Hydrogen Peroxide In Alkaline Solution Research Articles

Pharmacological Activities of Warm Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Solution and Therapeutic Potential in Medicine: Physical-Chemical Reprofiling as a Promising Lead for Drug Discovery

Abstract: The traditional use of antiseptics, chemotherapeutic, expectorant, mucolytic drugs, and oxygen gas by artificial ventilation does not effectively eliminate hypoxemia in sputum, mucus, pus, and blood asphyxia in COVID-19. The emergency conversion of sputum, mucus, pus, and blood into oxygenated foam inside the airways utilizing the enzyme catalase and warm alkaline hydrogen solutions (WAHPSs) is proposed as a promising area for new therapeutic development.. The possibility of physical-chemical repurposing of hydrogen peroxide from an antiseptic in pyolytics, mucolytics, hemolytics, and oxygen-producing antihypoxants by con-verting a cold, acidic non-carbonated drug into an oxygen-saturated WAHPS and its intrap-ulmonary injection is pointed out as a way to solve this problem. The possibility of medically enriching blood oxygen in hypoxemia by catalase cleavage of hydrogen peroxide when WAHPSs are administered orally as energy drinks or directly into the blood as injections is pointed out. The fact is that virtually all human tissues are rich in catalase, which immediately breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. Inhalation and/or intrapulmonary injections of WAHPSs have been shown to provide intra-airway interaction with catalase in sputum, mucus, pus and/or blood and releases oxygen gas, which foams the biological masses, is absorbed into the blood and eliminates hypoxemia. Thus, the physical-chemical repurposing of known drugs can be considered a promising direction for the discovery of new drugs. Value of the data: 1) Why are these data useful? These studies indicate that the enzyme catalase, which is present in many tissues of animals and humans in both normal and disease, can be employed to enrich the tissues with oxygen and eradicate hypoxia when hydrogen peroxide solution is injected into them.. 2) Who can benefit from these data? Mountaineers, divers, submarine sailors, miners, astronauts, traumatologists, resuscitators, car-diologists, transplantologists, pulmonologists, obstetricians and gynecologists, emergency phy-sicians, EMERCOM personnel, and medical workers, providing emergency medical care in cases of smoke in rooms, lack of oxygen in the inhaled air, drowning, bronchial asthma attack, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and asphyxia can use the data presented in this article. 3) How can these data be used/reused for further insights or development of experi-ments? These data can be used to develop new antihypoxants, to improve methods of increasing the organism's endurance to hypoxia, methods of organ and tissue preservation, methods of ische-mia treatment, methods of emergency medical care in urgent conditions, methods of ARDS treatment and standards of medical care.

Hypoxic irreversible brain cells damage, associated risk factors and antihypoxants

It is reported that in the final stage of many diseases the immediate cause of biological death in humans and warm-blooded animals is hypoxic irreversible damage to brain cells. This explains the fact that to prevent biological death in all critical conditions without exception, inhalation with breathing gases containing oxygen has long been successfully used. This is also why oxygenation of the blood is considered one of the main conditions for preserving human life in all critical situations and forms the basis of emergency medical care in the intensive care unit. However, inhalation of oxygen gas and increasing blood oxygen saturation should be carried out as early as possible, and more precisely — before the onset of the stage of hypoxic irreversible damage in brain cells. The fact is that after the onset of irreversible da­mage brain cells die even in the presence of oxygen. In this connection, the mechanisms of adaptation of the organism to oxygen deficiency play a great role for longer preservation of brain cells viability and human life in conditions of hypoxemia. In order to increase resistance to hypoxemia, antihypoxants are traditionally used. But they can preserve the viability of brain cells not always, but only if they are introduced into the body before the onset of hypoxic irreversible damage to brain cells and in the case of unused reserves of adaptation to hypoxemia in the body. Risk factors of hypoxic irreversible damage of brain cells are indicated, among which excessively long duration of hypoxemia and hyperthermia are emphasized. It is shown that the most important circumstance for the development of hypoxic irreversible damage of brain cells is not so much the degree of hypoxemia as the degree of hypoxia of brain tissue and its duration, which exceeds the period of human resistance to hypoxia. It has been shown that human resistance to hypoxia can be assessed using the Stange test. It has been reported that fever and local cerebral hyperthermia decrease, and hibernation and local cerebral hypothermia increase, the resistance of brain cells to hypoxia. In this regard, recommendations not only to eliminate fever and local inflammatory processes in the head, but also recommendations to reduce brain temperature are highly appropriate to improve resistance to hypoxia. It is pointed out that among the methods of local therapeutic hypothermia, targeted temperature management is the most advanced. In addition, it is reported that in recent years a new group of promising antihypoxants — alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide — has been created. It is shown that hydrogen peroxide is able to decompose very quickly into water and oxygen gas under the action of catalase, which is found in all tissues. The peculiarities of using alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide as antihypoxants we all have to study in the future.

