all-Russian Population Censuses Research Articles

The fiasco of ethnonationalism in “Finno-Ugric” republics of the Russian Federation: outcomes of the 2021 population census as an evidence of the crisis of ethnic elites

The article analyzes the results of the 2021 population census (officially called the 2020 All-Russian Population Census), which showed a very significant decrease in the number of Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian Federation. It may be noted that the two previous post-Soviet censuses had already recorded this clearly defined negative trend, but the data for 2021 indicates that the rate of decline in the number of titular groups in the republics, which since the early 1990s began to be called “Finno-Ugric,” is increasing. Those commenting on the results of the latest campaign, on the one hand, are trying to present the results as a “cultural catastrophe” and declare a “failure” of the model of ethnopolitics adopted in the country; on the other hand, they are trying to accuse the census organizers of gross mistakes that distorted its results. However, the logic of the ethnocultural development of the Finno-Ugric peoples and the ethnocultural orientations of young people, identified as a result of many years of sociological surveys, indicates that the census quite correctly showed the dynamics of changes occurring among the Russian Finno-Ugric peoples, and these processes can be assessed as a “humanitarian catastrophe” only from the standpoints of ethnonationalism, which are very strong in the “Finno-Ugric territories” due to the very nature of regional ethnocultural and ethnopolitical management.

Metropolization process in the rural settlement system of the Central Chernozem region of Russia

The Central Chernozem region of Russia has undergone significant changes in socio-demographic processes over the past half-century. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of metropolization on the demographic transformation of sparsely populated rural settlements for the Central Chernozem region and to develop a demographic forecast for 2030. The study’s goals were to (1) determine the scale of regional metropolises; (2) identify the impact of metropolization on the quantitative indicators of sparsely populated rural settlements; (3) establish trends in their transformation; and (4) compile a medium-term demographic forecast for the Central Chernozem region. The set objectives were achieved by integrating methods for spatial-temporal and comparative geographical analysis, statistical methods, and a combination of official statistics with sociological methods. Analysis of the level of urbanization of the regions in modern conditions (20th and 21st centuries) showed that, although this process was and remained below the national average, it did not prevent the formation of regional metropolises (Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov) as an obvious outcome of urbanization processes. A regional pattern of degradation of the network of rural settlements, mainly the smallest and small in terms of population (1-25, 26-50 people), which make up over one third of all settlements in the Central Chernozem region of Russia, was determined. A stable long-term trend of growth in the number of abandoned villages and hamlets was established. Between the last two All-Russian population censuses (11 years), their number increased by 45%. The forecasting results obtained confirm the established patterns in the medium-term trend of “compression” of rural settlement around regional metropolis (with some exceptions). The medium-term demographic forecast showed that population concentration in metropolitan areas and further socio-demographic desertification in peripheral areas will continue with growing territorial differentiation. The obtained results of the study of the transformation of settlement systems of the Central Chernozem region as a result of the metropolization of regional centers can help government institutions in strategic planning of territorial development.

State and Possibilities of Strengthening the Labor Potential of Russia (Based on the All-Russian Population Census 2020)

