Alleged Reasons Research Articles

Рецепция пьесы Тадеуша Слободзянека “Наш класс: история в XIV уроках” в постсоветском пространстве

The paper examines the problem of reception of Tadeusz Slobodzianek’s play “Our Class: History in XIV Lessons” in selected countries of the post-Soviet space. The choice of territory is dictated by the apparent cultural proximity of the studied areas, experiencing a similar historical burden. The author analyses professional and amateur reviews of the play as a written and performing act. The selection of texts is chosen to reflect the multifaceted nature of the audience’s opinions. The alleged reasons for the discrepancies in the play’s reception are discussed, including both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Particular attention is paid to literary, social, and political contexts. The analysis notes the polarisation of reception in Poland, the unification of the play’s complex semantic layer in Russia and the actualisation of the play’s issues in Ukraine. Overall remarks are also provided on the role of translation in determining the individual and global reception of a literary work.

Causes and Outcomes of Medicolegal Proceedings Following Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Canada.

Endoscopic procedures are frequently performed in Canada but can be associated with potential complications and medicolegal implications. This study aimed to identify potential medicolegal cases in Canada relating to upper and lower endoscopies as well as advanced endoscopic procedures. Westlaw Canada was searched for any cases regarding upper and lower endoscopies and advanced endoscopic procedures from inception to December 31, 2020. Cases were classified by type of case, procedure performed, patient and defendant demographics, outcome, and alleged reason for litigation/complaint. Twenty-nine civil cases and 9 board and tribunal decisions for upper and lower endoscopies and 3 advanced endoscopic procedure cases were analyzed. The most frequent defendant specialties were family physician, general surgery, and gastroenterology. The plaintiff was successful in 12 cases involving upper or lower endoscopy with an average award of $243,934 (2021 CDN). The most alleged reasons for litigation were procedural error or negligence (n= 19). The plaintiff was successful in 1 advanced endoscopic procedure case with an award of $153,032. Medicolegal cases regarding gastrointestinal endoscopy in Canada occur infrequently. Endoscopy should be performed by skilled providers with appropriate informed consent from the patient, and careful consideration of whether procedures are indicated are key for endoscopic providers.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЕМ СЕМЕЙНОГО БИЗНЕСА В РОССИИ

The article examines the historical development of family business on the example of the Russian Empire and the Soviet period, as well as the features of its revival in the modern history of Russia. The specifics of the development of family business in the national economy of the Russian Federation are revealed. The factors of the absence of trends in the development of family business on the network principle are determined. The feature of family business as a kind of small business enterprises is considered. The structure of a family business is considered from the point of view of business processes and the industry aspect. The essence of state participation in the support of family forms of business through the development of folk crafts is revealed. The attention is focused on the regional approach to the support of family business. The factors of financial management of a family business are determined. Data on the revenue and profit of some family business enterprises from various industries are compared for the readiness of these enterprises to reinvest their own activities as a way of developing and expanding commercial activities. An assessment of the alleged reasons for the inability of the enterprises under consideration to expand commercial activities by implementing measures to reinvest in their own development and expansion is presented. Possible ways of resolving the identified problem are provided by the stimulating efforts of the state, especially with regard to taxation and property.

On the Tityus forcipula species group: redescription of Tityus forcipula (Scorpiones, Buthidae), description of a new Andean species, and notes on the taxonomy of the group.

The Tityus forcipula species group has had an intricate taxonomic history, changing its diagnostic characters and composition on several occasions. One of the alleged reasons for this taxonomic uncertainty is the use of superficial characters (i.e. raw similarity instead of putative synapomorphies) for species group delimitation. Here, we conducted a thorough phenotypic survey across the Tityus forcipula species group, as currently delimited, including characters that had been suggested elsewhere as putative synapomorphies for delimiting lineages within Tityus. In doing so we also redescribe Tityus forcipula and describe a new species belonging to the Tityus forcipula species group: Tityus moralensis sp. nov. based on specimens from the Andean region of Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. The Tityus forcipula species group is here delimited to Andean species from Colombia and Ecuador that share strongly sclerotized and brown colored pectines, basal middle lamellae of female pectines dilated and suboval or ovoid shaped, basal plate of female pectines without glandular region and telotarsi with two ventrosubmedian rows (type II) of stout macrosetae (i.e., Tityus crassicauda, Tityus cuellari, Tityus forcipula, Tityus fuhrmanni and Tityus moralensis sp. nov). The new Tityus species is placed into a phylogenetic context with other buthid species using DNA sequences (COI and 28S). Finally, we provide a map with updated distributional records of the Tityus forcipula species group.

