Alimentary Mucosa Research Articles

Large intrahepatic duodenal duplication cyst with a preduodenal portal vein

Duodenal duplication cyst is rarely located inside the liver. We present an extremely rare case of a 12-year-old girl with a large intrahepatic duodenal duplication cyst and a preduodenal portal vein. She was incidentally diagnosed with a large liver cyst (6.5 × 6.1 × 3.6 cm) containing air and fluid with a preduodenal portal vein after a systemic computed tomography scan for suspected internal injuries because of a traffic accident. The upper gastrointestinal series revealed that the cyst communicated with the duodenal bulb via a wide stalk. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a large entry hole to the cyst at the duodenal bulb. Biopsy of the inner surface of the cyst revealed that the alimentary mucosa resembled that of the duodenum. She had no symptoms; therefore, continued observation was recommended as the sole management option. This is the third case of this extremely rare condition reported in the literature. This report describes and compares the common features of the three cases. • Duodenal duplication cyst is rarely located inside the liver. • A girl had a large intrahepatic duodenal duplication cyst and preduodenal portal vein. • Only three cases of intrahepatic duodenal duplication cysts have been reported. • There are some common features between these cases. • These features should serve as identification patterns.

Epidemiology of Blackleg Disease in Ethiopia

Blackleg is an infectious bacterial disease of cattle and rarely of other ruminants. This bacteria is caused by Clostridium chauvoei which is an anaerobic, gram positive, motile, rod-shaped bacillus bacterium and persists in the soil as resistant spores. Blackleg is an acute or subacute but chronic disease may occur. It occurs most frequently in animals 6-24 months of age and the disease mainly affects none vaccinated as well as animals in good nutritional condition. It produces persistent spores when conditions are not ideal and spores are highly resistant to environmental factors and disinfectants. Infected ruminants do not directly transmit the disease to other animals. The bacteria enter the body through the alimentary mucosa after ingestion of contaminated feed. Secretion of cytolytic toxins that cause necrosis of vascular endothelia .The toxins are absorbed into the animal’s bloodstream which makes the animal acutely sick and causes rapid death. Economic importance due to blackleg is loss of animals, milk production and draft oxen, and cost for treatment and vaccination. Fatality rate of blackleg in fully susceptible populations approaches 100%. Clinical Signs include lethargy anorexia, reluctance to move lameness and recumbence. When superficial muscles are affected, swelling and crepitus are evident. Cattle found dead of blackleg are lying on the side with the affected hind limb stands out stiffly, bloating and putrefaction occur quickly and bloodstained from exudates, nostrils and anus. The disease can be diagnosed using laboratory diagnosis, Immune Fluorescent, Cell Culture and PCR. Control and prevention relies mainly on vaccination.

DNA of free-living bodonids (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) in bat ectoparasites: potential relevance to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids

Kinetoplastids are flagellated protozoa, including principally free-living bodonids and exclusively parasitic trypanosomatids. In the most species-rich genus, Trypanosoma, more than thirty species were found to infect bats worldwide. Bat trypanosomes are also known to have played a significant role in the evolution of T. cruzi, a species with high veterinary medical significance. Although preliminary data attested the occurrence of bat trypanosomes in Hungary, these were never sought for with molecular methods. Therefore, amplification of an approx. 900-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of kinetoplastids was attempted from 307 ixodid and 299 argasid ticks collected from bats, and from 207 cimicid bugs collected from or near bats in Hungary and Romania. Three samples, one per each bat ectoparasite group, were PCR positive. Sequencing revealed the presence of DNA from free-living bodonids (Bodo saltans and neobodonids), but no trypanosomes were detected. The most likely source of bodonid DNA detected here in engorged bat ectoparasites is the blood of their bat hosts. However, how bodonids were acquired by bats, can only be speculated. Bats are known to drink from freshwater bodies, i.e. the natural habitats of B. saltans and related species, allowing bats to ingest bodonids. Consequently, these results suggest that at least the DNA of bodonids might pass through the alimentary mucosa of bats into their circulation. The above findings highlight the importance of studying bats and other mammals for the occurrence of bodonids in their blood and excreta, with potential relevance to the evolution of free-living kinetoplastids towards parasitism.

Biomarkers of Small Intestinal Mucosal Damage Induced by Chemotherapy: An Emerging Role for the 13C Sucrose Breath Test

Gastrointestinal mucosal toxicity is extremely common following cytotoxic therapies. The alimentary mucosa is particularly susceptible to injury and dysfunction, leading to many debilitating complications. Despite much research, there is currently no single noninvasive biomarker to detect gut injury. Several biomarkers have been investigated in the context of gastrointestinal diseases, which may prove useful in the oncology arena. Identification of a biomarker that is easy to obtain and measure and that accurately identifies mucosal damage would allow for improved patient diagnosis of toxicities and for personalized treatment regimens. In this review, we highlight the effectiveness of urine and breath tests as potential clinically effective biomarkers, with significant focus placed on the emerging role of the carbon-13 sucrose breath test (13C SBT). The 13C SBT provides a simple, noninvasive, and integrated measure of gut function. The 13C SBT also has the potential to monitor gut function in the setting of cytotoxic therapy-induced mucositis, or in the assessment of the efficacy of antimucositis agents.