Introduction. The most complete information on the size and composition of the population is provided by continuous population censuses, which collect information necessary for the analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the population and the labor force. The purpose of the study is to identify changes in the numerical composition, age structure, and qualitative parameters of the labor potential of the Russian population in the period between the All-Russian population censuses of 2010 and 2020, and to outline ways to strengthen it. Materials and Methods. The study was based on the results of the All-Russian Population Censuses of 2010 and 2020, current accounting data and forecast calculations of Rosstat, publications of scientists engaged in research in the field of economic demography. The analysis of changes in the demographic development of the Russian Federation in the intercensal period was carried out using the methods of dynamic and structural analysis, and the generalization of the results of published scientific research was made on the basis of critical analysis. Quantitative parameters of the labor potential were estimated on the basis of indicators of the population of working age, employed in the economy, unemployed citizens and potential labor force. Results. The main changes in the number and composition of the Russian population by age and education that occurred during the inter-census period have been established. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the labor force are determined. The outstripping growth of the level of education of unemployed citizens and potential labor force in comparison with those employed in the economy has been revealed, which, with a high degree of depreciation of the active part of fixed assets and a large part of workplaces with harmful and dangerous working conditions, suggests the archaic nature of the Russian economy and the general discrepancy between its requests and the level of education of the population. Calculations have shown that due to the involvement of potential labor in public production, it will not be possible to solve the problem of labor shortage. Discussion and Conclusion. In order to provide the Russian economy with the necessary labor force, it is suggested to consider the following options for increasing the working time fund: temporary increase in the retirement age for women, temporary decrease in the number of holidays, temporary decrease in the duration of paid leave, temporary increase in the length of the working week. The results of the research can be useful for scientists and representatives of public authorities dealing with demographic development, strategic planning, regional development, migration regulation, as well as for specialists in the field of personnel training.

Многодетная семья в современном российском обществе: демографический аспект

Introduction. Scientific discussions on the implementation of the second demographic transition have not been completed, it is possible to identify specific features of changes in the structure of families in different countries or different social groups (for example, religious ones), but it is premature to talk about the universality of this process. In modern Russia, the social structure of families and households has changed, however, in order to capture the essence of the changes and identify the factors that have had an impact; it is necessary to constantly monitor the situation. The answers to the following questions are of scientific interest: how the structure of families in Russia has changed; what motivation is the basis for reproducing the structure of large families in different periods of demographic transition? The article presents an analysis of empirical data that allows us to identify trends in the transformation of the structure of the Russian family; to characterize the motives of reproductive behavior in large families, to determine what conditions and resources are required in large families to form or maintain well-being.Materials and methods. The information base was the data of the All-Russian population censuses for 2002, 2010 and 2020; the results of the author's research were an in-depth interview with parents from a large family in the course of the All-Russian sociological study ‘Demographic well-being of the regions of Russia’, 2021.Results. The changes in the structure of Russian families towards the increasing share of large families under the influence of demographic policy measures have been revealed, the consolidation of this trend requires the implementation of targeted measures to support the institution of a large family, which, in the authors’ opinion, should correspond to the ideal model of a ‘prosperous family’.Discussion. It is important to develop a demographic policy strategy taking into account trends in the structure of Russian families. The analysis of interviews with large families provided for the formulation of the main directions of assistance to large families, as well as to systematize social practices of members of large families aimed at preserving and developing the family well-being.

Проблемы территориального планирования городских агломераций (на примере Республики Башкортостан)

The aim of the research is to study the current state of territorial planning of urban agglomerations in Russia. The authors have considered the peculiarities of agglomerations in Russia, their boundaries and constituent elements. On the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan the differences in the allocation of urban agglomerations while using modern scientific methods are shown. The peculiarities of Ufa and South Bashkortostan agglomerations from the standpoint of territorial planning are highlighted. Insufficient quantity and quality of the sought data does not allow us to apply some of the scientifically based methods for identifying urban agglomerations both in Russia as a whole and on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In particular, due to the lack of information on pendular migration, the use of data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020 (2021) is possible only in the case of urban agglomerations. (2021) Population census data can be used only in a very general way. The application of the UN Habitat methodology is possible only for international comparisons and is not applicable in the conditions of the Russian reality, taking into account the prevalence of poorly connected and small in terms of population density urban and rural settlements.