Fractionation of Winemaking Grape Stalks by Subcritical Water Extraction to Obtain Added-Value Products.

Grape stalks (GSs) from winemaking were submitted to a green process to valorise its lignocellulosic biomass that applied subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 170 °C and 180 °C to obtain active extracts and cellulose-enriched fractions. The sum of the total phenolic content of the soluble extract and the solid residue fractions from the SWE exceeded that of the GS, which suggests the generation of compounds with antioxidant properties through SWE. All SWE fractions showed high antioxidant power. The increased temperature promoted the extraction of polyphenolic compounds, enhancing the antioxidant power of both extracts and solid residues. These solid residue fractions were bleached with alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions (4 and 8% v/v) to purify cellulose. After two bleaching cycles, no notable delignification progress was observed, as the bleaching yield or whiteness index did not significantly change in the further cycles. The first bleaching cycle led to a significant reduction in the lignin content at both SWE temperatures. The cellulose purity was higher in the samples obtained at 170 °C and bleached with 4% alkaline hydrogen peroxide. SWE at 180 °C led to greater cellulose oxidation during the bleaching step regardless of the hydrogen peroxide concentration.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Kayu Manis Cinnamomum Burmannii dan Larutan Alkalin Peroksida sebagai Pembersih Basis Gigi Tiruan Nilon Termoplastik terhadap Stabilitas Warna

The background of this study is to evaluate the effect of soaking the base of thermoplastic nylon dentures in cinnamon extract Cinnamomum burmannii and alkaline peroxide solution on color stability, considering the importance of maintaining denture hygiene with safe and effective cleaning agents. This study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of thermoplastic nylon denture bases after immersion in Cinnamomum burmannii 20% cinnamon extract, alkaline peroxide solution, and distilled water for 4 and 8 days. This research is a laboratory experimental research. This study was conducted with Post-Test Only Control Group Design, which is research with treatment on one or more groups whose final results are compared with the control group, that the colour stability of thermoplastic nylon denture bases after immersion in Cinnamomum burmannii 20% cinnamon extract and alkaline peroxide solution had similar mean ΔE unit values, namely 2.45 ΔE ± 0.27 and 2.24 ΔE ± 0.28 for 4 days, and 2.87 ΔE ± 0.19 and 2.58 ΔE ± 0.30 for 8 days. While immersion in distilled water showed lower mean values of ΔE units, namely 1.17 ΔE ± 0.10 and 1.35 ΔE ± 0.29. Statistical test results showed that there was a significant effect on colour stability (p = 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between cinnamon extract and alkaline peroxide solution, either for 4 days (p = 0.192) or 8 days (p = 0.113).

Effect of Immersion of Denture Base Thermoplastic Nylon in Alkaline Peroxide and 10% Castor Oil (Ricinus Communis Oil) on Color Stability and Flexural Strength

