of Ulva sp. and garlic powder-supplemented diet groups, particularly at treatments of 2.0 and 6gGPE/kg diet, respectively, significantly reduced the shrimp mortality induced by V. harveyi infection when compared with the control group. The net results evoked that ethanolic extraction of Ulva sp. (2.0gUE/kg) and garlic powder (6gGPE/kg diet) enhanced the immune response and disease resistance of the white-leg shrimp, L. vannamei. It is also noted that the GPE is more efficient than the UE in vitro and in vivo investigations.

Chemical analysis of Alliin-Rich Allium sativum (Garlic) extract and its safety evaluation in Drosophila melanogaster

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been traditionally valued for its medicinal properties attributed to the presence of organosulfur compounds. Despite its benefits, concerns about herbal extract toxicity have arisen, necessitating safety assessment. This study was designed to evaluate the chemical analysis and safety profile of Alliin-Rich Garlic Extract (ARGE) using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. The ARGE was extracted from garlic cloves (Allium sativum Linn: UIH-23262) using a microwave-assisted method and characterized using UPLC-ESI-MS, 1H NMR, HPLC and IR. Its safety evaluation was determined using D. melanogaster (Harwich strain), and various assays were conducted on 1–3-day-old flies. Toxicological markers and oxidative stress were assessed to understand the impact of ARGE on the flies. Chemical profiling of ARGE using UPLC-ESI-MS, confirmed the presence of alliin (S-ally-L-cysteine-S-oxide), L-arginine, γ-glutamylmethionine, S-(2-carboxypropyl) glutathione, N-γ-glutamyl-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine, N-γ-glutamyl-S-(2-propenyl) cysteine, N-γ-glutamylphenylalanine, S-(allylthio) cysteine, γ-glutamyl-S-allylthiocysteine and eruboside B. HPLC confirmed an alliin content of 0.073 mg/g. Toxicological assessment in D. melanogaster revealed that ARGE enhanced antioxidant defenses by increasing total thiol levels and GST activity, while reducing acetylcholinesterase activity. No significant alteration was observed in catalase activity and cellular metabolic rate. Histological examination revealed no alterations in the histoarchitecture of the brain, fat body or gut of D. melanogaster. The study demonstrated the safety of ARGE in D. melanogaster, supporting its potential as a safe herbal remedy.

The effect of Allium sativum and Capsicum spp. Watery extracts on the Entamoeba histolytica in vitro.

In vitro tests have been carried out to find out the efficacy of watery extracts of garlic Allium sativum and hot pepper Capsicum spp. against the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica cultivated in liver infusion agar media at 37 c . The doses of ( 0.01, 0.05 ,0.1, 0.5, 1 ml )of garlic and hot pepper watery extracts were added to certain number of E. histolotica trophozoits for exposure time of 24 hrs., the mortality percentage of trophozoites treated with garlic extract were ( 14.82 %, 31.05% ,46.16% , 64.29% , 92.7%) respectively , these percentages were very close to that obtained from the treatment with the hot peper extract which were (17.86%, 32% , 44% ,66.67% ,100%) respectively . Generally these results showed that the garlic and hot pepper watery extracts both were effective to eliminate E. histolitica trophozaites ,particularly the doses of (0.5 and 1 ml). The differences in studied plant characters were significant in the case of the first concentration compared with the second one.

Enhancing the insecticidal efficacy of Allium sativum extracts through microencapsulation via complex coacervation

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been widely studied for its insecticidal properties. The primary bioactive molecule in garlic extracts include allicin, alliin, S-allylcysteine, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl sulfide and ajoene. However, these compounds degrade under environmental conditions once extracted. This study aimed to enhance the effectiveness of garlic extracts in controlling Tenebrio molitor by optimizing microencapsulation techniques. The garlic extracts were encapsulated using the complex coacervation method, with independent variables including pH levels (3, 6 and 9), whey protein isolate (WPI) (4 %, 6 % and 8 % w/v) and pectin (0.50 %, 0.75 % and 1.00 % w/v). A Taguchi L9 (33) orthogonal array was employed to design 9 treatments, and T. molitor mortality was assessed 72 h after a 10 sec immersion of the insects in the treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that WPI had the most significant influence (24.52 %), followed by pH (18.82 %) and pectin (7.79 %). The interaction between pH and pectin had the greatest effect on the encapsulation process, accounting for 38.65 % of the influence. The optimal microencapsulation conditions were predicted by software to be pH 3, a pectin concentration of 0.75 % w/v and a WPI concentration of 4.00 % w/v, resulting in a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 42.30. Experimental validation of these conditions produced an S/N ratio of 18.54, corresponding to a T. molitor mortality rate of 92 % ± 4.47 %. The resulting microcapsules had diameters ranging from 1–5 ?m. Complex coacervation is a highly promising method for microencapsulating garlic extracts and preserving their insecticidal properties.

