Alkaline Manganese Batteries Research Articles

A sustainable route: from wasted alkaline manganese batteries to high-performance cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries

A sustainable route: from wasted alkaline manganese batteries to high-performance cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries

Effect of Na2SiO3 and TEA Electrolyte Additives on the Corrosion Inhibition of Zinc Electrodes and Electrochemical Performance of Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Batteries

To inhibit hydrogen evolution corrosion, passivation, and zinc dendrite growth during the charging and discharging of the zinc negative electrode of rechargeable alkaline manganese battery containing ultra-fine zinc powders, the effects of the single addition amounts of inorganic corrosion inhibitor Na2SiO3 and organic corrosion inhibitor TEA and their compounding ratio on the corrosion inhibition effect and the charging and discharging performance of alkaline manganese battery were systematically investigated in this paper. SEM and XPS were used to observe the microscopic morphology of the zinc anode, and the inhibition mechanisms of the relevant inhibitors were explored. The results show that, the addition of Na2SiO3 and TEA can synergistically improve the coverage of the protective film, thereby inhibiting hydrogen evolution corrosion, passivation and dendrites of zinc electrodes. Compared to blank electrolyte, when the composite concentration of Na2SiO3 and TEA is 1 g l−1 Na2SiO3+56.25 mg l−1 TEA, the hydrogen evolution corrosion inhibition efficiency can reach 70.56%, the initial specific capacity and the specific capacity after 50 cycles can increase from 160.7 mAh g−1, 58 mAh g−1 to 198.4 mAh g−1, 74 mAh g−1, respectively. This study has great theoretical and engineering value for guiding the design of electrolytes for rechargeable alkaline manganese batteries.

폐 알칼리망간전지의 산 침출액으로부터 버네사이트(δ-MnO2)의 제조 및 1-naphthol 제거

폐 알칼리망간전지의 산 침출액으로부터 버네사이트(δ-MnO2)의 제조 및 1-naphthol 제거

The influence of spent household batteries to the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes during composting

The objective of this work was to investigate the potential transfer of 9 heavy metals from spent household batteries (zinc–carbon and alkaline–manganese batteries) to the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes during active composting. Six runs were performed including one control and 2 replications. Eleven types of alkaline and non-alkaline batteries were added at 3 different levels to the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, namely at percentages equal to 0.98% w/w (low), 5.2% w/w (medium) and 10.6% w/w (high). Experiments were performed in 230 l insulated plastic aerobic bioreactors under a dynamic air flow regime for up to 60 days. Iron, copper and nickel masses contained in the organic fraction of the wastes were found significantly higher in the high level runs compared to the corresponding masses in the control. No metal transfer was obtained in the low and medium level runs. Metal mass balance closures ranged from 51% to 176%. Metals' concentrations in the leachates were below 10 mg l −1 for most metals, except iron, while an increasing concentration trend versus time was measured in the leachates of the high level runs. In all cases, the contents of 5 regulated heavy metals in all end products were below the Hellenic limits.

Electrochemical performance of high specific capacity of lithium-ion cell LiV 3O 8//LiMn 2O 4 with LiNO 3 aqueous solution electrolyte

The electrochemical performance of aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) with LiV 3O 8 and LiMn 2O 4 in saturated LiNO 3 electrolyte is studied. The results indicate that these two electrode materials are stable in the aqueous solution and no hydrogen or oxygen produced, moreover, intercalation/de-intercalation of lithium ions occurred within the range of electrochemical stability of water. The electrochemical performance tests show that the specific capacity of LiMn 2O 4 using as the cathode of ARLB is similar to that of ordinary lithium-ion battery with organic electrolyte, which works much better than the formerly reported. In addition, the cell systems exhibit good cycling performance. Therefore, it has great potential comparing with other batteries such as lead acid batteries and alkaline manganese batteries.

The proton exchange chemistry of layered Ni(OH) 2 for two types of high-capacity cathode materials in rechargeable batteries

Based on the studies of the first proton exchange/remove of layered Ni(OH) 2, super nickel oxide has been prepared with strongly alkaline concentrated sodium hypochlorite solution. The primary alkaline super nickel battery equipped with the prepared NiOOH cathode provides an energy capacity 2 times as large as that of the existing alkaline manganese batteries under high drain. In addition, according to the second proton exchange of Ni(OH) 2, the layered NiOOLi has also been synthesized by means of the proton/Li-ion exchange of super nickel oxide in LiOH solution, and then in molten lithium hydroxide. It provides higher discharge voltage and capacity than that of the widely adopted LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2O 4.