Profile of suicide within the northern part of Ghana: A decade under review.

BackgroundSeveral reports show that suicide is the second and third leading cause of untimely death in young people below the age of 30. Little, however, is known about the profile and trend of suicide in this country due to lack of systematic studies and a lack of national statistics on suicide. This study seeks to examine the profile and pattern of suicide cases recorded within northern Ghana for the past decade.AimThis study aimed to report the prevalence of suicide as an independent cause of death; the choice of suicide method and the alleged reasons for suicide within the northern part of Ghana.SettingRetrospective review of coroners’ reports within the northern part of Ghana.MethodIn this descriptive study, 309 completed suicides as archived by the office of the coroner were examined. The coroners’ reports of 309 individuals, whose deaths received a suicide verdict or an open verdict in which the cause of death was likely to be suicide from 2008 to 2017, were examined. Student’s t-test was used to ascertain significant age differences between the genders involved.ResultsAmongst the 309 decedents examined, approximately, 61% were male, with ages ranging from 5 to 81 years. Hanging and poisoning were the most commonly used methods to complete suicide accounting for 124 (40.1%) and 102 (33.0%) deaths, respectively. Regarding the reasons for completed suicide, 78 (25.2%) were because of unknown reasons and 66 (21.4%) were because of social stigma. There was a notable decline in the prevalence of suicide from 2014 to 2017 compared with the years from 2010 to 2013.ConclusionSuicide was highest in the 30–39 year age group with hanging and poisoning being the most common method employed. Stigmatisation and psychosocial problems arising from chronic illness and economic hardship were significant triggers of suicide amongst the suicide decedents in the northern part of Ghana.

The Decline of Religious Life in the Twentieth Century

The decline in numbers of religious in the West is discussed in numerous studies. While there is a consensus about the statistical reality of decreasing numbers, scholars disagree about the alleged reasons for this decline. This article maps the field and presents a survey of four categories of answers to the question of why religious life declined during the twentieth century. A distinction is made between theories that ascribe the decline to (1) historical, (2) societal, (3) ecclesial, and (4) theological reasons. The first category views the decline as part of a historical-cyclical pattern of growth and decline. The second encompasses explanations that focus on secularization, professionalization, or new societal opportunities for women. Thirdly, post-conciliar church-organizational reasons will be discussed. Finally, pre-conciliar theology is investigated as a potential reason for the decline. While none of the reasons discussed here can be excluded from at least contributing to the decline, we demonstrate that some authors are mistaken in their conclusions due to misinterpreting data in a way that obscures the possibility of an emerging decline before the statistics peak in 1965 (which marks the end of the Council). We also demonstrate how theology has been an underestimated but significant influence on the statistics of religious life.

Proteases in the diet of monogastric animals

There are many proteases, and about 2% of the human genome is involved in the regulation of their formation. The share of proteases involved in digestion accounts for only a small part. Despite this, the mechanisms of action of digestive proteases are less studied than carbohydrases and lipases. The incorporation of exogenous proteases into young animal feeds is often accompanied by improved utilization of protein and other nutrients. Exogenous proteases degrade inhibitors of the endogenous protease and lectins in feed. Alkaline proteases are of interest due to their broader substrate specificity and activity throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. This group includes keratinases, which digest proteins inaccessible for cleavage by proteases and peptidases of animals. Keratinases digest agglutinins, glycinin and b-conglycinin and connective tissue proteins, which are resistant to the action of gastrointestinal enzymes and a number of exogenous proteases. The alleged reasons for the inconsistent results when using feed proteases are described. Their mediated positive effects not associated with proteolysis are indicated. It is advisable to use proteases with keratinolytic activity as fodder proteases.

