Alkenylsuccinic Acid Research Articles

Исследование комплексообразующих свойств монопроизводных янтарной кислоты с ионами меди (II) и никеля (II).

Mono-derivatives of alkenyl succinic acid are considered in this paper, also their complexes with copper and nickel ions, which structure was studied by IR spectrometry method. Protonization constants and stability constants of complexes of mono-derivatives of succinic acid with copper and nickel ions are calculated by pH-metric titration method. It has been established, that mono-derivatives of succinic acid formed more stable complexes with the copper ion.

Important double bond effect on the aggregation behavior of an alkenyl succinic acid derivative

The aggregation behavior of 2-(2-decenyl) succinic acid (C10SA) in alkaline aqueous media was extensively studied and found interesting properties. The CMC (critical micelle concentration) is lower than expected for a compound with two carboxylate groups and an alkenyl chain of 10–12 carbon atoms. We identified that among the factors that affect the CMC, the double bond and the arrangement of the carbonyl group play a crucial role. They favor an ease packing of the head group of the surfactant resulting in a reduction of their mutual repulsion in the micelle. This particular conformation influences the solubilization/aggregation behavior and is responsible of the high tendency to self-assembly forming micelles of spherical shape and small size. An important feature of C10SA molecules is their ability to orient the carboxyl groups in a way that allow them been packed in the aggregates and this property may be of interest for many future applications.

Effect of Surfactants on Iridescence Developed by Swollen Lamellar Phase of C12-Alkenylsuccinic Acid

The iridescence phenomenon of C 12 -alkenylsuccinic acid (ASA) is a result of the coherent reflection of light from periodically ordered alternating lamellar surfactant stacks and solvent molecules. Here we report the effect of cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants on the iridescence of ASA. It was observed that ionic surfactants resulted in destabilization of the iridescence of ASA, while the addition of nonionic surfactant stabilized the system. The nature of the interactions of these surfactants on ASA was investigated using reflectance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The bilayer thickness was determined using reflectance spectra, SAXS, and theoretical calculations. It was observed that the nonionic surfactant does not alter the lamellar spacing of ASA, while ionic surfactant was seen to lower it by creating water-filled defects. The diffraction patterns also exhibit an additional broad peak which indicates formation of uncorrelated bilayers. This study thus provides understanding of such swollen lamellar systems.

Study of the interrelation between the chemical structure and stability of synthetic oils based on alkenylsuccinic acid esters

Synthetic oils based on alkenylsuccinic acid esters containing various alcohol residues were synthesized and the dependence of their stability on the chemical structure was studied for the first time. It was found that a change in the alcohol radical makes it possible to control the ester properties and to obtain substances that meet particular requirements.

The pH-dependent surface properties of gelatin-alkenylsuccinic acid anhydride derived surfactants

The pH-dependent surface properties of a gelatin–alkenylsuccinic acid anhydride derived surfactants, containing an oligopeptide residue and alkenyl groups, were studied. The surface properties examined included surface tension, contact angle, emulsifying power, and fluorescence properties. The results showed that the surface activities of gelatin derivatives and their detergent properties for T/W fabrics are improved at low pH. These improved features make gelatin-derived surfactants suitable for use as cleaning agents for lime-degradable substrates such as hair and wool. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

The role of vapour deposition in the hydrophobization treatment of cellulose fibres using alkyl ketene dimers and alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides

The possibility of delivering hydrophobization (or sizing) effect to cellulose fibre via AKD and ASA vapours was investigated using a novel method. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic acid anhydride (ASA) are two of widely used hydrophobization chemicals in papermaking industry. It has been reported that sizing effect could be delivered by the vapourization and re-deposition mechanism under papermaking condition. Such a conclusion was reached in previous studies by measuring the level of hydrophobicity acquired by cellulose or glass surface after being exposed to the vapours of these AKD or ASA. In this work we investigated the possibility of vapour sizing by analyzing the chemical compositions of the vapours of AKD and ASA at typical papermaking temperatures. Our results suggest that the vapour of ASA has the same composition as the ASA liquid. However, the vapour of AKD is dominated by fatty acids (which are the initial materials for AKD synthesis). The actual AKD concentration in the vapour phase is below the detection limit of FTIR. These results indicate that cellulose hydrophobization via vapour is possible with ASA, but not practically possible for AKD.