Nonwovens as Separators for Alkaline Batteries: An Overview

An overview of the manufacturing processes and performance requirements of nonwoven separators used in primary and secondary alkaline battery systems is presented. The systems described are alkaline manganese (Alk-Mn), nickel-cadmium , nickel-metal-hydride , nickel-zinc , and zinc-air batteries. The separators used in these systems consist totally or partially of nonwoven materials. Accordingly, the paper starts with an overview of the typical methods of nonwoven production (web formation, bonding, and post-treatment) and how the products behave within the different battery systems. The paper then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different nonwoven products as battery separators in the various electrochemical systems.

リサイクリング・プロセスと操業 イトムカ鉱業所における含水銀廃棄物処理

Nomurakohsan Co., Ltd. has been treating the wastes containing mercury for over 30years at Itomuka Plant located in the mountains, north-east of Hokkaido. Its treating materials are used zinc-carbon and alkaline-manganese batteries, used fluorescent lamps, mercury-containing wastes, medical wastes, used chemical reagents and so on. This paper introduces the current situation of Itomuka Plant, especially the treatment of zinc-carbon and alkaline-manganese batteries, used fluorescent lamps and mercury-containing wastes.

Development of Metal Recovery Process from Alkaline Manganese Batteries in Sulfuric Acid Solutions

A process for the recovery of Mn from a waste of spent alkaline batteries using sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide has been investigated. The proposed procedure consisted of mechanical separation of metal-containing particles and a leaching process. The effects of leaching agent, reaction temperature, time and pulp density for the leaching were also examined. Crushing and sieving of the spent batteries resulted in satisfactory separation of particle size from the waste. 99% Zn and 97% Mn were successfully extracted from the spent battery powder by the leaching at 60°C for 60 min with the addition of hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent. The hydrogen peroxide addition led to almost doubling Mn extraction compared to without it.

Environmentally friendly batteries by addition of chitin

In this paper we describe the results of a research performed on pen alkaline-manganese batteries with the aim of checking the possibility of minimizing the release of metals from them when, exhausted, are disposed. This goal was temptatively looked for on inserting in the batteries a certain amount of chitin able to bind the metal ions formed by the natural oxidation of the metals contained in the batteries and by the acid rain dissolving action. The obtained results show that 1.2 g of chitin for each middle size pen model alkaline-manganese battery practically prevent any release of metals, without relevant change of the discharge curve of the battery. The effect of the addition is particularly marked if realised by the additive as contained in a PVC membrane.

Zinc contamination in the cathodic material of exhausted alkaline manganese dioxide batteries

The cathodic compartment of the alkaline manganese batteries is contaminated by zinc ions from the anodic compartment during discharging: in this work we consider how discharging conditions affect the zinc concentration in the cathodic compartment. Various conditions of discharging have been tested and the mean and local concentration of zinc in the cathodic compartment has been determined. Experimental results show that the cathodic compartment of discharged batteries contains a small concentration of zinc, and that the discharge conditions and the discharging level affect the concentration of the zinc in this compartment. A deeper knowledge of the chemical composition of spent batteries improves recycling processes and allows the cathodic and anodic materials to be recovered separately.

Effect of additives in zinc alloy powder on suppressing hydrogen evolution

Abstract The addition of 0.025 wt.% bismuth and 0.025 wt.% lead to zinc particles modified with 0.10 wt.% indium by a dry-coating process, or a conventional wet-coating process is examined to clarify the effect on suppressing hydrogen gas evolution due to the self-discharging reactions of zinc in alkaline manganese batteries. The dry-coating process of indium metal modifies the zinc alloy powder, such that oxidation of the powder is less, and hydrogen-gas evolution is suppressed more effectively than in the case of the conventional wet-coating process. In the dry-coating process, the bismuth diffuses into the surface to be alloyed with the indium. As a result, zinc alloy powder containing 0.025 wt.% bismuth modified with 0.10 wt.% indium (Zn–In–Bi) by the dry-coating process suppresses hydrogen gas evolution on a competitive level with zinc powder containing 0.15 wt.% mercury (Zn–Hg).