Association between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in the adult population of Russia

According to the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, from 1970 to 2019, cardiovascular diseases remain one of the main causes of death in Russia. To date, the relationship between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in Russia remains insufficiently studied.Aim. To identify the relationship between regional deprivation and cardiovascular mortality among the adult population of Russia.Material and methods. The Russian deprivation index was used to measure the deprivation level. The index indicators were obtained from official Rosstat statistics and the All-Russian Population Census for 2010. Cardiovascular mortality by age (five-year groups) and sex in the constituent entities of Russia from 2006 to 2012 was obtained from the Russian database on fertility and mortality of the Center for Demographic Research of the Russian Economic School.Results. The fully adjusted model showed a reduction in mortality (Mortality Rate Ratio (MRR), 0,93; 95% confidence interval: 0,91-0,94) in regions with the greatest overall deprivation compared to the least deprived regions. There is a decrease in mortality in the most socially deprived regions compared to the least deprived ones. The fully adjusted model showed a trend toward increased mortality across levels of economic deprivation (from less deprived (Q2) to more deprived (Q3 and Q4) compared to least deprived regions (Q1)). Our study showed an increase in mortality in the most environmentally deprived regions — MRR, 1,02; 95% confidence interval: 1,00-1,04.Conclusion. The study established a link between general, social, economic and environmental deprivation and cardiovascular mortality.

Orthodox Estonians in St Petersburg Province: The Fate of the Diaspora in an Autochthonous Environment

During the pre-revolutionary decades, the Estonian diaspora was one of the most active in St Petersburg, however, it remains little-studied to this day. An intensive study of the history of Estonian churches in St Petersburg province and the Estonian deanery of the St Petersburg diocese make it possible to raise the question of an organised Orthodox Estonian diaspora that did not merge with the Lutheran one. This article formulates the reasons for introducing this phenomenon into scholarly circulation and characterises its distinctive features. The author refers to documents from the Central State Historical Archive of St Petersburg (primarily, reports from the dean of Estonian district), as well as articles and materials from the first All-Russian population census. The active development of the issue studied by some historians in recent years speaks of its relevance. The article provides an overview of the historical situation, identifies the problems that characterised the life of Estonian migrants in St Petersburg and the province, and describes the contribution to the solution of the problem by Archpriest Pavel Kuhlbusch, senior priest of the Estonian church in the capital and dean of the Estonian parishes of the diocese. Additionally, the author carries out a detailed analysis of the theological aspect of the diaspora’s existence and missionary and educational work inside it. The threat of nationalism caused by the language barrier with the locals, the linguistic community with a Lutheran majority, and the incomprehensibility of the Church Slavonic language for foreigners was the breeding ground of the Estonian diaspora as a whole and led the Orthodox Estonian diaspora to a crisis at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire. The atheism of Bolshevik ideology finally terminated its life in the 1930s. However, the panhellenism of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which replaced the multiculturalism of the Russian Empire, also failed to contribute to the development of Orthodoxy among Estonians. The efforts Pavel Kuhlbusch made for many years led to an increase in the number of Orthodox Estonians, whose literacy and enlightenment also increased significantly, but his departure to Estonia for episcopal service and death in 1919 had a disastrous effect on the future fate of the Estonian Orthodox diaspora.

Арктические регионы России в межрегиональных миграционных связях

To understand current and predict future migration, it is necessary to consider historical trends in migration connectivity of important Arctic regions with other constituent entities of Russia. The article aims to examine migration links between the Arctic and other regions using data from the All-Russian population censuses and statistics on interregional migration of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2007–2010 and 2017–2021. The conducted analysis revealed a decrease in migration mobility of the population, especially in the Russian Arctic. Eight out of nine Arctic regions are characterised by a negative net migration. To describe population localisation, a three-component model was proposed: centres of gravity, regions with independence of mutual localisation, and regions with normal localisation. This model is valid for all Russian regions; additionally, there is a direct connection between in – and out-migration. Analysis of the variation of localisation coefficients showed that migration flows from the Arctic regions have already formed, and incoming flows are more dynamic. The paper proposed a new approach to measuring the stability of migration flows over time based on assessing the coefficient of variation. The regions of the Russian Arctic were classified according to the stability of migration flows: regions with stable migration flows, with mobile migration flows and with unstable migration flows. Statistical analysis of such stability confirmed their stabilisation during the studied period. A hypothesis about the influence of the remoteness of regions on the stability of migration flows was tested, the dependence was observed only within 2 thousand kilometres between regional capitals. The findings present trends of lifelong and long-term migration between the Arctic and other Russian regions and outline the main strategic management directions in the field of interregional migration.