Strength and Durability of Concrete Containing Salts of Alkenyl-Succinic Acid

The performance of concrete is judged by many different properties, including durability and strength. Admixtures are frequently used to improve these properties. Most admixtures provide a positive effect on only one property and, therefore, combinations of admixtures must be used. Deterioration due to reinforcement corrosion is likely the most important durability issue with reinforced concrete. Corrosion inhibitor admixtures are commonly added to concrete to suppress or delay reinforcement corrosion, and additional admixtures must be added to improve the concrete's freeze-and-thaw resistance. This paper presents research on 2 forms of a chemical that improves the durability of concrete in several ways: by improving corrosion resistance; by reducing water penetration; and by providing resistance to freezing and thawing. The effect of the chemical on several concrete material properties is also discussed. Performance was compared with concrete containing commercial admixtures.

Fluorine containing diester of alkyl-or alkenylsuccinic acid, preparation thereof and magnetic recording medium

Fluorine containing diester of alkyl-or alkenylsuccinic acid, preparation thereof and magnetic recording medium

Effect of concentration and environmental form of tetradecenyl succinic acid on its mineralization in soil

Tetradecenyl succinic acid (TSA) is the major component of a detergent builder (C12-C14 alkenyl succinic acid), which is inherently biodegradable. 14C-TSA was dosed as a component of sewage sludge into a soil with a history of sludge amendment at final added concentrations of 1.5 and 30 mg (kg soil)-1. In addition, it was dosed to the soil in an aqueous solution to a final added concentration of 30 mg (kg soil)-1. Dose and form were found to have a pronouced effect on the mineralization kinetics. When dosed in a realistic form and concentration (i.e. 1.5 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge), TSA was mineralized at its highest rate and to its greatest extent, and the mineralization half-life was 2.4 days. When dosed at 30 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge, mineralization began immediately, and the half-life was 23 days. In contrast, when dosed at this concentration in aqueous solution, the onset of mineralization was preceded by a 13 day lag period and the mineralization half-life was 69 days. Primary biodegradation and mineralization rates of TSA were very similar. Approximately, half the radioactivity was evolved as 14CO2, while the remaining radioactivity became non-extractable, having presumably been incorporated into biomass or natural soil organic matter (humics). This study demonstrated that TSA is effectively removed from sludge-amended soils as a result of biodegradation. Furthermore, it showed the effect that dose form and concentration have on the biodegradation kinetics and the importance of dosing a chemical not only at a relevant concentration but also in the environmental form in which it enters the soil environment.

Mechanism of Retention of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride(ASA) on Pulp Fibers at Wet-End of Papermaking.

The mechanism of retention of alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), which is one of the neutral sizes for papersheet, on pulp fibers at wet-end of papermaking process was studied in terms of roles of carboxyl groups in pulp fibers and those of cationic polymers and aluminum sulfate (alum) added to pulp suspension. ASA content in handsheets were determined using pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PY-GC). The results obtained using carboxylgroup-blocked pulp showed that carboxyl groups present in pulp fibers had a role to form ionic linkages with cationic ASA emulsion particles, and thus the ASA retention was mostly governed by the carboxyl groups of pulp fibers. The additions of cationic polymer and alum to pulp suspension resulted in increases in ASA retention on handsheets, and consequently their sizing features were improved. Some ASA emulsion particles originally having cationic surface charges are turned to those having amphoteric surface charges by alkenyl succinic acid (ASAcid), which are formed from ASA by hydrolysis on the surfaces of the ASA emulsion particles. Therefore, further retention of ASA may have been brought about on papersheet by additional ionic linkages formed between anionic pulp fibers, amphoteric ASA emulsion particles, cationic polymers and cationic aluminum compounds.

Roles of Reactive Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride(ASA) in Paper Sizing.

Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) gives sizing features efficiently to papersheet by being added to pulp suspensions as cationic ASA emulsions. Although the reactive structure of ASA is necessary for paper sizing, the previous paper revealed that alkenyl succinic acid (ASAcid), the hydrolyzed form of ASA, is the predominant component present in ASA-sized papersheet _??_1_??_. Then the roles of reactive ASA in paper sizing were studied in terms of hydrophobicity and coalescent and crystallizing behavior of ASA and ASAcid. The results obtained by sizing features of handsheets prepared with ASA-ASAcid-mixed emulsions, microscopic observations of the ASA-ASAcid-mixed emulsions, X-ray diffraction patterns of cellulase-treated residue of handsheets and apparent contact angles of water drops on ASA and ASAcid showed that ASAcid is hydrophobic and has coalescent, coagulating and crystallizing behavior in aqueous media, compared with ASA. These differences in properties between ASA and ASAcid may lead to the following hypothesis of mechanisms of efficient paper sizing with reactive ASA emulsions; (a) the reactive structure of ASA is necessary for achieving sufficiently distributed states of size components with smaller coagulating structures on hydrophilic pulp fibers in the papermaking process, (b) then more hydrophobic ASAcid molecules are formed without forming large coagulating structures probably during drying process of papermaking, maintaining the sufficiently distributed states, and (c) thus sizing features appear efficiently on ASA-sized papersheet by sufficiently distributed ASAcid molecules on pulp fibers.

Structures of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride(ASA) Components in ASA-Sized Papersheet.

Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) is one of the reactive sizes used as cationic emulsions at wet-end of papermaking process. In order to make clear the mechanism of ASA sizing, structures of ASA components retained in handsheets were studied using model compounds and analytical techniques. The results of model experiments using low-molecular-weight cellulose and cationic starch showed that ASA was predominantly hydrolyzed to alkenyl succinic acid (ASAcid) in the presence of water without forming ester linkages with hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates. Sheet-form and fibrous-form extractions with organic solvents under various conditions indicated that most of ASA components were present as the structure of ASAcid in ASA-sized handsheets. The results of curing treatments of ASA-sized handsheets and impregnation treatments of ASA-related compounds into filter papers also were negative to the formation of ester linkages between ASA and cellulose-OH. Cellulase-treatments of ASA-sized handsheets followed by IR analysis of the obtained residues showed that ASA components were mostly present as the structure of ASAcid in papersheet. ASAcid aluminum salts may be present to some extent in papersheet prepared by ASA-alum systems. All these results imply that appearance of sizing features for ASA-sized papersheet is brought about by ASAcid molecules in papersheet. However, since non-reactive ASAcid has no sizing effect when added to pulp suspension, the reactive structure of ASA must be necessary for paper sizing because of some mechanisms other than the formation of ester linkages with hydroxyl groups of pulp fibers.

Evaluation of Membrane Fluidity of Dicarboxylic Acid Surfactant/DMPC Mixed Vesicles by Fluorescence Polarization

The fluorescence polarization of a fluorescence probe embedded in vesicle bilayers was assessed for dicarboxylic acid surfactant/dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) mixtures. The effects of additive surfactants on membrane fluidity were investigated. Simultaneously, mixed vesicles size was estimated from light scattering and vesicle formation was confirmed by electron microscopic observation. With increase in hydrocarbon chain length of additive surfactants, transition temperature of membrane fluidity increased. The transition temperature rose in an order, N-acyl-L-aspartic acid (CnAsp) /DMPC, alkenylsuccinic acid (CnSA) /DMPC, and fatty acid/DMPC systems. For the C14SA/DMPC mixed system, size was not affected by mole fraction of a surfactant, while transition temperature varied with the addition of C14SA. For the C12Asp/DMPC system, transition temperature showed no change but particle size remarkably decreased with mole fraction.