Vegetables Treated before Drying with Natural Antioxidants plus UV-C Improve Colour and Bioactive Compounds

The quality of minimally processed fruits and vegetables is essential for consumers’ health and effective marketing. This study investigates the effects of UV-C irradiation, applied alone and combined with various natural antioxidants, on the preservation of bioactive compounds and the colour of dehydrated fruits and vegetables. To achieve this, red peppers, yellow peppers, tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, and melons were subjected to pre-treatments with natural antioxidants and UV-C before processing using low-temperature airflow (50 °C). The drying kinetics showed typical curves of hygroscopic materials, while the drying time was high due to the low temperature applied. The higher drying rate was found for eggplant, due to its porosity, thus allowing a faster moisture removal. The application of antioxidants and UV-C treatments effectively preserved the colour parameters L*, a*, and b*, while in the case of untreated dried vegetables, a significant worsening of colour parameters was noted. However, most applied pre-treatments had positive effects on bioactive compound losses. The best results were obtained using a combination of UV-C with one antioxidant mix that was composed of vanillin, rosemary, and citrus extracts, and combined with a mixture of olive, onion, garlic, and citric acid extracts, which was highly effective in preserving the colour and bioactive compounds of most dried vegetables.

Antimicrobial Activities of Oyster Mushroom (Plerotous ostreatus), Garlic (Allium sativum), and Ginger Extracts (Zingiber officinale) Against Some Clinical Isolates

Antimicrobial Activities of Oyster Mushroom (Plerotous ostreatus), Garlic (Allium sativum), and Ginger Extracts (Zingiber officinale) Against Some Clinical Isolates

Garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) attenuates neurodegeneration and microvascular damage in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite numerous studies exploring the anti-diabetic properties of garlic in managing DM symptoms, its impact on DR remains limited. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of garlic in managing DR in a streptozotocin-induced DR rat model. Rats were divided into three groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic group (DG) treated with aqueous garlic extract (GE). Histological examination revealed a significant reduction in retinal thickness in DC rats compared to that in DG rats, which showed restored retinal thickness similar to the NC group. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed significant improvements in retinal vascular density, main artery diameter, and blood vessel numbers in DG rats compared to DC rats. The findings suggest that GE protects against DR. Furthermore, garlic could be recommended as a beneficial dietary supplement for diabetic patients to manage and delay the progression of DR.

Garlic Extract Promotes Pancreatic Islet Neogenesis Through α-to-β-Cell Transdifferentiation and Normalizes Glucose Homeostasis in Diabetic Rats.

Garlic extract (GE) has been shown to ameliorate hyperglycemia in diabetic rats (DRs) by increasing insulin production. However, the mechanism through which it exerts its effects remains unclear. Here, it investigates the molecular process and the origin of regenerating β-cell in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in response to GE. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis are carried out after pancreas isolation. These findings show that 1 week of GE treatment increases the expression of the endocrine progenitor cell markers Neurogenin3 (Neurog3), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (Neurod1), paired box proteins (Pax)4, V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B(Mafb),and NK homeobox factors (Nkx)6-1 in STZ-induced DRs. Continuation with GE treatment for 8 weeks causes the expression of the mature β-cell markers insulin(Ins)2, urocortin3 (Ucn3), and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) to peak. Comprehensive examination of the islet through immunohistochemical analysis reveals the presence of a heterogeneous cell population including INS+/GLUT2- and INS+/GLUT2+ β-cell subpopulations with few bihormonal INS+/GCG+ cells after 4 weeks. By week 8, islet architecture is reestablished, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was restored through the upregulation of Ucn3. GE induces β-cell neogenesis in DRs and restores islet architecture. The newly formed mature β-like cells could have originated through the differentiation of endocrine progenitor cells as well as α- to β-cell transdifferentiation.

Isolation and identification of the main components of garlic, Allium sativum, volatiles and their determination of repellent or toxic activities on green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

AbstractTo determine the control mechanism of garlic on Myzus persicae, volatiles from garlic plants were collected, and the components were determined by GC–MS. Then, the volatile extracts and standard components were screened by electroantennogram (EAG) apparatus and Y‐tube olfactometer, and the toxic effects were determined by the immersion method. The results showed the main components from garlic plant volatile were 2‐methoxyphenol, 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, diallyl disulfide, butyl phthalate esters, (1‐hydroxycyclohexyl) phenyl ketone, and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylp‐cresol. The volatile extracts and the standard components had significant repellent effects (P ≤ 0.05) on M. persicae when the volume ratio was 1:100. The relative values of EAG from volatile extracts and diallyl disulfide were significantly higher than those of the other substances (P ≤ 0.05) when the volume ratio was 1:100. The toxicity of garlic volatile extracts to M. persicae significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased with increasing concentration. After 72 h (treated), the adjusted mortality of the extract to M. persicae was 36.99% at 90 ml/L. The standard components had the significant toxic effect on M. persicae at 30 mg/mL, and the rates of mortality were over 78.95%. Thus, the results suggested that the volatile extracts and the four standard components from garlic plants had significant repellent effects and electroantennogram responses for M. persicae, and the toxic effects were stronger than the repellent effects for M. persicae.

Therapeutic effects of S-allyl-L-cysteine in a mouse endometriosis model and its immunomodulatory effects via regulation of T cell subsets and cytokine expression.