Spatial characteristics of ethnic group localisation in St. Petersburg

Amid ongoing globalisation, large cities are becoming increasingly attractive to migrants, resulting in a more multiethnic population composition, which underscores the growing importance of studying interethnic relations in metropolises. This work aims to explore the spatial localisation of ten ethnic groups residing in St. Petersburg: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tajiks and Moldovans. Using the ethnic concentration coefficient, the study examines the territorial heterogeneity of settlement among the city’s largest ethnic diasporas to identify patterns in residential choice. The data on national composition are derived from all-Russian population censuses. Most national minorities are distributed rather evenly across the city, but the Jewish and Georgian communities are notably concentrated in the central district of St. Petersburg. At the same time, the migration restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic not only decreased the size of the Uzbek and Tajik diasporas, thereby normalising their gender and age distribution but also led to a more even dispersion of these ethnic groups across the city. Currently, there is no evident correlation between the spatial concentration of most ethnic groups in St. Petersburg and their level of social well-being.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЭТНИЧЕСКОГО ФАКТОРА НА ИТОГИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ ВЫБОРОВ (2003–2021) В ВОСТОЧНОЙ СИБИРИ4

Eastern Siberia, which is considered by the author as comprising the republics of Buryatia, Sakha (Yakutia), Tyvaand Khakassia, the Transbaikal and Krasnoyarsk territories, the Irkutsk region, is characterized by a mosaic ethnic composition. Thereare distinguished large nations, living mainly in the republics, and small nations, residing in small areas in different territories of themacro region. The former, due to their large numbers, are able to influence election results, which is expressed in high turnout andpolitical preferences oriented toward support for the ‘party in power’ and its leader – the current president. However, in the last presidential election (2018) and State Duma election (2021), we noted a decrease in the close relationship between the share of indigenouspeoples and turnout as well as voting for the United Russia and Vladimir Putin. This article aims to analyze the dynamics of turnout in general elections to the State Duma from 2003 to 2016 in comparisonwith the last election campaign of 2021 and presidential elections in 2012–2018 as well as the dynamics of the number of votes for theparties and the presidential candidates (Vladimir Putin and Vladimir Zhirinovsky). The research materials included the 2020 AllRussian Population Census, actually conducted in 2021, and the GAS-Elections database of the Central Election Commission of theRussian Federation. The study applied cartographic and statistical methods; a special method of correlation analysis was used to establish the closeness of the relationship between the indicators.An analysis of turnout dynamics showed a decrease in turnout at the 2021 elections to the State Duma compared to the 2003–2016 average, as well as at the 2018 presidential elections compared to the 2004–2012 level. The latest election campaign to the StateDuma demonstrated an increase in support for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and a decrease in the ratings of theUnited Russia and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia in Eastern Siberia. In the presidential elections, there is noted a positivetrend in votes for Vladimir Putin in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with predominantly Russian population and its declinein some constituent entities created according to the national-ethnic principle (the Republic of Sakha) as well as territories formedbased on this principle (Aginsky Buryatsky District of the Transbaikal Territory), etc.

TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING COMPLEX AS AN OBJECT OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA

One of the significant objects in the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia is the settlement and housing complex, historically formed and resulting from the influence of physical and geographical conditions, ethnic traditions, socio-cultural interaction. Currently, the problem of its preservation, study, and use as a tourist object is urgent. The article examines the key problems in this area; it pays attention to the formation of legislation regulating preservation of cultural objects, as well as their importance in forming youth patriotism.
 