Iridescent solutions resulting from periodic structure of bilayer membranes. 2

Iridescent aqueous solutions of dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DOAC) have been newly found in the concentration range of 1-2 wt %. The structure of the solutions has been studied mainly by X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet and visible light reflection techniques and determined to be the lamellar liquid crystalline phase having the space distance of a submicrometer. The color appearance of the solutions results from diffraction of visible light by lamellar liquid crystalline structure of bilayer membranes. The mechanism of color appearance in DOAC solutions is the same as that of aqueous solutions of alkenylsuccinic acid, the structure of which is already elucidated by us. It is interesting to note, however, that the iridescent liquid crystalline phase of DOAC is understood to be thermodynamically metastable state, because of the following observations: (1) the iridescent-colored solutions can be obtained only by the sophisticated special procedures and (2) the color of the solutions disappears easily by weak agitations such as gentle shaking and/or stirring, and never recovers. It is worth noting, furthermore, in this DOAC system that the dramatic blue shift in the reflection spectra can be observed when the iridescent liquid crystal transforms into the gel phase on cooling. This blue-shift phenomenon might bemore » due to the phase separation into iridescent gel and water phases on gelation processes. 15 refs., 6 figs.« less

Iridescent Phenomena by Ordered Structure of Bilayer Membranes and Its Immobilization

Iridescent aqueous solutions of three types of surfactant have been studied. They are anionic alkenylsuccinic acid (ASA), cationic dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DOAC), and nonionic dodecyl glyceryl itaconate (DGI) with small amount of ionic surface active substances. The structure of iridescent ASA solutions has been studied mainly by UV and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results indicate that the iridescent solutions of ASA consist of a lamellar liquid crystal having the spacing distance of submicrometer and the iridescent color appears by the interference of reflected light by single bilayer membranes. The drastic blue-shift in reflection spectra of DOAC can be observed when the iridescent liquid crystal transforms into the gel phase on cooling. The iridescent structure of polymerizable surfactant, DGI, can be immobilized inside the hydro-gel by copolymerization with acrylamide and N, N'-methylenebis (acrylamide).

アルケニルコハク酸系界面活性剤の脱墨効果

Recentry, utilization of deinked pulp increases extremely and deinking agent is becoming important.Alkenyl succinic acid base surface active agents were synthesized to evaluate their performance in the deinking of waste newsprint.The results are summarized as follows.(1) The surface active agents made by the addition of ethylene oxide to alkenyl succinic acid monoalkyl ester showed best deinking performance.(2) The optimum carbon number of alkenyl group in alkenyl succinic acid was 16 or 18.(3) EO mole number, in the range of 9 to 22, did not have much influence on deinking performance.(4) The optimum carbon number of alkyl group was 13.

Preparation of ester of alkenylsuccinic acid and oxyethylated alkylphenol

This paper investigates the esterification of alkenylsuccinic acid (ASA) with an oxyethylated alkyphenol (OEP) and investigates the protective efficiency of the ester products. It is shown that the physicochemical properties and the protective efficiency of the ester products are influenced by the conditions of its synthesis. The ester obtained with a ratio of c /SUB ASA/ : c /SUB OEP/ = 1:1 has the best protective properties, thermal stability, and oil solubility. This is apparently related to the fact that the final product does not contain any alkylphenol, which is less thermally stable and is more deficient in terms of thin-film protective properties. The oxyethylated ester of alkenylsuccinic acid is being used as one of the components of highly effective ashless corrosion inhibitors; and as part of these corrosion inhibitors, it is used in operational/preservative oils for various engines, gear, and transmission components.

Petroleum-base washing and preservative fluid

This article reports on an investigation of the feasibility of formulating a wash/preservative fluid from commercial materials already produced in the USSR. Technological advances in the production and maintenance of vehicles, machinery, and mechanisms have raised the quality requirements of materials used to remove contaminants from machine parts in the course of manufacture and service and to protect the parts from atmospheric corrosion between operations. It is determined that it is impossible to formulate a fluid with the required level of detergency, waterdisplacing properties, and protective properties by diluting commercial preservative materials with organic solvents. A wash/preservative fluid is proposed which is composed of an alkenylsuccinic acid (KAP-25) corrosion inhibitor and an alkenylsuccinimide of urea (SIU) additive. Joint use of these inhibitors gives a synergistic effect in the protective properties, the maximum of which in organic solvents is reached at a 1:1 ratio. A comparison of the proposed wash/preservative fluid with an analogous non-USSR formulation showed that the two fluids have equivalent capabilities for removing organic contaminants from metal surfaces. It is concluded that the developed fluid can be used in the washing and interoperational protection of highprecision parts, or mechanisms with enclosed sections and pairs.