Discoloration and flexural strength of denture bases are important factors affecting the comfort and durability of denture users. This study aims to determine the effect of immersion of nylon thermoplastic denture base in alkaline peroxide solution and 10% castor oil (Ricinus Communis Oil) on color stability and flexural strength. This study used a laboratory experimental design with samples of cylindrical (20 x 2 mm) thermoplastic nylon resin for color stability test and rectangular (65 x 10 x 3 mm) for flexural strength test. There were two study groups: one control group and two treatment groups immersed in alkaline peroxide and 10% castor oil solution, with two time variables, 8 days and 12 days. The total number of samples was 60, with each group having 10 samples. The color stability test used a colorimeter, and the flexural strength test used a universal testing machine. The results showed that there was no effect of soaking the nylon thermoplastic denture base in alkaline peroxide on color stability, with a value of p = 0.412 for 8 days and p = 0.179 for 12 days. In addition, there was no effect of immersion in alkaline peroxide and 10% castor oil on flexural strength, with p value = 0.076 for 8 days and p = 0.917 for 12 days. The implication of this study is that immersion in alkaline peroxide and castor oil solution does not affect the color stability or flexural strength of nylon thermoplastic denture bases, making them safe for long-term use.

A Modified Bleaching Method for Multiplex Immunofluorescence Staining of FFPE Tissue Sections.

Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) staining plays an important role in profiling biomarkers and allows investigation of co-relationships between multiple biomarkers in the same tissue section. The Cell DIVE mIF platform (Leica Microsystems) employs an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide as a fluorophore inactivation reagent in the sequential staining, imaging, and bleaching protocol for use on FFPE sections. Suboptimal bleaching efficiency, degradation of tissue structure, and loss of antigen immunogenicity occasionally are encountered with the standard bleaching process. To overcome these impediments, we adopted a modified photochemical bleaching method, which utilizes an intense LED light exposure concurrent with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Repeated stain/bleach rounds with different antibodies were performed on breast tissue and other tissue sections. Residual signal after conventional bleaching and the modified technique were compared and tissue integrity and antigen immunogenicity were assessed. The modified technique effectively eliminates fluorescence signal from previous staining rounds and produces consistent results for multiple rounds of staining and imaging. With the modified method, photochemical treatments did not destroy tissue sub-cellular contents, and the tissue antigenicity was well preserved during the entire mIF process. Overall processing time was reduced from 36 to 30 hours in an mIF procedure with 8 rounds. With the conventional method, tissue quality was highly degraded after 8 rounds. The new technique allows reduced turn-around time, provides reliable fluorophore removal in mIF with excellent maintenance of tissue integrity, facilitating studies of the co-localization of multiple biomarkers in tissues of interest.

Airway obstruction due to ingestion of sodium polyacrylate: a case report

BackgroundSuper-absorbent polymers (SAPs) possess the ability to absorb large amounts of water and are widely used in medical settings. Commonly used in vomit bags to contain fluids, reduce spillage, and enhance bedside hygiene, SAPs are generally regarded as safe and non-toxic. However, we report a tragic incident where the accidental ingestion of SAPs led to fatal asphyxiation, highlighting a critical safety concern.Case presentationA 76-year-old female suffering from advanced Alzheimer’s dementia was brought to the emergency department following a fall with cervical trauma. Following a complaint of nausea, she was given a vomit bag containing a sachet of approximately 9 g of SAP. Thirty minutes later, she was found deceased in the waiting area, with a grayish, half-hardened gel blocking her oropharynx and remnants of a chewed SAP sachet. Pathological analysis confirmed death by asphyxiation caused by the SAP expanding in her oropharynx upon contact with saliva.ConclusionsThis case emphasizes the potential dangers of SAPs when accidentally ingested and it is imperative that such products are kept out of reach of vulnerable populations. In cases of airway obstruction, there are no specific treatments available. Laryngoscopy may be impossible, necessitating the prompt consideration of an emergency tracheotomy. Experimental data suggest the use of an aerosol of warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution to dissolve these obstructive foreign bodies, but further studies are needed to validate its use in emergency situations.

Warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution as an oxygen-releasing antihypoxic drug: potential benefits and applications.

Warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution as an oxygen-releasing antihypoxic drug: potential benefits and applications.