 The purpose of the research is to study the role of a traditional settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture, the place of rural settlements in preserving national languages and traditions of peoples, development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation.
 
 Materials and methods. The research used the methods of historical science: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, historical-genetic ones. From the traditional methods of ethnography, the methods of field observation and survey were used. Also, general scientific methods were used in the framework of the study: the descriptive-narrative one, analysis, generalization ones. The article is based on regulatory and legal sources, materials of Internet publications, the results of the All-Russian Population censuses, information collected by the authors during field expedition ethnographic surveys.
 
 Results. The role of a settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture was studied, its tourist potential was determined. The problem of preserving traditional settlements, dwellings and outbuildings is currently relevant for many peoples, in connection with which a number of state programs and support measures have been developed to address this issue. A settlement and housing complex is of great interest not only to researchers, but also to tourists, so its inclusion in their routes has become an effective way to attract public attention to preserving traditional buildings. The practice of constructing ethnoparks, ethno-villages, ethnographic museums in the open air with a complex of housing structures and outbuildings has become very relevant at present time. No doubt that their creation requires extensive involvement of accumulated ethnographic materials. Ethnic culture and national languages are mostly preserved in rural areas, which largely determines the need to develop serious support measures by the state in the field of protecting villages with a view to their further large-scale functioning in our country.
 
 Conclusions. The use of various sources made it possible to achieve the goal of the study. Preserving the traditional settlement and housing complex of villages is extremely significant, since it is in them that the languages and traditions of peoples are still transmitted from generation to generation, ethnic characteristics are reproduced. Each object of cultural heritage contains a certain layer of information, which is an effective bond of the society and the state, which is of great importance in forming a sense of belonging to the history of the region and the country as a whole, the value spiritual and moral attitudes of young people.

New Tatar Settlements in Lower Tara Area in Last Third of 19th Century: Foundation History, Population Structure, and Livelihoods

The article is dedicated to the history of the establishment of the villages of Malye Murly in the Tarsky District and Molodtsovo in the Muromtsevsky District of the Omsk Region, founded by Tatars during the period of mass migrations to Siberia. These villages no longer exist. The paper introduces documents from regional archives into scholarly discourse. Materials from the First All-Russian population census of 1897 have been analyzed to study the age, gender, and ethnic composition of the inhabitants. The article reconstructs the economic activities of the settlers. The authors conclude that the village of Malye Murly (also known as Novo-Murlinskaya) was established by Tatars from Ust-Tarskaya in the 1870s, while Molodtsovo (also known as Molodtsovsky settlement) was settled by residents of the Chipliarovski yurts prior to 1897. It is reported that both settlements lasted for about a century. Evidence suggests that the inhabitants of both settlements engaged little in agriculture; they had more developed livestock practices but lacked sufficient land resources, as the best lands were occupied by older settlements or belonged to the state. The authors conclude that in their formative stages, these settlements exhibit similar characteristics to another Tatar village, Mamshenkino in the Bolsherechensky District of Omsk Region, which was also founded during this period and whose residents eventually dispersed.

The Institute of Multi-Generational Family as a Reserve of Demographic Development in Russia

Negative demographic trends have actualized the search for Russia's demographic development reserves. The article defines the concept of “demographic development reserve” and highlights the authors' approach to studying multigenerational households as an institution providing potential reserves for marriage and family relations reinforcement. The purpose of the study is to identify the prevalence of multigenerational households in Russia, the nature of interaction between generations in families under the conditions of nuclearization and the role of generational solidarity as a demographic development reserve. The authors' conclusions are based on the data of All-Russian population censuses (1989, 2002, 2010 and 2020), as well as the results of author's sample studies (international sociological research “Family and Family Policy: A Generational Perspective”, All-Russian sociological research “Demographic well-being of Russia. National demographic report”, regional sociological research “The life of a multigenerational household in conditions of self-isolation”, All-Russian sociological research “Student family of Russia”). As a result of the structure of households’ analysis based on population census data were identified several trends. Firstly, increasing number of people living alone. Secondly, reduction in number of families consisting of several married couples. Thirdly, reduction in the number of children in the family along with an increase in the proportion of large families, etc. According to authors' sociological research the proportion of those who believe that young families (as well as children over 18 years old) should live separately from their parents is increasing. Most of parents help their children who have already created families and live separately. They help in raising grandchildren, paying for housing, buying things, providing financial assistance, etc. Children growing up and their parents to retiring change the situation. Adult children begin to provide assistance to their elderly parents (care during illness, household help, monetary assistance, etc.). It can be stated that solidarity (a stable relationship and the connection of several generations of a family) is an instrument for supporting the economic and social well–being of Russian families regardless of residence type (separately in one or different localities or jointly).