Use of active experiment in selecting optimal concentrations of additives in hydraulic fluids

resistance, corrosion properties, and antiwear properties. These deficiencies can be corrected by the introduction of appropriate additives. The additives must be compatible with the base stock, with the other additives, and with the hydraulic system components. Here we are presenting results obtained through the use of mathematically designed experiments to select the optimal combination of additives and the optimal concentrations of each additive in the development of a working fluid for hydraulic systems. The base stock used in this study was a highly treated mineral oil thickened with a polymethacrylate additive. The additive package used in this polymer-compound ed base stock consisted of antfoxidant, anticorrosion, and antiwear additives. On the assumption that the properties of the final prod. zt will depend to a greater degree on the combination of additives (i.e., on the compatibility) than on the concentrations of each additive, the work was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the best combination of additives was selected, on the basis of concentrations commonly used (according to information reported in the literature); in the second stage, optimal concentrations of each additive were established for this best additive package. In evaluating the various additive packages, the finished blends were oxidized under the following conditions: oxidation temperature 125~ test period 70 h, air bubbling rate through oil 5 liters/h. The criteria used to rate the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the oils were the change in acid number, change in viscosity, weight changes of steel and copper specimens due to corrosion, and appearance of the oil after oxidation. The antiwear properties were evaluated in a four-ball friction tester (C_~ST 9490-60) on the basis of the wear scar diameter on the steel bails after a 4-h test at 18-20~ In the first stage of this test program, 1 5 experiments were conducted in accordance with a partially balanced incomplete block design. The results were worked up by an analysis of variance in order to distinguishthebest combination of antioxidant, anticorrosion, and antiwear additives. This first stage was described in detail in [2]; the additive package selected for further study consisted of Ionol [2,6-di-tert-but yl-4-methylphenol], an alkenylsuccinic acid, and DF-11 [a zinc dialkylphenyldithiophosphate]. The first stage was concerned with qualitative factors, i.e., with types of additives; in contrast, the second stage was concerned with quantitative factors, specifically, the concentrations of additives in the package. Naturally, there were changes in the experiment design and in the equations use to model the output parameters of the working fluid. In resolving the problem of selecting optimal concentrations of three additives in the test package, the most economical approach is the use of a fractional factorial experiment 2 3-1 with a generating relationship x 3 = xax 1, requiring in this case only four experiments. It is assumed that each of the chemical indices of the working fluid is linearly dependent on the concentrations of the additives used in the package:

The use of surface active agents in tanning of leather

AbstractThere are about 25 operations in the process of converting hides and skins into leather. Surface active agents are important in a number of these and find wide use in the leather‐making industry. Both anionic and nonionic types are widely used while cationics have more specialized use. Sulfated oils (especially cod, sperm and neatsfoot), soaps, sulfated higher alcohols and alkylbenzene sulfonates are the main anionic surfactants used. The nonionics are principally condensation products of ethylene oxide with a secondary alcohol of 11–15 carbons or with octyl and nonyl phenol, introducing 7–10 oxyethylene units. Examples of the cationic type are the quaternary ammonium salts, i.e., lauryl, cetyl and stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Surface active agents are used at various stages of the leather‐making process. They are used in soaking, unhairing, bating, pickling, tanning and coloring, where they serve principally as processing aids. They find more important use in fatliquoring, impregnation and finishing, where they become a part of the leather composition. Certain surfactants, namely, chrome complexes of fatty acids and perfluoro acids, and long chain alkenyl succinic acid have been used to impart water repellent properties to leather. Recent research shows promise of developing new uses for surfactants in the tanning industry. Long chain quarternary ammonium salts have shown promise as a short term preservative for freshly flayed hides and skins. An amphoteric surfactant, i.e., a long chain fatty amino acid of the structure RNHCH2CH2CO2H, has shown promise as leather lubricant with improved resistance to drycleaning solvents.