Catalase: A Potential Pharmacologic Target for Hydrogen Peroxide in the Treatment of COVID-19.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the elderly with COVID-19 complicated by airway obstruction with sputum and mucus, and cases of asphyxia with blood, serous fluid, pus, or meconium in newborns and people of different ages can sometimes cause hypoxemia and death from hypoxic damage to brain cells, because the medical standard does not include intrapulmonary injections of oxygen-producing solutions. The physical-chemical repurposing of hydrogen peroxide from an antiseptic to an oxygen-producing antihypoxant offers hope for the development of new drugs. This manuscript is a meta-analysis performed according to PRISMA guidelines. It is shown that replacement of the traditional acidic activity of hydrogen peroxide solutions by alkaline activity with pH 8.4 and heating the solutions to the temperature of +37 - +42 °C allows to repurpose hydrogen peroxide from antiseptics into inhalation and intrapulmonary mucolytics, pyolytics and antihypoxants releasing oxygen. The fact is that warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution (WAHPS) in local interaction with sputum, mucus, pus, blood and meconium provides optimal conditions for the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas under the action of the enzyme catalase, always present in these tissues. It was established that WAHPS liquefies these biological masses due to alkaline saponification of lipid and protein-lipid complexes and simultaneously transforms dense masses into soft oxygen foam due to active enzymatic metabolism of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas, the rapidly appearing bubbles of which are formed by the type of "cold boiling" and literally explode these masses. The results of the first experiments showed that inhalation and intrapulmonary injections of WAHPS can significantly optimize the treatment of suffocation and hypoxemia. The results showed that catalase, which is found in sputum, mucus, pus, and blood, may be a target for localized WAHPS because this enzyme provides an intensive metabolism of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas up to the formation of the cold boiling process. These data provide a new perspective way for intrapulmonary drugs and new technologies for the emergency increase of blood oxygenation through the lungs in asphyxia with thick sputum, mucus, pus, meconium and blood.

Local Warm Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions and Targeted Temperature Management Improve the Treatment of Chronic Wounds

Introduction: To date, there is no systematic review of the effect of local hypo-, normo- and hyperthermia on the processes of local interaction of antiseptics with dense biological masses covering the surface of chronic wounds. Accelerated and reliable cleansing of the wound surface from purulent masses still remains an unsolved problem of surgery. Methods: 6 inventions were found from beginning to 1986 in databases such as EAPATIS, BYPATENTS, DWPI, DEPATISnet, PATENTSCOPE, Espacenet, RUPTO, USPTO, CIPO, CNIPA, KIPRIS, PatSearch, J-PlatPat, Google Patents and TPO. Due to the small number of inventions, methodological heterogeneity, and differences in the content of their claims, a quantitative meta-analysis could not be performed. Results: The prospects of innovative proposals on the influence of local hypothermia and local hyperthermia on the process of local interaction of antiseptic drug solutions with purulent masses and blood on the surface of chronic wounds have been analyzed. The results of the included studies were presented only qualitatively (descriptively). Conclusion: The first review of inventions presents formulations of invented drugs created by physicochemical repurposing of hydrogen peroxide from antiseptic to pyolytics, mucolytics, hemolytics, expectorants and oxygen-releasing antihypoxants. Warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions (WAHPSs) have been shown to rapidly and reliably dissolve thick purulent masses, blood clots and dried blood spots, turning them into a lush oxygenating foam. Temperature regimes that optimize the sanitizing and washing action of WAHPSs in the treatment of chronic wounds and accelerate hemostasis in parenchymatous bleeding are specified.

Pyolytics as a product of the physical–chemical repurposing of antiseptics and an alternative to larval therapy for chronic wounds