Territorial differences between the data of the current population registration and the results of the 2020 Census

The article analyzes population data by federal districts, subjects and municipalities of the Russian Federation, obtained from two different official sources of Rosstat for close dates: data from the current population registration as of January 1, 2022 and data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020, the control point of which was October 1, 2021. Since population size changes rather slowly, theoretically these data should not differ significantly. In fact, it has turned out that the population size across the country, according to various data, differs by more than 1% (by 1.6 million people in the direction of the census data). The lower the level of administrative division, the greater the differences. At the level of some municipalities of the Russian Federation, the differences make almost 2 times. Moreover, with approximately equal frequency, there are both municipalities where, according to the census, the population is greater than according to the current population registration, and with the opposite situation. The article identifies the administrative units of the country where the differences between the census data and the current population registration are the largest, and the causes of the differences in one direction or another. The largest “overweight” of the population in favor of the census was found in the municipalities of the Central Federal District (especially in the Moscow urban agglomeration), and the maximum “shortage” of the population compared to the current accounting data was in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts.

Differences in the standard of living of urban and rural residents in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Due to the strong differentiation of the standard of living of urban and rural populations, studies on income and employment, depending on the type of settlement, are very relevant. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for conducting a comparative analysis of the main aspects of the standard of living (income, employment) of the urban and rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The empirical basis of the study was the data of official statistics, the results of the All-Russian Population Census, the results of a comprehensive observation of the living conditions of the population, as well as the rating of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the quality of life of the rural population. The article focuses on the comparative analysis of two components of the standard of living of urban and rural populations: income and employment, which are a kind of material foundation for the life of the population. Excessive differences the developed methodology makes it possible to identify differences in the standard of living of urban and rural populations based on the integration of official statistics data, which represent actual macroeconomic indicators, and sociological indicators (subjective estimates of the population) obtained from the results of the CSW. The author shows that the differentiation of the quality of life of urban and rural populations is manifested in the sources of their income formation. Thus, in 2022, 70,5 % of respondents indicated wages as the main source of income in urban areas, while only 46,1 % in rural areas. A significant part of both urban and rural population is experiencing financial difficulties: 82,8 % — in urban areas; 75,5 % — in rural areas. Excessive differences in the standard of living of the urban and rural population, as well as in the subjective assessments of the population of their financial situation, satisfaction with aspects of their work, should be taken into account by regional authorities when developing measures to equalize the standard of living of urban and rural residents.

ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITY OF CHUVASHIA STUDENTS: ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEYS

The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of understanding modern ethno-cultural processes within the meaning of published data of 2020 All-Russian Population Census.
 
 The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of ethno–cultural self-determination of the student youth of Chuvashia, including when choosing ethnicity and native languages.
 
 Materials and methods. The analysis of ethno-cultural identity was based on the opportunity for each individual to choose belonging to one or another culture or to several at the same time. This approach in the Russian science was put forward by V.A. Tishkov and supported by many domestic researchers. At the same time, some of them do not consider the principle of multiculturalism to be real. The material was obtained during a survey involving over 500 students studying at three Cheboksary universities. The processing was carried out using the SPSS Statistics program. Unconditional and conditional distributions were calculated, which made it possible to identify noticeable interdependencies between the components of the ethno-cultural image.
 
