all-Russian Population Censuses Research Articles

Association between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in the adult population of Russia

According to the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, from 1970 to 2019, cardiovascular diseases remain one of the main causes of death in Russia. To date, the relationship between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in Russia remains insufficiently studied.Aim. To identify the relationship between regional deprivation and cardiovascular mortality among the adult population of Russia.Material and methods. The Russian deprivation index was used to measure the deprivation level. The index indicators were obtained from official Rosstat statistics and the All-Russian Population Census for 2010. Cardiovascular mortality by age (five-year groups) and sex in the constituent entities of Russia from 2006 to 2012 was obtained from the Russian database on fertility and mortality of the Center for Demographic Research of the Russian Economic School.Results. The fully adjusted model showed a reduction in mortality (Mortality Rate Ratio (MRR), 0,93; 95% confidence interval: 0,91-0,94) in regions with the greatest overall deprivation compared to the least deprived regions. There is a decrease in mortality in the most socially deprived regions compared to the least deprived ones. The fully adjusted model showed a trend toward increased mortality across levels of economic deprivation (from less deprived (Q2) to more deprived (Q3 and Q4) compared to least deprived regions (Q1)). Our study showed an increase in mortality in the most environmentally deprived regions — MRR, 1,02; 95% confidence interval: 1,00-1,04.Conclusion. The study established a link between general, social, economic and environmental deprivation and cardiovascular mortality.

Orthodox Estonians in St Petersburg Province: The Fate of the Diaspora in an Autochthonous Environment

During the pre-revolutionary decades, the Estonian diaspora was one of the most active in St Petersburg, however, it remains little-studied to this day. An intensive study of the history of Estonian churches in St Petersburg province and the Estonian deanery of the St Petersburg diocese make it possible to raise the question of an organised Orthodox Estonian diaspora that did not merge with the Lutheran one. This article formulates the reasons for introducing this phenomenon into scholarly circulation and characterises its distinctive features. The author refers to documents from the Central State Historical Archive of St Petersburg (primarily, reports from the dean of Estonian district), as well as articles and materials from the first All-Russian population census. The active development of the issue studied by some historians in recent years speaks of its relevance. The article provides an overview of the historical situation, identifies the problems that characterised the life of Estonian migrants in St Petersburg and the province, and describes the contribution to the solution of the problem by Archpriest Pavel Kuhlbusch, senior priest of the Estonian church in the capital and dean of the Estonian parishes of the diocese. Additionally, the author carries out a detailed analysis of the theological aspect of the diaspora’s existence and missionary and educational work inside it. The threat of nationalism caused by the language barrier with the locals, the linguistic community with a Lutheran majority, and the incomprehensibility of the Church Slavonic language for foreigners was the breeding ground of the Estonian diaspora as a whole and led the Orthodox Estonian diaspora to a crisis at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire. The atheism of Bolshevik ideology finally terminated its life in the 1930s. However, the panhellenism of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which replaced the multiculturalism of the Russian Empire, also failed to contribute to the development of Orthodoxy among Estonians. The efforts Pavel Kuhlbusch made for many years led to an increase in the number of Orthodox Estonians, whose literacy and enlightenment also increased significantly, but his departure to Estonia for episcopal service and death in 1919 had a disastrous effect on the future fate of the Estonian Orthodox diaspora.

TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING COMPLEX AS AN OBJECT OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA

One of the significant objects in the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia is the settlement and housing complex, historically formed and resulting from the influence of physical and geographical conditions, ethnic traditions, socio-cultural interaction. Currently, the problem of its preservation, study, and use as a tourist object is urgent. The article examines the key problems in this area; it pays attention to the formation of legislation regulating preservation of cultural objects, as well as their importance in forming youth patriotism.
 
 The purpose of the research is to study the role of a traditional settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture, the place of rural settlements in preserving national languages and traditions of peoples, development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation.
 
 Materials and methods. The research used the methods of historical science: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, historical-genetic ones. From the traditional methods of ethnography, the methods of field observation and survey were used. Also, general scientific methods were used in the framework of the study: the descriptive-narrative one, analysis, generalization ones. The article is based on regulatory and legal sources, materials of Internet publications, the results of the All-Russian Population censuses, information collected by the authors during field expedition ethnographic surveys.
 