Endometriosis is a female hormone-dependent gynecological disorder characterized by chronic inflammation. Therefore, the development of novel treatment strategies that can diminish the side effects of the long-term use of hormone-based drugs has been emphasized. S-Allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is the major constituent of aged garlic extracts. Although the therapeutic effects resulting from the antioxidant properties of SAC have been extensively studied in inflammatory diseases, the therapeutic efficacy of SAC in endometriosis has not been described. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of SAC for endometriosis using a mouse model. An endometriosis mouse model was surgically induced, and oral treatment with 30mg/kg SAC was administered daily for 28 days. The development of endometriotic lesions was assessed by histological analysis, and the expression profiles of adhesion-, apoptosis-, and inflammation-related genes were evaluated by PCR. Flow cytometric analysis of mouse spleen was conducted to assess changes in lymphocyte subpopulations. SAC treatment significantly inhibited endometriotic lesion growth. Transcriptional expression analysis revealed the antiadhesion and apoptosis-promoting effects of SAC. In particular, SAC showed an effective immune modulatory response by altering splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and inflammatory cytokine production in the spleen and endometriotic lesions. This study newly elucidates the inhibitory effects of SAC on the growth of endometriosis in a mouse model and describes its immunomodulatory effects.

Antibacterial Activity of Apis mellifera Bees Honey, Garlic Extracts and Their Combinations against Salmonella in Wolayta Sodo, Southern Ethiopia

Antibacterial Activity of Apis mellifera Bees Honey, Garlic Extracts and Their Combinations against Salmonella in Wolayta Sodo, Southern Ethiopia

Nitrite scavenging activities and reducing power capacities of ethanolic extracts of some fruits and vegetables

The use of fruits and vegetables for therapeutic purposes has been continuing for centuries. Now-a-days, fruits and vegetables are increasingly used as alternative medicines. The antioxidant activities of some fruits and vegetables used in the present study were determined by nitrite scavenging and reduction power experiments. Antioxidant capacity increased with increasing concentration. The highest nitrite scavenging activity and inhibitory power were observed in garlic extract. The least nitrite scavenging activity and reducing power were found in white grape and kiwi extracts. It was concluded that garlic extract which had the highest nitrite scavenging capacity and reducing power may be an appropriate additive in drugs and other pharmaceuticals intended for medical purposes. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 619-625, 2024 (September)

Green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs): Characterization and green light-driven photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of alkyl and aryl sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides

In recent years, cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and wide range of applications, particularly in catalysis and environmental remediation. This study focuses on the green synthesis of Co3O4NPs using garlic extract as a bio-reducing and stabilizing agent, marking the first instance of employing this eco-friendly and cost-effective method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques including SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis DRS, and BET analysis, revealing their spherical morphology, elemental composition, surface area, and optical properties. The primary application investigated was the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of alkyl and aryl sulfides to sulfoxides under visible green light irradiation. The study meticulously optimized the reaction conditions, evaluating the effects of different solvents, light sources, and catalyst dosages. The optimal conditions were found to be a MeCN:H2O (5:1) solvent system, green LED light (535 nm), and 10 mg of Co3O4NPs catalyst with the highest TON of 12.5. Under these conditions, the catalyst demonstrated high efficiency, achieving up to 95% yield of sulfoxides with various substrates. Furthermore, the reusability of the Co3O4NPs was assessed through multiple catalytic cycles, showing excellent stability and consistent performance. Mechanistic studies indicated that the photocatalytic activity involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radicals (O2.-) and singlet oxygen (1O2), with both holes and electrons playing crucial roles in the oxidation process. This research highlights the potential of green synthesized Co3O4NPs as effective and sustainable photocatalysts for selective oxidation reactions, offering a promising approach for environmentally benign chemical processes. The findings pave the way for further exploration of bio-derived catalysts in various industrial applications, promoting greener and more sustainable practices in chemical synthesis.

Effects of Plant Extracts on Growth Promotion, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Secondary Metabolites in Rice (Oryza sativa) Plants

Plant extracts are widely used in sustainable agriculture practices to enhance crop production and reduce chemical usage in agriculture. This study employed several extraction solutions of various plant extracts to synthesize planting and spraying strategies, assess the persistence efficacy of rice, and investigate the influence of selected water extracts on secondary chemicals at different rice planting stages. Among 17 water extracts that were evaluated on rice seeds, 7 were enhanced to align with the lengths of rice roots 50–70% and shoots 40–50%. The analysis of extraction, spraying, and planting experiments revealed that water extracts, soil application, and transplanting were the most efficient methods for stimulating rice growth, especially 0.1 and 0.5% concentrations. The efficacy of the extracts remained intact also after 14 days of treatment. This study showed that photosynthesis and antioxidant activities may play crucial roles in plant growth. Rice growth stimulation has been linked to photosynthesis, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant enzymes, providing a balanced supply of nutrients for plant growth. Among all tested water extracts, Psidium guajava, Aloe vera, Allium sativum, and Medicago sativa extracts can be used to promote plant growth in organic farming.