 Study results. The ethnic composition of the students who participated in the survey was not limited to individual nationalities. Almost a fifth of respondents declared themselves as belonging to two ethnic cultures, in the conditions of Chuvashia it was about simultaneously classifying themselves as the Russians and the Chuvash. A complex linguistic identity was even more pronounced, when over a third of the respondents replied that not one, but two languages, namely Russian and Chuvash, are native to them. The survey materials once again confirmed that the situation with the use of the Chuvash language, including by the Chuvash, is quite complicated, especially for non-domestic communication.
 
 Conclusions. The data of the next survey of Chuvashia students once again confirmed that for many of them the choice of a complex ethnic and linguistic identity is becoming common. Preserving the Chuvash language to a greater extent should be carried out through family traditions supported by public and state structures.

Взаимосвязь образования и финансового поведения

The article considers the issue of the relationship between higher education and financial behavior of citizens of the Russian Federation. The points of view formed in the scientific literature on the factors determining the rationality of financial behavior. In addition, the role of education and training as a tool for the formation of responsible financial behavior of the population are presented. The observed manifestation of financial behavior was the demand for financial services provided by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as well as data on the availability of higher education, which were reflected in the All-Russian Population Census of 2020. As a result of the study, five groups of indicators were formed: accounts of individuals; placement of funds by individuals; loans /loans of individuals; payment services; insurance. The calculations were carried out in the context of the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation and allowed us to identify the following connections: strong direct (fixed for all groups of indicators), average direct (all except insurance), feedback (placement of funds by individuals; loans/loans of individuals) and weak communication (accounts of individuals; placement of funds by individuals; loans/loans of individuals). The presence of higher education shows a noticeable connection with the consumption by households and individuals of such services as: remote service and non-cash payments, exchange investments, deposits in banks, insurance protection. The level of involvement in interaction with the banking system, loans and overdue debts in non-bank financial organizations are at a comparable level in all federal districts. The higher the level of education, the lower the interest in such services as: placement of funds in micro-credit organizations and credit consumer cooperatives, loans that are small in volume and time taken in credit consumer cooperatives without the use of remote technologies. The assumption that higher education helps residents of Russia to make long-term decisions, avoid mistakes and follow models of responsible financial behavior has been empirically confirmed.

Commuting in Russia: scale and consequences

The article presents the scale of such a phenomenon as commuting according to the data of the All-Russian Population Census 2020 and Labor Force Sample Survey by Rosstat. The authors examined and systematized the consequences of commuting, which can be represented at three levels: at the level of territory, employer and employee, which can have both negative and positive impacts. For the recipient territory, commuting migrants become a source of labor resources and tax revenue that can be assessed positively. Increase in the burden on the transport infrastructure, the environment, and inaccuracies in assessing the demographic potential can be considered as conditionally negative. At the level of the employer, commuting solves stuffing problems; commuting migrants do not have a special status, so the employer may bear the risks of violating labor discipline, which are regulated in a general manner. With regard to the level of worker, assessment of the consequences depends on the life context, which determines the balance of advantages and costs of such an employment strategy, namely: wage size, position and status, duration of movement and distance to work, family circumstances, necessary or voluntary character of trips. In the final part of the article, the authors present a methodology for assessing the economic consequences of long-distance commuting for Russian regions.

COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia: Statistical Assessment of Direct and Indirect Demographic Losses

Introduction. The whole world is concerned about the severe socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, the most threatening of which should be considered the death of a large number of people, the general economic downturn, inflation reducing living standards, the threat of increasing hunger, the aggravation of humanitarian problems in poorly developed countries due to a reduction in foreign aid, etc. But if the negative economic consequences are compensated over time (many countries of the world, and Russia is one of the first on this list, have already returned to the pre-pandemic level in 2021), then the human losses suffered by many countries are irreplaceable. Doctors talk about the need to combat post-COVID syndrome, which can also worsen the health and quality of life of citizens. As demographic history shows, such events affect the development of the population for quite a long time. States have struggled with the new dangerous infection in different ways. The set of measures to counter COVID-19 in some countries was based on a policy of “zero tolerance”, others limited themselves to the introduction of only some temporary and not very strict prohibitions. The results of the measures taken also differ dramatically: some countries have been pushed back many years in terms of life expectancy, while in others this indicator has increased. The purpose of this article is to study the demographic consequences of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic for Russia, which will assess the effectiveness of the anti-epidemic measures taken and better prepare for the occurrence of a similar situation in the future. Materials and Methods. The study was based on data from Rosstat, materials from reputable international organizations, publications of scientists engaged in the study of population problems. The analysis of the demographic situation was carried out on the basis of the systematic approach and specific methods of demographic analysis, content analysis was used to summarize the materials of published scientific research, a tabular method was used to visualize the results. Results. The study has revealed that in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the life expectancy of the urban population decreased to a greater extent than that of the rural population. The increase in mortality did not affect children, adolescents and young people under 25 years of age. Mortality among women in the Russian Federation has increased to a greater extent than among men, and this is typical for most age groups. Women aged 65‒69 were the most vulnerable to the virus – the increase in mortality in this age group was the largest. Discussion and Conclusion. In addition to direct demographic losses from COVID-19 (144.7 thousand people in 2020), an increase in mortality from other causes – respiratory diseases, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as digestive diseases and accidental alcohol poisoning, which violated the long-term trend, has been recorded. Indirect demographic losses from COVID-19 in 2020, calculated by estimating the increase in mortality from these causes, amounted to 143.7 thousand people. Migration growth in the Russian Federation in the first year of the pandemic decreased by 2 times, but remained at the level of 2018. Due to the strict restrictions imposed on the movement of the population, the process of urbanization in the country has slowed down, the migration decline of the rural population has decreased. The results of the study can be useful for scientists dealing with demographic development, as well as used to assess the effectiveness of measures taken to combat the spread of coronavirus infection in 2020. Research in this direction should be continued after the publication of data for 2021 and the results of the All-Russian Population Census.

ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ДИНАМИКА И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СИСТЕМЫ РАССЕЛЕНИЯ НА СЕВЕРЕ РОССИИ В КООРДИНАТАХ ПЕРЕПИСИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ 2021 ГОДА

Over the past decades, the population of the North of Russia has decreased by more than a quarter. The leading cause is migration outflow, with natural population movement also contributing to the overall population decline. Comparing the data of the last two censuses will make it possible to understand the full depth of the transformational processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the demographic trends and changes in population distribution in the North of Russia based on the results of the 2021 All-Russian Population Census. The originality of the article lies in the fact that the analysis was carried out at all levels: the macro level, regions, municipalities, and urban settlements. The article shows that with a general population decline, there is further urbanization of the northern regions and a reduction in the number and proportion of rural residents. Particularly high population decline is demonstrated by such regions of the European North as the republics of Komi and Karelia as well as the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions. The authors have identified trends in population distribution, such as an increase in the proportion of the population of large cities and a decrease in the average population of towns and urban-type settlements. Population distribution in the North of Russia is influenced by factors such as the size of the settlement, economic specialization, ethnic composition, and geographical location of the settlement. With the help of spatial analysis, the study identified the clusters of municipalities and settlements with the best and worst trends since 2010. Using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, the authors studied the unevenness of population distribution and economic activity. The study also revealed that in the vast majority of municipalities in the North, the proportion of men has decreased, which may adversely affect local labor markets. The results of the study may find application in public administration and the development of strategies and programs for the socioeconomic development of the northern territories. Further research should consider such characteristics of the population as age, ethnic composition, place of birth, length of residence, number of children, and housing conditions.