 Results. The role of a settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture was studied, its tourist potential was determined. The problem of preserving traditional settlements, dwellings and outbuildings is currently relevant for many peoples, in connection with which a number of state programs and support measures have been developed to address this issue. A settlement and housing complex is of great interest not only to researchers, but also to tourists, so its inclusion in their routes has become an effective way to attract public attention to preserving traditional buildings. The practice of constructing ethnoparks, ethno-villages, ethnographic museums in the open air with a complex of housing structures and outbuildings has become very relevant at present time. No doubt that their creation requires extensive involvement of accumulated ethnographic materials. Ethnic culture and national languages are mostly preserved in rural areas, which largely determines the need to develop serious support measures by the state in the field of protecting villages with a view to their further large-scale functioning in our country.
 
 Conclusions. The use of various sources made it possible to achieve the goal of the study. Preserving the traditional settlement and housing complex of villages is extremely significant, since it is in them that the languages and traditions of peoples are still transmitted from generation to generation, ethnic characteristics are reproduced. Each object of cultural heritage contains a certain layer of information, which is an effective bond of the society and the state, which is of great importance in forming a sense of belonging to the history of the region and the country as a whole, the value spiritual and moral attitudes of young people.

New Tatar Settlements in Lower Tara Area in Last Third of 19th Century: Foundation History, Population Structure, and Livelihoods

The article is dedicated to the history of the establishment of the villages of Malye Murly in the Tarsky District and Molodtsovo in the Muromtsevsky District of the Omsk Region, founded by Tatars during the period of mass migrations to Siberia. These villages no longer exist. The paper introduces documents from regional archives into scholarly discourse. Materials from the First All-Russian population census of 1897 have been analyzed to study the age, gender, and ethnic composition of the inhabitants. The article reconstructs the economic activities of the settlers. The authors conclude that the village of Malye Murly (also known as Novo-Murlinskaya) was established by Tatars from Ust-Tarskaya in the 1870s, while Molodtsovo (also known as Molodtsovsky settlement) was settled by residents of the Chipliarovski yurts prior to 1897. It is reported that both settlements lasted for about a century. Evidence suggests that the inhabitants of both settlements engaged little in agriculture; they had more developed livestock practices but lacked sufficient land resources, as the best lands were occupied by older settlements or belonged to the state. The authors conclude that in their formative stages, these settlements exhibit similar characteristics to another Tatar village, Mamshenkino in the Bolsherechensky District of Omsk Region, which was also founded during this period and whose residents eventually dispersed.

The main directions of the fight against schismatic movements in the second half of the 19th century in the Russian Empire at the state and church levels

Introduction. In the modern world, there are different directions of faiths. Christianity, Islam and Buddhism are the main religions, but there are separate groups of people who, under the influence of odious leaders, form independent currents that differ from traditional faiths. One of the oldest sects – Jehovah's Witnesses today includes from 8 to 9 million people. Efforts are being made at the State level to preserve the unity of the Russian Orthodox Church and strengthen the basic spiritual values. With the adoption of the decree of November 9, 2022 "On the approval of the Foundations of State Policy for the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values", the main moral guidelines underlying the all-Russian civic identity were fixed at the legislative level. In this regard, the problem of studying the history of the emergence of sectarian and schismatic movements, analyzing the degree of harmful influence on the development of society, the state and the position of the Church remains relevant. This article is devoted to the analysis of state and Church policy in relation to sectarian and heretical movements in Russia. The author studies legislative policy, church literature, analyzes the results of research by pre-revolutionary authors on this issue. Materials and methods. The main sources of the work are the "Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments", legislative acts, the results of the First All-Russian Population Census for 1897, as well as the study of the ethnographerfiction writer Pavel Melnikov "Letters about the split". The analysis of sources made it possible to study the process of tightening the fight against heresy and determine the principles of its division according to the degree of harmfulness. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the reasons for the beginning of heretical movements lie in attempts to reform the system of statechurch relations, as well as in the active penetration of foreign culture and religion into Russian soil. The attempts made to violently combat heresy did not give the expected results. Sectarians skillfully disguised themselves as ordinary parishioners and even visited temples. Only through the joint efforts of the Church and the state was it possible to restrain the mass withdrawal from the bosom of Orthodox culture. Conclusion. A new wave of large-scale reform of state-confessional relations contributed to the weakening of control and legalization of sectarian activities, including in the field of education. The temporary truce of the authorities and religious organizations from 1905 to 1917 allowed the creation of an entire Old Believer educational system. At the same time, the Old Believers had absolute freedom and only some communities received legal status.