Pain management in 100 episodes of severe mucositis in children

We aimed to review the pain management in 100 episodes of severe mucositis in children and determine the incidence of associated side effects. Mucositis is a painful, debilitating condition affecting the alimentary mucosa and occurs following many anticancer treatments. Severe pain associated with mucositis may necessitate reductions, delays or termination of anticancer therapy and so intravenous morphine, preferably by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is the treatment of choice. Retrospective review of consecutive episodes of mucositis in children requiring intravenous opioid analgesia over a 3-year period (May 2006-April 2009). In 24/92 (26%) of cases, morphine PCA provided insufficient pain relief and children required adjuvant ketamine therapy. These children had rapidly increasing morphine requirements approaching 1000 mcg/kg/day by day 2 (more than double compared with children on morphine alone), were more likely to be female, and tended to be older (median [IQR] age 12 [6-12] years vs 7 [3-14] years). The addition of ketamine to the morphine PCA appears to be associated with reduced morphine consumption, improved pain scores, causing minimal side effects and no hallucinations. Children with severe mucositis who have escalating morphine requirements may benefit from the addition of ketamine to their morphine PCA.

Analysis of dissemination pathways for poliovirus

Poliomyelitis is an acute disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by poliovirus (PV). In humans, an infection is initiated by oral ingestion of the virus, followed by multiplication in the alimentary mucosa, from which the virus spreads through the bloodstream. Paralytic poliomyelitis initiates from the invasion of the central nervous system by circulating poliovirus, probably via the blood-brain barrier. After the virus enters the central nervous system, it replicates in neurons, especially in motor neurons, inducing the cell death that causes paralytic poliomyelitis. Along with this route of dissemination, a neuron-specific pathway has been reported in humans, monkeys, and PV-sensitive transgenic (Tg) mice carrying the PV receptor (hPVR/CD155) gene. It is important for the efficient virus dissemination to overcome the barriers as follows; i) to access the target tissue, ii) to enter the cells, iii) to reach the place for the replication, iv) to replicate efficiently. PV is easily transferred to humans orally; however, no rodent model for oral infections has been developed. We analyzed the each barrier above, and showed that PV is inactivated by the low pH of the gastric contents in mice. We also demonstrated that type 1 interferon signaling plays an important role in determining permissivity in the alimentary tract. As for the neural pathway, we demonstrated that direct efficient interaction between the cytoplasmic domain and cytoplasmic dynein is essential for the efficient retrograde transport of PV-containing vesicles along microtubules for the hPVR-dependent PV transport. On the other hand, we found that hPVR-independent axonal transport of PV was also observed in hPVR-Tg and non-Tg mice, indicating that several different pathways for PV axonal transport exist.

In situ localization and substrate specificity of earthworm protease-II and protease-III-1 from Eisenia fetida

Recently, the function in fibrinolysis of earthworm proteases has been studied. In our experiments, earthworm protease-II ( EfP-II) and earthworm protease-III-1 ( EfP-III-1) were isolated and purified from Eisenia fetida. As shown by the assay of sections of the earthworm on fibrin plates, the enzymic activity was mainly detected around the clitellum. In the presence of anti- EfP-II or anti- EfP-III-1 serum, the immunological signals of the two isozymes were clearly found in the anterior alimentary mucosa, suggesting that EfP-II and -III-1 are localized and expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. The Michaelis–Menten constant ( K m) for EfP-III-1 reacting with BAEE is smaller (1.7 × 10 −5 M) in comparison with the K m values of other substrates such as Chromozym-Try and -TH (3.3 − 6.0 × 10 −5 M). This indicates that EfP-III-1 is a trypsin-like protein. EfP-II shows a strong trypsin-like, moderate elastase-like and weak chymotrypsin-like serine function. The relative broad substrate specificity of EfP-II and EfP-III-1 is consistent with their localization in the anterior alimentary canal where different micro-organisms and ingested proteins require to be digested.