The traditional treatment of chronic wounds involves daily cleansing of the wound surface from purulent necrotic masses using mechanical and medicinal methods, accompanied by regular replacement of wound dressing. In this case, medicinal wound cleansing lasts 10–15 mins from the time of replacement of the old wound dressing with the new one. According to established practice, medicinal sanitation of infected and purulent wounds during dressing involves irrigation of the wound surface with cleansing solutions, antiseptics, and/or antibiotics. In severe cases, the above therapy is supplemented with live larvae of the necrophage fly, which are injected into purulent necrotic masses and left in them under wound dressing until wounds are completely cleansed from pus. Nevertheless, the generally accepted course of treatment of chronic wounds remains ineffective. The use of pyolytics and their supplementation with wound dressings in the form of warm wet compresses, which create a local greenhouse effect in wounds, was reported to accelerate the healing of chronic wounds. Pyolytics are a group of antiseptics developed in Russia. They are warm alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide; when they interact with purulent necrotic masses, these solutions dissolve very quickly and foam them. Because of the interaction with pyolytics, thick purulent masses immediately turn into fluffy oxygenated foam. Pyolytics have been developed because of the physicochemical repurposing of aqueous solutions of sodium hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen peroxide. To accelerate the healing of chronic wounds, a recommendation was to irrigate the surface of chronic wounds with 3% hydrogen peroxide and 2–10% sodium bicarbonate solutions, heated to 37–45°C, which have alkaline activity at pH 8.4–8.5 and are enriched with dissolved carbon dioxide or oxygen (due to excess pressure of 0.2 atm). This study presented the importance of treating chronic wounds using politics and treatment outcomes using pyolytics along with warm moist dressing compresses, demonstrating a wound-healing effect. Consequently, physical and chemical reprofiling of antiseptics may make them effective pyolytics, and the combination of pyolytics with warm wound dressings such as warm moist compresses, which create a local greenhouse effect on wounds, accelerates the healing of chronic wounds.

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions: expectorant, pyolytic, mucolytic, haemolytic, oxygen-releasing, and decolorizing effects

The local action of hydrogen peroxide solutions on such dense biological masses, such as pus, mucus, sputum, and blood clots, is influenced not only by the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide but also by the alkalinity of the solution and the temperature of the interaction medium. Increasing the solutions temperature from 24C26C to 45C55C and its alkalinity from pH 7.0 to 8.48.5 enhances the pyolytic, mucolytic, hemolytic, bleaching, and oxygen-releasing activity of hydrogen peroxide solutions. Simple heating achieves the desired level of hyperthermia, while the addition of sodium bicarbonate provides the indicated alkalinity.
 Hyperthermia, according to the laws of physics, reduces the viscosity of biological masses, increasing their fluidity, permeability to the antiseptic solution, miscibility, and solubility in it. Furthermore, hyperthermia accelerates the rate of chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical processes, according to the Arrhenius law. The elevated temperature of interacting media speeds up the alkaline saponification process of proteins and protein-lipid complexes, which constitute the colloidal basis of biological masses. Additionally, hyperthermia intensifies the enzymatic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas, facilitated by the enzyme catalase present in most biological masses. The released molecular oxygen generates gas bubbles that mimic cold boiling, leading to the explosion of biological masses, transforming them into a fluffy white foam.
 Oxygen in an alkaline environment oxidizes biological pigments, including hemoglobin and its metabolites of different colors, resulting in their discoloration.

Intrapulmonary Use of Hydrogen Peroxide in Respiratory Obstruction: Initial Results Demonstrate the Possibility of Airway Recanalization and Blood Reoxygenation through the Lungs: An Update

It is reported that the interaction of hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate solution with thick sputum, mucus, pus and blood clots leads to their rapid transformation into a fluffy oxygenated foam. This mechanism of action allows repurposing hydrogen peroxide from antiseptic to expectorant and oxygen forming antihypoxant, which can find application for recanalization of airways and increasing blood oxygenation in acute respiratory syndrome. It is reported that acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 can be caused by excessive accumulation of thick sputum, mucus and pus in the airways, which complicates intra-pulmonary oxygenation of blood, causes hypoxia and causes death, since there are no drugs for urgent recanalization of the airways today. At the same time, the first evidence emerged that alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution can claim to be an inhaled expectorant and oxygen-producing drug for urgent recanalization of the airways when they are blocked by mucus, sputum, pus, blood and other colloidal fluid containing the enzyme catalase.