Current trends in land subsidence of the North-Central part of Poland using DInSAR technique

The gradual change in the Earth’s surface elevation is known as land subsidence and it happens due to natural causes related to geological activities, such as sinkholes, or induced causes related to human activities, such as mining activities, or both. The historical records of land subsidence show that it is mainly related to human activities with damages of more than billions of dollars every year. This paper shows the current trends of land subsidence case of the North-Central part of Poland using the Differential Interferometric Satellite Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique. That region is known as the extension of the oil and gas reservoir of the Baltic Sea and one of the most populated areas in Poland. This technique uses SAR data images from the sentinel-1A mission of the same area, taken on April 25, 2018 and April 26, 2020, in order to measure the surface changes between these time intervals. Thus, a two-year land subsidence map of that region has been created, with maximum subsidence of -85mm. There is no significant subsidence in the production area, but information on the population supports the alleged reasons for such subsidence, namely the infrastructure growth and the need for water resources. Besides, most of the occurred subsidence in the concerned area is concentrated in big cities such as Gdansk and Gdynia. Such result is very important for policymakers, especially concerning the sustainable development goals

Bolsa Família, tempo na escola e motivações estudantis

Resumo Esta pesquisa analisou o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) no tempo na escola, em seus componentes (matrícula, presença e jornada) e nas motivações relacionadas a partir dos suplementos especiais da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2004 e 2006. A expansão de 67% na cobertura do PBF no período permite testar efeitos-dosagem desse programa. Não se rejeitaram as hipóteses de impacto do PBF no tempo na escola e em seus componentes. Outra estratégia de identificação revela que os jovens marginalmente elegíveis em idade ao PBF apresentaram chances 62%, 8% e 6% maiores de frequentar a escola, cumprir a presença mínima e estudar mais do que 4 horas por dia, respectivamente, do que os quase elegíveis. Por fim, testes sobre as motivações alegadas para transgredir as condicionalidades escolares não descartam um efeito de alívio de renda corrente proporcionado pelo PBF.

Misja władcy Trzeciego Rzymu w Posłaniu do wielkiego księcia Wasyla III

W artykule została podjęta kwestia wizji Trzeciego Rzymu i szczególna rola jego władcy, którą opisał Filoteusz (ok. 1465–1542) w liście Posłanie do wielkiego księcia Wasyla III. Autorka prezentuje w pracy tło historyczne i domniemane powody, przyczyniające się do wzrostu potęgi Księstwa Moskiewskiego w XV i XVI wieku. Ponadto przedstawia, jak pskowski mnich w liście do Wasyla III kreuje go na jedynego sukcesora prawosławnych wartości i jakie cechy według Filoteusza powinien mieć najpotężniejszy władca chrześcijańskiego świata – władca Trzeciego Rzymu.

Domniemane i rzeczywiste przyczyny chińskiego cudu gospodarczego. Polemika z Kazimierzem Poznańskim

Domniemane i rzeczywiste przyczyny chińskiego cudu gospodarczego. Polemikaz Kazimierzem Poznańskim [Alleged and real reasons for the Chinese economy miracle. A polemicwith Kazimierz Poznański] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [BetweenChina and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018,pp. 67–84, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.
 China has come a long way in the last hundred years. It is so long that it’s easy to forget about the problems that the Chinese had to face earlier. They struggled with patterns of long duration making it difficult for them to break out of the centuries-old stagnation. The Chinese were looking for new patterns of political culture. However, not only those patterns required a correction. If Fukuyama is right, the rules of caring for one’s family at the expense of social obligations have turned out to be no less troublesome. The Chinese way to prosperity led then not only through the public sphere, but also through the hearts and minds of the Chinese. They had to cut themselves off from the past. Meanwhile, in the time of economic prosperity, the longing for the past returns. The place of doctrines borrowed from the Western world replaces nostalgia. Deng Xiaoping’s political references to the teachings of Confucius are – in the blink of an eye – becoming the basic message. It is not surprising that the Chinese people want to forget about the embarrassing moments of their own history. These trends, however, should not affect external observers of economic life in China. One of such observers is Kazimierz Poznański. He believes that the cause of the Chinese economic miracle is the Confucian ethics (despite the historical changes shaping the Chinese mentality). The aim of the article is to verify this hypothesis.

Características do financiamento do capital de giro de pequenas empresas do Sul de Santa Catarina

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as principais características da captação de recursos para capital de giro das pequenas empresas da microrregião da Amurel (sul de Santa Catarina). Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento de dados por meio de sondagem (survey) com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por 299 empresas de pequeno porte sediadas na área citada e a aplicação do questionário ocorreu nos meses de abril a junho de 2016. Após uma breve revisão da literatura foram abordados os procedimentos metodológicos adotados, descritas as principais características das entidades abrangidas e apresentados os resultados da pesquisa. A principal contribuição teórica do estudo reside na evidenciação das peculiaridades relacionadas às práticas de financiamento do capital de giro no âmbito das pequenas empresas. Nesse sentido, restou evidenciado que há uma intenção de evitar o crédito bancário, mas quando recorrem a essa forma de captação priorizam os bancos comerciais em detrimento de agências de fomento ou cooperativas de crédito e preferem taxas de juros mensais inferiores a 2%. Os motivos mais alegados para justificar a fuga das operações de crédito são as altas taxas de juros, a instabilidade econÿmica do país e a incerteza quanto ao futuro da empresa. Ainda, no caso de insuficiência de dinheiro para quitar as dívidas, a primeira iniciativa é na direção de negociar com fornecedores para postergar os prazos de pagamento.