Epithelium of the Bursa of Fabricius Mucosa

The structure and topography of the Bursa of Fabricius (BF) differs from other central immune organs. Structural components, providing BF function are located in mucosa, which is constantly influenced by antigen stimulation. Therefore the reports, which have appeared recently, indicate that BF may function as a peripheral immune organ. The latter is known to be situated in the alimentary canal mucosa (caecal tonsils, Peyer's patches) and possess peculiar epithelium. The aim of our study was to investigate the structure and cell composition of BF epithelium in chicken, turkey, quails, ducks and pigeons using light and electronic microscopy. The studies have shown that epithelium overlying BF folds is pseudostratified columnar, but between them and in their base it might be cuboidal or columnar. Pseudostratified epithelium consists of columnar cells with a few microvilli on their apical surface, goblet cells, infrequent endocrine cells and macrophages. BF epithelium is spongious due to its infiltration by lymphoid cells. The large quantity of the latter is found in subepithelial connective tissue. Infiltration by lymphoid cells is considered to be typical for the alimentary tract mucosa, where the aggregated lymphoid nodules are situated. Thus, our study supports the thoughts that BF may have function of central and peripheral immune organ.

誘導型シクロオキシゲナーゼ（ＣＯＸ‐２）阻害剤ニメスリド（ＮＩＭ‐０３）の健常者消化管粘膜に対する影響 内視鏡所見を主要評価項目とした二重盲検比較試験

誘導型シクロオキシゲナーゼ（ＣＯＸ‐２）阻害剤ニメスリド（ＮＩＭ‐０３）の健常者消化管粘膜に対する影響 内視鏡所見を主要評価項目とした二重盲検比較試験

Developmental expression of adenosine deaminase in the upper alimentary tract of mice

Abstract The distribution and localization of adenosine deaminase (ADA) was studied during postnatal development of the alimentary tract in mice. There was detectable enzyme activity in all organs examined, but a range of more than 10,000 fold in the relative levels of specific activity was observed among adult tissues. A comprehensive survey of multiple adult tissues revealed that the highest levels of ADA occur in the upper alimentary tract (tongue, esophagus, forestomach, proximal small intestine). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ADA was predominantly localized to the epithelial lining of the alimentary mucosa: the keratinized squamous epithelium that lines the forestomach, esophagus, and surface of the tongue; and the simple columnar epithelium of the proximal small intestine (duodenum, proximal jejunum). Biochemical analysis revealed that ADA was one of the most abundant proteins of these mucosal tissue layers, accounting for 5%–20% of the total soluble protein. Tissue-specific differences in ADA activity correlated both with levels of immunoreactive protein and RNA abundance. The level of ADA activity in the upper alimentary tissues was subject to pronounced developmental control, being low at birth and achieving very high levels within the first few weeks of postnatal life. The appearance in development of ADA-immunoreactivity coincided with maturation of the mucosal epithelium. These results suggest that ADA is subject to strong cell-specific developmental regulation during functional differentiation of certain foregut derivatives in mice.

Occurrence of Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies in the Digestive Epithelium of Fallow Deer (Dama dama L)

Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in the digestive epithelium of fallow deer (Dama dama L) suffering from bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease. Similar inclusion bodies were also found in the ruminal epithelium of fallow deer subjected to overfeeding by supplementary food. Inclusion bodies were not found in the upper alimentary mucosa of clinically healthy deer but were frequently found when these tissues were subjected to autolysis. At electron microscopical studies the inclusion bodies were found to consist of granular protein-like material encircled by a single membrane. Such inclusion bodies may constitute a non-specific degenerative cell response which could be elicited by diverse factors including autolysis.

Canine gastric glycoprotein antigens in early carcinogenesis.

The effect of one single dose of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on the antigenic structures of gastric juice glycoproteins, was studied in dogs. Antisera to glycoproteins of the fetal alimentary canal were raised. Histologic mucosal specimens and glycoprotein fractions of gastric juice which were taken from four dogs during a 15.5-month period after MNNG administration, were examined immunohistologically and by immunodiffusion for the appearance of fetal-like antigens. Fetal-like structures appeared in a stepwise manner in both the acid and neutral glycoprotein fractions of the gastric juice, and showed gradual crossreactivity between macromolecules obtained from gastric juice samples obtained during the observation period. Eight immunizations carried out using physicochemically different glycoprotein fractions of fetal canine alimentary canal mucosa, produced a similar response, thus indicating that the same antigenic structures are incorporated into all mucus glycoproteins, even though they do differ physicochemically. It is suggested that this "omnipotential" incorporation picture could also be found after exposure to MNNG and is, by its nature, typically fetal.