Reprofiling Hydrogen Peroxide from Antiseptics to Pyolytics: A Narrative Overview of the History of Inventions in Russia

Pyolytics are drugs that dissolve thick pus when applied topically. This group of drugs was discovered in early 21st century in Russia as a result of successful repurposing of antiseptics hydrogen peroxide, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride from antiseptics to pyolytics. Prior to this watershed event in pharmacy, the problem of effective treatment of purulent diseases had not been solved. The fact is that before that in the treatment of various purulent diseases mainly antiseptics and disinfectants solutions were used, of which hypertonic sodium chloride solution and 3 - 6% hydrogen peroxide solutions took the leading role as "antipurulent" drugs. However, the use of the known antiseptics and disinfectants solutions provided disinfection of the treated surface, but not dissolution of thick pus masses, as the solutions had no effective pyolytic action. Pyolytic activity, i.e. activity of dissolution of thick pus masses, was fantastically increased in hydrogen peroxide solutions only after the possibility of transformation of "old" drugs into "new" drugs by means of artificial changes in physical and chemical properties of their dosage forms was discovered. The greatest (explosive) effect was achieved by developing warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions enriched with oxygen gas under increased pressure. In chronological order, an overview is given of Russian inventions, which formed the basis for the physicochemical repurposing of hydrogen peroxide solutions into pyolytics as well as the basis of temperature and physicochemical pharmacology and pharmaceutics.

Synthesis of aryloxyacetamides from arylboronic acids and 2-bromoacetonitrile promoted by alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide.

A novel and metal catalyst-free synthesis of aryloxyacetamides from the corresponding arylboronic acids and 2-bromoacetonitrile promoted by alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide has been developed involving an oxidation-reduction of eco-friendly H2O2 with simultaneous reaction ipso-hydroxylation of arylboronic acid and hydration of the nitrile. This protocol is compatible with sensitive substituents attached to the arylboronic acid and provides desired products in moderate to good yields in pure water.

Εffect of cleansers on the composition and mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners in vitro

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of three aligner cleaners on the composition and mechanical properties of two types of orthodontic aligners.Materials and methodsThe cleaners tested were two alkaline peroxide solutions (Retainer Brite—RB; Retainer Cleaner—RC) and one peroxide-free (Steraligner—ST) and the aligners Clear Aligner (C, polyester) and Invisalign (I, polyester–urethane). The aligners were immersed in the cleaner solutions as instructed every day (15 min for RB, RC; 5 min for ST) for a two-week period. The acidity of the solutions was tested with a pH meter. The changes in the chemical composition of the aligners were studied by attenuated total-reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), while Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT) was used for assessment of changes in Martens Hardness (HM), modulus (EIT), elastic index (nIT) and relaxation (RIT).ResultsRB and RC were weakly acidic (pH = 6.3), whereas ST was mildly acidic (pH = 4.8). The ATR-FTIR analysis demonstrated evidence of acidic hydrolysis of C in ST and I in RB. The IIT-derived properties of I were not affected by the cleaners. However, for C a significant change was found in HM (all cleaners), nIT (all cleaners) and RIT (RB, ST). Although the chemical changes support a hydrolytic material deterioration, the results of mechanical properties may interfere with the material residual stresses during fabrication.ConclusionsCaution should be exerted in the selection of aligner cleaners. The mild acidic cleanser was more aggressive to the polyester, whereas an alkaline peroxide to the polyester–urethane aligner.

Synthesis of Benzisothiazole-Azo Disperse Dyes for High Resistance to Alkaline Treatments and Peroxide Bleaching of Polyester and Polyester/Cotton Fabric.

We proposed in this paper to design and synthesize a series of benzisothiazole-based heterocyclic azo disperse dyes with high resistance to alkali and peroxide. These newly synthesized disperse dyes were confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), mass spectroscopy, and a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The resistances to alkali and peroxide were examined by dyeing polyester fabric with these synthesized disperse dyes in sodium hydroxide solution and alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution, respectively. It was found that the disperse dyes having cyano and hydroxyl groups exhibited poor resistance to alkali and peroxide. When the cyano and hydroxyl groups were substituted with ethyl, benzyl, and p-methylbenzyl groups, the synthesized disperse dyes exhibited extremely high resistance to alkali and peroxide. Utilizing the high resistance to alkali and peroxide of synthesized disperse dyes, the polyester suede fabric and polyester/cotton blended fabric could be produced by combining pretreatment with dyeing in one bath. From pilot-plant production based on 1-ton fabric, the one-bath process provided the advantages of saving electric power, steam, water, and man-hour.