Perfil de jugador virtual asociado a la motivación personal para jugar en CityVille

This research describes the Community Fans-Cityville (N=110) depending on the variables sex, time dedicated to the game, level reached and money invested. It also identifies the three player profiles associated with the given motivations to remain in the game, the prioritized objectives in the game and the alleged reasons to interact with other players: a) utilitarian-addictive, b) recreational-collaborative learning, and c) prosocial. Among the results it is observed that the players have fun interacting online and collaborating with others to grow their cities, they are happy playing and sharing hobby. Almost half play between 3-6 hours a day in CityVille and, although you could play without spending money, almost half spend an average of $8 monthly to advance faster. Men are more utilitarian, seek to reach the highest level and only interact with others to gain and win; Unlike women who prioritize collaborative and prosocial entertainment, they value the exchange of strategies, mutual collaboration and the opportunity that the game offers to broaden their network of contacts and friendships.

Preliminary Findings on Online Hate Speech and the Law in India

During the 2013 Muzaffarnagar communal riots, in which over sixty people died and thousands were displaced, social media was reported to have played a significant role in spreading rumors and propaganda. In this context, an incendiary video of two men being beaten to death, described (incorrectly) as a video of Hindus being lynched by a Muslim mob was circulated on the Internet. Similarly, a Muslim man was killed by a mob in Pune following the circulation of morphed images denigrating iconic leader attributed to him. These images were circulated on Facebook and through Internet messaging applications on smartphones.State governments in India have taken to disabling Internet services, especially mobile data services, in response to threats of violence. For example, in June 2016, the Indian government shut down the Internet in the state of Haryana, fearing potential violence arising from ongoing protests. Internet shutdowns are becoming commonplace – there have been thirty-nine incidents since January 2015. The alleged reasons for the shutdowns ranged from apprehensions about provocative social media rumors related to the recovery of cow carcasses to the prevention of cheating during a public government-administered exam. Many of these justifications offered for Internet shutdowns fall within the umbrella of online hate speech or incitement to violence.Hate speech is a serious concern in the Republic of India. However, Indian law does not use the phrase “hate speech.” Different forms of what may arguably be called hate speech are covered in different ways by various Indian statutes.This briefing paper outlines preliminary issues that we noted while conducting a detailed study of hate speech laws in India. It teases out some of the major concerns that arise in the context of both online and offline hate speech, especially speech as potential incitement to violence. Our upcoming detailed report covers a wider range of what might be called hate speech, and extends to speech that may not act as potential incitement to violence. The report offers a more nuanced and detailed picture of the current state of affairs, as well as the conclusions drawn and recommendations made.

We Can Rebuild Him and Her: Bionic Irony, Hysteria, and Post-Fordism’s Technological Fix in The Six Million Dollar Man