The Institute of Multi-Generational Family as a Reserve of Demographic Development in Russia

Negative demographic trends have actualized the search for Russia's demographic development reserves. The article defines the concept of “demographic development reserve” and highlights the authors' approach to studying multigenerational households as an institution providing potential reserves for marriage and family relations reinforcement. The purpose of the study is to identify the prevalence of multigenerational households in Russia, the nature of interaction between generations in families under the conditions of nuclearization and the role of generational solidarity as a demographic development reserve. The authors' conclusions are based on the data of All-Russian population censuses (1989, 2002, 2010 and 2020), as well as the results of author's sample studies (international sociological research “Family and Family Policy: A Generational Perspective”, All-Russian sociological research “Demographic well-being of Russia. National demographic report”, regional sociological research “The life of a multigenerational household in conditions of self-isolation”, All-Russian sociological research “Student family of Russia”). As a result of the structure of households’ analysis based on population census data were identified several trends. Firstly, increasing number of people living alone. Secondly, reduction in number of families consisting of several married couples. Thirdly, reduction in the number of children in the family along with an increase in the proportion of large families, etc. According to authors' sociological research the proportion of those who believe that young families (as well as children over 18 years old) should live separately from their parents is increasing. Most of parents help their children who have already created families and live separately. They help in raising grandchildren, paying for housing, buying things, providing financial assistance, etc. Children growing up and their parents to retiring change the situation. Adult children begin to provide assistance to their elderly parents (care during illness, household help, monetary assistance, etc.). It can be stated that solidarity (a stable relationship and the connection of several generations of a family) is an instrument for supporting the economic and social well–being of Russian families regardless of residence type (separately in one or different localities or jointly).

Territorial differences between the data of the current population registration and the results of the 2020 Census

The article analyzes population data by federal districts, subjects and municipalities of the Russian Federation, obtained from two different official sources of Rosstat for close dates: data from the current population registration as of January 1, 2022 and data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020, the control point of which was October 1, 2021. Since population size changes rather slowly, theoretically these data should not differ significantly. In fact, it has turned out that the population size across the country, according to various data, differs by more than 1% (by 1.6 million people in the direction of the census data). The lower the level of administrative division, the greater the differences. At the level of some municipalities of the Russian Federation, the differences make almost 2 times. Moreover, with approximately equal frequency, there are both municipalities where, according to the census, the population is greater than according to the current population registration, and with the opposite situation. The article identifies the administrative units of the country where the differences between the census data and the current population registration are the largest, and the causes of the differences in one direction or another. The largest “overweight” of the population in favor of the census was found in the municipalities of the Central Federal District (especially in the Moscow urban agglomeration), and the maximum “shortage” of the population compared to the current accounting data was in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts.

Differences in the standard of living of urban and rural residents in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Due to the strong differentiation of the standard of living of urban and rural populations, studies on income and employment, depending on the type of settlement, are very relevant. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for conducting a comparative analysis of the main aspects of the standard of living (income, employment) of the urban and rural population in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The empirical basis of the study was the data of official statistics, the results of the All-Russian Population Census, the results of a comprehensive observation of the living conditions of the population, as well as the rating of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the quality of life of the rural population. The article focuses on the comparative analysis of two components of the standard of living of urban and rural populations: income and employment, which are a kind of material foundation for the life of the population. Excessive differences the developed methodology makes it possible to identify differences in the standard of living of urban and rural populations based on the integration of official statistics data, which represent actual macroeconomic indicators, and sociological indicators (subjective estimates of the population) obtained from the results of the CSW. The author shows that the differentiation of the quality of life of urban and rural populations is manifested in the sources of their income formation. Thus, in 2022, 70,5 % of respondents indicated wages as the main source of income in urban areas, while only 46,1 % in rural areas. A significant part of both urban and rural population is experiencing financial difficulties: 82,8 % — in urban areas; 75,5 % — in rural areas. Excessive differences in the standard of living of the urban and rural population, as well as in the subjective assessments of the population of their financial situation, satisfaction with aspects of their work, should be taken into account by regional authorities when developing measures to equalize the standard of living of urban and rural residents.

ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITY OF CHUVASHIA STUDENTS: ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEYS

The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of understanding modern ethno-cultural processes within the meaning of published data of 2020 All-Russian Population Census.
 
 The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of ethno–cultural self-determination of the student youth of Chuvashia, including when choosing ethnicity and native languages.
 
 Materials and methods. The analysis of ethno-cultural identity was based on the opportunity for each individual to choose belonging to one or another culture or to several at the same time. This approach in the Russian science was put forward by V.A. Tishkov and supported by many domestic researchers. At the same time, some of them do not consider the principle of multiculturalism to be real. The material was obtained during a survey involving over 500 students studying at three Cheboksary universities. The processing was carried out using the SPSS Statistics program. Unconditional and conditional distributions were calculated, which made it possible to identify noticeable interdependencies between the components of the ethno-cultural image.
 
 Study results. The ethnic composition of the students who participated in the survey was not limited to individual nationalities. Almost a fifth of respondents declared themselves as belonging to two ethnic cultures, in the conditions of Chuvashia it was about simultaneously classifying themselves as the Russians and the Chuvash. A complex linguistic identity was even more pronounced, when over a third of the respondents replied that not one, but two languages, namely Russian and Chuvash, are native to them. The survey materials once again confirmed that the situation with the use of the Chuvash language, including by the Chuvash, is quite complicated, especially for non-domestic communication.
 
 Conclusions. The data of the next survey of Chuvashia students once again confirmed that for many of them the choice of a complex ethnic and linguistic identity is becoming common. Preserving the Chuvash language to a greater extent should be carried out through family traditions supported by public and state structures.

Взаимосвязь образования и финансового поведения

The article considers the issue of the relationship between higher education and financial behavior of citizens of the Russian Federation. The points of view formed in the scientific literature on the factors determining the rationality of financial behavior. In addition, the role of education and training as a tool for the formation of responsible financial behavior of the population are presented. The observed manifestation of financial behavior was the demand for financial services provided by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as well as data on the availability of higher education, which were reflected in the All-Russian Population Census of 2020. As a result of the study, five groups of indicators were formed: accounts of individuals; placement of funds by individuals; loans /loans of individuals; payment services; insurance. The calculations were carried out in the context of the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation and allowed us to identify the following connections: strong direct (fixed for all groups of indicators), average direct (all except insurance), feedback (placement of funds by individuals; loans/loans of individuals) and weak communication (accounts of individuals; placement of funds by individuals; loans/loans of individuals). The presence of higher education shows a noticeable connection with the consumption by households and individuals of such services as: remote service and non-cash payments, exchange investments, deposits in banks, insurance protection. The level of involvement in interaction with the banking system, loans and overdue debts in non-bank financial organizations are at a comparable level in all federal districts. The higher the level of education, the lower the interest in such services as: placement of funds in micro-credit organizations and credit consumer cooperatives, loans that are small in volume and time taken in credit consumer cooperatives without the use of remote technologies. The assumption that higher education helps residents of Russia to make long-term decisions, avoid mistakes and follow models of responsible financial behavior has been empirically confirmed.

Commuting in Russia: scale and consequences

The article presents the scale of such a phenomenon as commuting according to the data of the All-Russian Population Census 2020 and Labor Force Sample Survey by Rosstat. The authors examined and systematized the consequences of commuting, which can be represented at three levels: at the level of territory, employer and employee, which can have both negative and positive impacts. For the recipient territory, commuting migrants become a source of labor resources and tax revenue that can be assessed positively. Increase in the burden on the transport infrastructure, the environment, and inaccuracies in assessing the demographic potential can be considered as conditionally negative. At the level of the employer, commuting solves stuffing problems; commuting migrants do not have a special status, so the employer may bear the risks of violating labor discipline, which are regulated in a general manner. With regard to the level of worker, assessment of the consequences depends on the life context, which determines the balance of advantages and costs of such an employment strategy, namely: wage size, position and status, duration of movement and distance to work, family circumstances, necessary or voluntary character of trips. In the final part of the article, the authors present a methodology for assessing the economic consequences of long-distance commuting for Russian regions.

COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia: Statistical Assessment of Direct and Indirect Demographic Losses

Introduction. The whole world is concerned about the severe socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, the most threatening of which should be considered the death of a large number of people, the general economic downturn, inflation reducing living standards, the threat of increasing hunger, the aggravation of humanitarian problems in poorly developed countries due to a reduction in foreign aid, etc. But if the negative economic consequences are compensated over time (many countries of the world, and Russia is one of the first on this list, have already returned to the pre-pandemic level in 2021), then the human losses suffered by many countries are irreplaceable. Doctors talk about the need to combat post-COVID syndrome, which can also worsen the health and quality of life of citizens. As demographic history shows, such events affect the development of the population for quite a long time. States have struggled with the new dangerous infection in different ways. The set of measures to counter COVID-19 in some countries was based on a policy of “zero tolerance”, others limited themselves to the introduction of only some temporary and not very strict prohibitions. The results of the measures taken also differ dramatically: some countries have been pushed back many years in terms of life expectancy, while in others this indicator has increased. The purpose of this article is to study the demographic consequences of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic for Russia, which will assess the effectiveness of the anti-epidemic measures taken and better prepare for the occurrence of a similar situation in the future. Materials and Methods. The study was based on data from Rosstat, materials from reputable international organizations, publications of scientists engaged in the study of population problems. The analysis of the demographic situation was carried out on the basis of the systematic approach and specific methods of demographic analysis, content analysis was used to summarize the materials of published scientific research, a tabular method was used to visualize the results. Results. The study has revealed that in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the life expectancy of the urban population decreased to a greater extent than that of the rural population. The increase in mortality did not affect children, adolescents and young people under 25 years of age. Mortality among women in the Russian Federation has increased to a greater extent than among men, and this is typical for most age groups. Women aged 65‒69 were the most vulnerable to the virus – the increase in mortality in this age group was the largest. Discussion and Conclusion. In addition to direct demographic losses from COVID-19 (144.7 thousand people in 2020), an increase in mortality from other causes – respiratory diseases, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as digestive diseases and accidental alcohol poisoning, which violated the long-term trend, has been recorded. Indirect demographic losses from COVID-19 in 2020, calculated by estimating the increase in mortality from these causes, amounted to 143.7 thousand people. Migration growth in the Russian Federation in the first year of the pandemic decreased by 2 times, but remained at the level of 2018. Due to the strict restrictions imposed on the movement of the population, the process of urbanization in the country has slowed down, the migration decline of the rural population has decreased. The results of the study can be useful for scientists dealing with demographic development, as well as used to assess the effectiveness of measures taken to combat the spread of coronavirus infection in 2020. Research in this direction should be continued after the publication of data for 2021 and the results of the All-Russian Population Census.

ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ДИНАМИКА И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СИСТЕМЫ РАССЕЛЕНИЯ НА СЕВЕРЕ РОССИИ В КООРДИНАТАХ ПЕРЕПИСИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ 2021 ГОДА

Over the past decades, the population of the North of Russia has decreased by more than a quarter. The leading cause is migration outflow, with natural population movement also contributing to the overall population decline. Comparing the data of the last two censuses will make it possible to understand the full depth of the transformational processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the demographic trends and changes in population distribution in the North of Russia based on the results of the 2021 All-Russian Population Census. The originality of the article lies in the fact that the analysis was carried out at all levels: the macro level, regions, municipalities, and urban settlements. The article shows that with a general population decline, there is further urbanization of the northern regions and a reduction in the number and proportion of rural residents. Particularly high population decline is demonstrated by such regions of the European North as the republics of Komi and Karelia as well as the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions. The authors have identified trends in population distribution, such as an increase in the proportion of the population of large cities and a decrease in the average population of towns and urban-type settlements. Population distribution in the North of Russia is influenced by factors such as the size of the settlement, economic specialization, ethnic composition, and geographical location of the settlement. With the help of spatial analysis, the study identified the clusters of municipalities and settlements with the best and worst trends since 2010. Using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, the authors studied the unevenness of population distribution and economic activity. The study also revealed that in the vast majority of municipalities in the North, the proportion of men has decreased, which may adversely affect local labor markets. The results of the study may find application in public administration and the development of strategies and programs for the socioeconomic development of the northern territories. Further research should consider such characteristics of the population as age, ethnic composition, place of birth, length of residence, number of children, and housing conditions.