Effect of High-Temperature Hydrothermal Treatment on the Cellulose Derived from the Buxus Plant.

Cellulose has attracted considerable attention as the most promising potential candidate raw material for the production of bio-based polymeric materials. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the production of biopolymers based on different cellulose forms. In this study, cellulose was obtained in an innovative and environmentally friendly way, using boxwood powder. Crude cellulose was obtained by treating Buxus powder with an ethanol–acetic acid–water mixture. Refined cellulose was then obtained by treatment with an acidic sodium hypochlorite solution and alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution. The novel chemistry of cellulose prepared by this method promises to be not only green, but also highly desirable, because of its lower emissions and low cost. It is crucial for the future of the global polymer industry. The refined cellulose was subjected to a high-temperature hydrothermal treatment under two temperatures and time conditions, with temperature gradients of 120, 140, and 160 °C, and time gradients of 1, 2, and 3 h. The samples were subjected to infrared and thermogravimetric analyses. The cellulose undergoes dehydration and thermal degradation reactions during the heat treatment process, and the thermal stability of the residual is enhanced, compared with that of virgin cellulose. Between 120 and 140 °C, the hydroxyl and hypomethyl groups on the surface of cellulose are shed. Groups in the amorphous region of the polymer are the first to be shed. The dehydration reaction reduces the number of free hydroxyl groups on the surface of the cellulose molecules. The dehydration reaction was accelerated by an increase in temperature. Between 140 and 160 °C, the β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond begins to slowly break and some furans are generated. The structure of cellulose undergoes reorganization during thermal treatment. The thermal stability of the modified material is greater than that of untreated cellulose.

Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Solution is an Expectorant, Pyolytic, Mucolytic, Hemolytic, and Bleaching Drug for Treating Purulent Diseases, Hematomas and Bruising

It has been established that warm alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide with local interaction with thick pus, mucus, sputum and blood have local pyolytic, mucolytic and hemolytic effects. It was found that the dissolving effect is associated with the alkaline properties of the drug, which are provided by sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate provides the process of alkaline saponification of proteins and protein-lipid complexes. It is shown that hydrogen peroxide intensively decomposes into water and oxygen gas under the action of the catalase enzyme. In turn, catalase is always present in blood, mucus, sputum, pus, fibrous and serous fluid. At the same time, the released oxygen forms gas bubbles that literally tear apart biological masses during cold boiling and turn them into fluffy white foam. At the same time, the appearance of oxygen in an alkaline environment ensures the process of discoloration of biological pigments, such as hemoglobin and its color metabolites. The indicated pharmacological effect of a warm alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide at local interaction is proposed to be used for the treatment of purulent diseases, thrombosis, bruising and hematomas. The technologies of using the drug for urgent restoration of breathing in obstructive purulent bronchitis, for urgent discoloration of the skin and nail plate with bruising and hematoma, as well as for urgent and safe peeling of a bloody bandage from a wound are listed.

The effect of repeated alkali pretreatments on the morphological characteristics of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced epoxy adhesive composite

In this study, the effect of low-concentration (4 wt%) alkali and bleaching pre-treatments on the fibrillation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers were evaluated. The OPEFB fibers were subjected to repeated weak alkali treatment and bleached by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution. Fibrillation was accomplished via mechanical process by a household blender. The obtained cellulose morphology was used to find paper-like sheets that were coated with epoxy resin to produce composites by sheet lamination. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that hemicellulose and lignin were partially removed and fiber dispersion strongly depended on the number of alkali treatment cycles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fibers that underwent 12 alkali treatment cycles presented the most effective fibrillation. In addition, the blender fibrillation of cellulose fibers in a mild (6 wt%) alkali solution required less energy than blending in a neutral aqueous medium and improved fibrillation into nanofibrils. The obtained average diameters of the microfibrils and nanofibrils were approximately 7 μm and 89 nm, respectively. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composites were approximately 3.6 and 20 times higher, respectively, than those of neat epoxy resin. The proposed chemo-mechanical method could facilitate the use of micro-nanofibrils extracted from OPEFB for fiber-based materials and polymeric composites.