THE WORKING MAN'S CRASH LANDING Silvia Federici and George Caffentzis have observed that, when it comes to utopian visions regarding the societal benefits of space travel, it is not so much the alleged reasons for making a journey to Mars that matter but what they can do to you on Mars when they get you there (58). Programs such as the Apollo missions or even current speculation about manned missions to Mars, whatever scientific benefits might be expected, simultaneously generate a host of less obvious outcomes that are nonetheless useful from the point of view of social control, nation building, and ideological reinforcement. Collecting moon rocks might have added to the storehouse of knowledge, but the Apollo missions were also immensely useful to the U.S. government for providing a unifying goal by which to capture the national imagination in the midst of such legitimation crises as those related to Vietnam, the Cold War, and environmental destruction. We might go further, with Caffentzis and Federici, and discern in the asceticism and other-worldliness required by space exploration a way of disciplining the terrestrial labour force: launch of today's high-tech industry a technological leap in the machine--a big evolutionary leap in creating a new type of worker to match capital's investment needs (61). Just as a space program that trains only a handful of actual astronauts might have a much larger effect on the national imaginary, creating the utopian fascination needed to implement new disciplinary structures, so too can popular culture about science and technology provide the fantasy scenarios that help generalize new modes of control even while entertaining and stimulating our imaginations. (1) The popular 1970s television show The Six Million Dollar Man (hereafter Six) is a case in point. Celebrating technological aspiration in the face of sensational failure, the show's opening montage uses historic footage of the 1967 crash of nasa's experimental M2-F2 lifting body aircraft, in which test pilot Bruce Peterson was almost killed when his plane hit the ground at over 400 km/hr. The M2-F2 was part of a series of experimental aircraft that led to the development of the U.S. Space Shuttle program in the 1980s. In Six, Peterson's crash is used as the background for an opening sequence detailing the reconstruction of the fictional astronaut Steve Austin, a man literally reduced to human scrap, in the words of the government agent who oversees Austin's transformation into a cyborg super-soldier. Using digital sound effects with computerized graphics superimposed on images of Austin receiving his robotic implants, the opening sequence famously proclaims in voiceover: gentlemen, we can rebuild him ... we have the capacity to create the world's first bionic man. The show's dramatic juxtaposition of high and low, of human with $6 million of high-tech machinery, offers insights into the tensions faced by a largely white male American workforce confronting the contradictions of capital in the 1970s, a decade that saw the fraying of postWorld War II Keynesianism and the initial stirrings of the more turbulent and unruly neoliberal market that would replace it. With the escalation of Cold War tensions, labour unrest, energy prices, economic and environmental crises, and an increasingly unpopular military entanglement in Vietnam, the value of American lives seemed under question in a more nebulously unsettling manner than the century's two horrific but spatially and temporally circumscribed world wars (and the economic depression in between) had managed to do. The white male factory worker privileged by postwar Fordism was further confronted with threats of deskilling and obsolescence through technological innovations and shutdowns ferociously pursued by industrialists as a means of both streamlining the workplace and disciplining the workforce. In the midst of these tensions, like the fallen astronaut from the opening of Six, hegemonic American masculinity might have keenly felt the proximity of the human scrap heap confronted by Austin. …

Influencias políticas y empresariales en la prensa española. El cambio de dirección en El País

Este artículo se enfoca en torno a una revisión hemerográfica de la prensa nacional e internacional con objeto de exponer las causas atribuidas al cambio de director en el diario El País. Un acusado descenso en el número de lectores y de inversión en publicidad, así como influencias políticas son las ideas más repetidas por los distintos periódicos, de forma que del análisis realizado se concluye que el modelo mercantilista sigue funcionando en los medios impresos y que la prensa ya no es el cuarto poder, sino parte del primero al relacionarse directamente con cuestiones económicas y políticas.

The anti-counterfeiting trade agreement: the ethical analysis of a failure, and its lessons

The anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (ACTA) was originally meant to harmonise and enforce intellectual property rights (IPR) provisions in existing trade agreements within a wider group of countries. This was commendable in itself, so ACTA's failure was all the more disappointing. In this article, I wish to contribute to the post-ACTA debate by proposing a specific analysis of the ethical reasons why ACTA failed, and what we can learn from them. I argue that five kinds of objections--namely, secret negotiations, lack of consultation, vagueness of formulation, negotiations outside any international body, and the creation of a new governing body outside already existing forums--had only indirect ethical implications. This takes nothing away from their seriousness but it does make them less compelling, because agreements should be evaluated, ethically, for what they are, rather than for the alleged reasons why they are being proposed. I then argue that ACTA would have caused three ethical problems: an excessive and misplaced kind of responsibility, a radical decrease in freedom of expression, and a severe reduction in information privacy. I conclude by indicating three lessons that can help us in shaping a potential ACTA 2.0. First, we should acknowledge the increasingly vital importance of the framework of implicit expectations, attitudes, and practices that can facilitate and promote morally good decisions and actions. ACTA failed to perceive that it would have undermined the very framework that it was supposed to foster, namely one promoting some of the best and most successful aspects of our information society. Second, we should realise that, in advanced information societies, any regulation affecting how people deal with information is now bound to influence the whole `onlife' habitat within which they live. So enforcing IPR becomes an environmental problem. Third, since legal documents, such as ACTA, emerge from within the infosphere that they affect, we should apply to the process itself, which one day may lead to a post-ACTA treaty, the very framework and ethical values that we would like to see promoted by it.