Improvement of High-rate Discharge and Storage Capability of Mercury-free Alkaline Manganese Batteries. Influence of Diameter of Graphite Particle in Positive Active Material and Indium Modification for Negative Current Collector

Improvement of High-rate Discharge and Storage Capability of Mercury-free Alkaline Manganese Batteries. Influence of Diameter of Graphite Particle in Positive Active Material and Indium Modification for Negative Current Collector

Storage characteristics of mercury-free alkaline manganese batteries

The amount and distribution of additive species in zinc alloy particles containing 0.025wt% bismuth modified with 0.10wt% indium for mercury-free alkaline manganese batteries were examined after storage at various discharging levels at 60°C. The amount of hydrogen gas evolution due to the self-discharging reactions of zinc and the internal cell impedance were also evaluated. The amount of additive species in the zinc alloy particles was found to increase with increasing depth of discharge. Indium was homogeneously distributed on the surface even after partial discharge and also after storage for 1200h at 60°C. This behaviour is considered to contribute to the suppression of hydrogen gas evolution and increase in the internal cell impedance to the same level as when mercury is employed. As a result, mercury-free alkaline manganese batteries showed the same storage characteristics as conventional batteries containing mercury.

Properties of the perovskite-type oxide ceramic Ca 1 − xLa [formula omitted]MnO 3 − δ as the cathode active materials in alkaline batteries

The substituted complex oxides shown by Ca 1 − xLa 2x 3 MnO 3 − δ, where the average valence of Ca-site is designed to always be double, have the perovskite-type structure in the range of x ≤ 0.90. These sintered oxides show high electronic conductivity of more than 10 1 S cm −1 at room temperature even in the porous state (porosity 50 to 60%). The sintered porous ceramics work as cathode active materials without any conductive additives in alkaline solutions. The discharge performance changes depending on the x value in Ca 1 − xLa 2x 3 MnO 3 − δ and the kind of alkaline solution. The discharge capacity is 225 mAh g −1 (810 C g −1) for the x = 0.1 sample in 5% LiOH solution. This is comparable to that of the real cathode mixture composed of MnO 2 and graphite in alkaline manganese batteries.

Effect of mercury reduction of dry batteries on mercury emissions from municipal incinerators in the Ward area of Tokyo, Japan

The types and mercury content of dry batteries in municipal solid wastes and the behavior of mercury emissions from a municipal incinerator were investigated in the Ward area of Tokyo, both when a reduction in the mercury content of dry batteries had just commenced and when reduction had been completed. Most of the dry batteries in the wastes were cylindrical (the manganese batteries and the alkaline manganese batteries). The number of manganese batteries, which contained less mercury than the alkaline manganese batteries, accounted for ∼ 70% of the dry batteries in the wastes. The number of R6 and LR6 type batteries accounted for ∼ 60–70% of the manganese batteries and the alkaline manganese batteries, respectively. The mercury content of the manganese batteries and the alkaline manganese batteries were reduced successively and have been reduced to zero since 1991 and 1992, respectively. The reduction in mercury content of the dry batteries was very effective in reducing mercury emissions from the municipal incinerator: the mean mercury concentration was reduced from 0.25 to 0.08 mg/Nm 3, the baseline concentration was reduced from 0.10 to 0.04 mg/Nm 3 and the frequency of high mercury concentrations of > 0.3 mg/Nm 3 were significantly decreased.

Recovery of zinc and manganese from spent batteries

The necessity of recycling spent batteries in order to recover metals and to protect the environment is emphasized. Some experiments have been made to develop a hydrometallurgical process for metal recovery in alkaline manganese batteries. The components are easily separated: zinc can be electroplated and manganese(II) can be oxidized to dioxide; Mn(IV) is solubilized in acidic hydrogen peroxide and reprecipitated by bases.

The recovery of metals from spent alkaline-manganese batteries: a review of patent literature

The aim of this review is to enquire into the development of processes and plants for the recycling of spent alkaline-manganese batteries. This product, which is classified as toxic and noxious because of its content of heavy metals, especially mercury, is now being collected and sent for treatment. Though the problem is only a very recent one, many patents and some plants utilising pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes have been built in this period.