Confessional structure of the population of the Russian empire at the turn of the 19–20 centuries: statistical and geographical analysis

The study of the confessional structure of the population in the post-Soviet space using geographical methods is currently a rare phenomenon. One of the reasons is the extreme lack of reliable statistical data reflecting the confessional structure of the population. Far from every population census conducted over the past decades in the former Soviet republics included questions about the religious affiliation of the population. The results of the first All-Russian population census, which was conducted in 1897, were used as a key source of statistical information. The article presents the results of a statistical and cartographic analysis of the territorial structure of the confessional composition of the population of the Russian Empire at the level of provinces and regions with some refinements at the county level. This information most fully reflects the religious diversity of the Russian Empire at different territorial levels. According to the results of the census, the following religions existed in the Russian Empire: Orthodoxy with co-religionists, Old Believers, Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, Armenian Gregorianism, Armenian Catholicism, Reformed, Mennonites, Anglicans, Baptists, Karaites, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, paganism, etc.

Book Editions of the All-Russian Population Census of 1897 as the First Experience of Large-scale Publication of Data in State Statistics. Source Study by Means of Cultural Analytics

The problem of studying the polygraphic image of the census of 1897 with the help of visual computer analysis of bindings and covers of 144 editions of its materials is considered. The idea of the study is based on the image editing technique proposed by Lev Manovich. Four variants of the census publication were identified, two of them were analyzed in detail — a collection of tray copies and simple editions without bindings. It is these “people's” publications that clearly show the scale of publication of government statistics materials, which the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to face for the first time. The conclusion is made about the possibility of using the Inkscape vector graphics editor in matters when it is necessary to study the general and special in the design of historical documents of a printing publication.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЭТНОЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ КОРЕННЫХ МАЛОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АЛТАЙ

Based on the analysis of various sources, basic scientifc research and own feld materials, the article examines the modern ethno-linguistic processes of the indigenous peoples of the taiga zone of the Altai Republic. The article presents an overview of the measures taken to preserve the language of indigenous minorities (Kumandins, Tubalars and Chelkans), in particular, to publish fction and educational literature in their native language. The processes of ethnolinguistic transformation among these ethnic groups of the beginning of the XXI century are presented, the functionality of the languages of indigenous small peoples is reduced not only in the public, but also in the family spheres. Based on the analysis of the results of the All-Russian Population Census in 2020, the assessment of the level of modern language profciency of Kumandins, Tubalars, Chelkans was carried out. The census also revealed a change in the national identity of indigenous minorities. Thus, the factors that infuenced the change of the minority languages of the Kumandins, Tubalars, Chelkans, and the prospects for their preservation were identifed. The conclusion is formulated that the current state of language profciency is characterized by crisis phenomena that need to be addressed, in particular, attention is drawn to the already implemented programs to support the native languages of indigenous minorities in the region

Contemporary Ethnolinguistic Situation in Southern Siberia (On the materials of Republican Statistic Offices)

The paper focuses on the study of the modern ethno-linguistic situation in the Turkic-speaking regions of Southern Siberia — the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Khakassia. Based on official statistics, the author examines the state, features, and main trends in the development of language processes in the named regions. The analysis of the empirical material used in the study revealed that linguistic life in Tuva today is characterized by a further increase in the role of the language of the titular nationality — the Tuvan language. The situation, the level and scale of distribution of the Khakass language in Khakassia, despite noticeable positive changes, leaves much to be desired. The main factors of the current situation in these regions include the significant dominance in the total population of representatives of the titular nationality — Tuvans, whose share according to the latest population census has increased noticeably, and the weak representation of the Khakass, the titular ethnic group of residents of Khakassia, where their percentage, as in previous years, is approximately a tenth of the total number of the republic. Among the ethno-linguistic problems in these republics, we will name the generally low level of knowledge of the Russian language by representatives of the titular ethnic group in Tuva and the poor proficiency and insufficient spread of the native language among the Khakass in the Republic of Khakassia. Based on the data of the study, it can be stated that the linguistic picture observed at this stage in these republics is unlikely to change significantly soon. As comparative material to determine the dynamics of development and identify the main components, this work uses the results of the All-Russian population censuses of 2010 and 2020.

ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В РЕГИОНАХ АРКТИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ПЕРИОД 2014–2022 ГГ.

The article examines the demographic processes of the regions whose territories are fully included in the Arctic (Murmansk region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo- Nenets Autonomous Okrug) from 2014, from the year the land territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation were determined by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, to 2022. The study was conducted as a whole for the period 2014-2022, including three three-year periods 2014-2016, 2017-2019, 2020-2022. in two directions 1) dynamics of changes in the number of the regions permanent population, taking into account recalculation from the results of the All-Russian Population Census - 2020 (VPN-2020); 2) dynamics of changes in the general characteristics of the population natural reproduction. The study determined: changes in the size of the permanent population of the regions by components; structure for recalculating the dynamics of changes in the permanent population of regions from the results of the VPN - 2020; trends in the processes of natural reproduction of the population of the regions as a whole for the period 2014-2022, including three three-year periods 2014-2016, 2017-2019; 2020-2022. Positive periods of the population natural reproduction processes development in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation have been defined.

INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE REPUBLICS OF MARI EL, MORDOVIA AND UDMURTIA IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF EXPERTS

The article presents some results of an expert survey conducted in 2021 in the framework of a scientific research project entitled "The Ethnic Factor in the Socio-Political Life of Russia's Regions: from Ethno-political Mobilization to Civic Integration (Republics of Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia and Chuvashia)". The materials received enabled to analyse the opinions of experts - specialists in the field of national and youth policy regarding the role and significance of the ethnic factor in contemporary socio-political processes, assessments of the interethnic situation and proposed measures for strengthening ethno-political stability. The relevance of the study during this period was related to two important national campaigns - elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation and the All-Russian Population Census. To some extent, the coronavirus pandemic and related socio-economic crises may have affected the state of ethno-confessional relations. In addition, contemporary Russia is influenced by a number of unfavourable external factors that can affect the situation in the regions and generate tensions in the system of ethno-political system of ethno-political relations. An analysis based on expert opinion shows that the Finno-Ugric republics in the Volga federal district present a model of longstanding stability in interethnic relations and relative non-conflict, even though they experience the same difficulties as other Russian regions, often with greater economic potential and higher levels of social development. Therefore, the model of conflict-free, sustainable social development in the Finno-Ugric republics requires further systemic analysis. On the whole, the results obtained indicate the current dominance of regional socio-economic problems over inter-ethnic contradictions.

STUDENTS OF CHUVASHIA ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN POPULATION CENSUS IN 2020 AND ETHNO-CULTURAL ISSUES

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that this article is one of the first in the last decade that is devoted to the study of metadata of the All-Russian Population Census of 2020. Its purpose is to study the attitude of students to the organization of the census, the structure and content of the questionnaire, forms of participation. The scientific novelty of the work is that it is the first study of the attitude of students enrolled in two universities of the Chuvash Republic to the organization of the 2020 census.
 
 The survey of 300 young people showed no complaints about the census organization. Various points of view were expressed about the importance of the information obtained during the population censuses. The most popular among young people was participation in the event through an entry on the portal “Public Services”. The survey materials showed that for students of Chuvash nationality, data on nationality are more important than for students of Russian nationality. The Chuvash turned out to be more active participants in the census. Students reacted favorably or neutrally to the opportunity to indicate their belonging to more than one nationality and one native language during the census. At this, about a third stated that their native languages are Chuvash and Russian, which is unusual for an official survey conducted by the state.
 
 The study results are of great practical importance and will be taken into account in the future when organizing upcoming activities on the population census.