The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: The Ethical Analysis of a Failure, and its Lessons

The anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (ACTA) was originally meant to harmonise and enforce intellectual property rights (IPR) provisions in existing trade agreements within a wider group of countries. This was commendable in itself, so ACTA’s failure was all the more disappointing. In this article, I wish to contribute to the post-ACTA debate by proposing a specific analysis of the ethical reasons why ACTA failed, and what we can learn from them. I argue that five kinds of objections— namely, secret negotiations, lack of consultation, vagueness of formulation, negotiations outside any international body, and the creation of a new governing body outside already existing forums—had only indirect ethical implications. This takes nothing away from their seriousness but it does make them less compelling, because agreements should be evaluated, ethically, for what they are, rather than for the alleged reasons why they are being proposed. I then argue that ACTA would have caused three ethical problems: an excessive and misplaced kind of responsibility, a radical decrease in freedom of expression, and a severe reduction in information privacy. I conclude by indicating three lessons that can help us in shaping a potential ACTA 2.0. First, we should acknowledge the increasingly vital importance of the framework of implicit expectations, attitudes, and practices that can facilitate and promote morally good decisions and actions. ACTA failed to perceive that it would have undermined the very framework that it was supposed to foster, namely one promoting some of the best and most successful aspects of our information society. Second, we should realise that, in advanced information societies, any regulation affecting how people deal with information is now bound to influence the whole ‘onlife’ habitat within which they live. So enforcing IPR becomes an environmental problem. Third, since legal documents, such as ACTA, emerge from within the infosphere that they affect, we should apply to the process itself, which one day may lead to a post-ACTA treaty, the very framework and ethical values that we would like to see promoted by it.

A comparison of the nature and characteristics of elder abuse and community violence: a medico-legal analysis

Introduction In Sri Lanka, violence against the elderly (VAE) has emerged as a subject of public discussion in recent years. This study compares the nature and characteristics of elder abuse, reported to selected medico-legal units, with community violence involving elderly victims. Methods Patients 65 years and older were considered as elderly. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the period 01 January 2009 to 31 December 2013 in a few identified tertiary care hospitals. A total of 17,330 medico-legal examination forms (MLEF) of five Forensic Medical Officers were perused to identify victims of VAE. Violence committed by someone trusted by victims was classified as elder abuse (EA), while violence in general situations was classified as community violence (CV). The study aimed at comparing the nature and characteristics of EA with CV. Results Of 17,330 MLEFs, 127(0.7%) cases were VAE. Among victims of VAE, 91(71.7%) were men and 68(53.5%) were 65-69 years. A total of 125(98.4%) reported physical violence, 51(40.2%) occurred in the afternoon s , 83(65.4%) occurred at home and 116(91.3%) were committed by persons known to the elder. Common alleged reasons for violence were financial 18(14.2%) and property issues 14(11.0%). Of 127 victims, 51(40.2%) experienced EA and 76(59.8%) CV. When comparing EA and CV, 12(23.5%) EA and 59(77.6%) CV occurred outside the home. (χ 2 =8.512, df=1, p=0.004). Following CV, 62(81.6%) victims complained to the police or hospital staff by themselves while the corresponding figure in EA was only 20(39.2%). (χ 2 =27.677, df=1, p Conclusions CV against elders, occurring outside the home, is more likely to be reported by victims. Many similarities exist between EA and CV indicating that both groups are based in a society breeding violence. Abuse of elders in Sri Lanka is an area that needs further investigation to develop evidence based interventions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jpgim.7331 Journal of the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine 2014; 1: E1:1-6

Parricide: A forensic approach

Parricide is the act of murdering one's father (patricide), mother (matricide) or other close relative, but usually not children (infanticide). It is a rare event and little information is available on this topic. This study aims to increase knowledge about this phenomenon, promoting the timely detection of problematic cases and avoiding fatalities. A retrospective study based on the autopsy reports of parricide victims performed by the North Services of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Portugal between 2003 and 2011, as well as on the judicial outcome of each case, was performed. Seven cases of parricide were found, corresponding to 1.7% of all the homicides undergoing forensic evaluated. Victims and perpetrators were typically males. The assaults occurred all at home, in the presence of witnesses, and the perpetrator remained at the scene after the crime. The main alleged reasons were untreated psychiatric illness and financial conflicts in the cases of adult parricide, and attempts to protect the mother from intimate partner violence in younger ones. The judicial outcomes ranged from acquittal for nonimputability to conviction for murder, manslaughter or involuntary manslaughter. This study was carried out on a forensic sample and it is useful to implement strategies to prevent parricide.