Mycotoxicosis caused by either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol in the diet of broiler chickens

Seven-day-old male broiler chickens were fed either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol at 4 and 16 ppm for 21 days and had reductions of feed consumption and of weight gain. Focal, yellow, oral plaques developed by day 2 and were located around salivary duct openings on the palate, tongue, and buccal floor. The plaques progressed to raised, yellowish-gray crusts which covered ulcers. Microscopically, the ulcers had a base of granulation tissue and inflammatory cells, and the crusts comprised exudate, bacterial colonies and feed components. T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol produced similar effects at these concentrations. Comparable lesions also occurred in chickens fed T-2 toxin at 50, 100, or 300 ppm for 7 days. Six of 10 chickens died in the 300-ppm group which received an average daily exposure of about 10 mg T-2 toxin/kg body weight. In dead chickens, the lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues and alimentary mucosa were necrotic. Necrosis was seen less frequently in the liver, kidney and the feather. Survivors of the 7-day studies had atrophied lymphoid organs and were anemic.

Mycotoxicosis Caused by Either T-2 Toxin or Diacetoxyscirpenol in the Diet of Broiler Chickens

Mycotoxicosis Caused by Either T-2 Toxin or Diacetoxyscirpenol in the Diet of Broiler Chickens. Hoerr, F.J., Carlton, W.W., Yagen, B. and Joffe, A.Z. (1982). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 2:121-124. Seven-day-old male broiler chickens were fed either T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol at 4 and 16 ppm for 21 days and had reductions of feed consumption and of weight gain. Focal, yellow, oral plaques developed by day 2 and were located around salivary duct openings on the palate, tongue, and buccal floor. The plaques progressed to raised, yellowish-gray crusts which covered ulcers. Microscopically, the ulcers had a base of granulation tissue and inflammatory cells, and the crusts comprised exudate, bacterial colonies and feed components. T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol produced similar effects at these concentrations. Comparable lesions also occurred in chickens fed T-2 toxin at 50, 100, or 300 ppm for 7 days. Six of 10 chickens died in the 300-ppm group which received an average daily exposure of about 10 mg T-2 toxin/kg body weight. In dead chickens, the lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues and alimentary mucosa were necrotic. Necrosis was seen less frequently in the liver, kidney and the feather. Survivors of the 7-day studies had atrophied lymphoid organs and were anemic.

The role of magnesium in drownings in the dead sea

1. 1. Following several cases of drowning in the Dead Sea, where hypermagnesemia was a pertinent finding, laboratory animals were used to elucidate the pathophysiology of the drownings. 2. 2. To eliminate aspiration of water into the lungs as being the cause of drowning, Dead Sea water was instilled directly into the stomach. Directly following the gavage with Dead Sea water the animals went into a coma-like state. 3. 3. Healthy animals survived the initial shock, but those with renal insufficiency ( 5 6 nephrectomized) died within minutes. There was an increased urinary excretion of calcium and decreased excretion of phosphate, indicating a possible decrease in parathyroid secretion due to the hypermagnesemia. 4. 4. The state of coma was attributed to the combined elevation of both blood magnesium and bromide. As magnesium on its own or bromide on its own, in the same concentrations as in the Dead Sea water, did not cause the same metabolic changes, it is concluded that the extraordinary composition of the Dead Sea water caused the drastic effects. 5. 5. First there was a chemical destruction of the alimentary mucosa, which caused the influx of the hyperosmotic water. This is rectified if the kidneys are physiologically functional.

Light and electronic microscopic studies of the changes in the intestinal mucosa of gnotobiotic calves infected with a wild rotavirus

SummaryExperimental infection of four gnotobiotic calves by a rotavirus isolated from the faeces of diarrheic calves caused non-fatal diarrhoea without dehydration. Lesions of the alimentary mucosa appear well before the onset of diarrhoea and are characterized by a release of mucus in the anterior part of the intestine. By the time diarrhoea begin, different types of rotavirus particules are present in the enterocytes of the mucosa, and mucus contents of distal intestine are affected. At this stage of the disease, the virus causes epithelial cells in the small intestine to desquamate and changes the secretion of mucus in the small as well as the large intestine. The very intense virus multiplication is completed within 18 h. Intracellular rotavirus disappear very quickly after the onset of diarrhoea, and cannot be detected even during the acute phase of the disease. Regeneration of the mucosa takes place slowly, and the cellular and structural lesions are still visible more than 4 days after the diarrhoea stopped.

Methylation analysis of the major gangliosides of the human alimentary mucosa

The five major gangliosides of the human alimentary mucosa were purified with silicic acid column chromatography and with thin-layer chromatography. The linkages in the carbohydrate portion were analysed by permethylation with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A succesful analysis of the linkages of two hematosides and three tetraglycosylceramides was performed. Two of the tetraglycosylamides had a galactosamine in their chain and one had a glucosamine.

Gangliosides of the human gastrointestinal mucosa

Gangliosides of the human alimentary mucosa were purified and analysed with thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The content of ganglioside neuraminic acid was 0.16 μmol/g dry weight in the stomach, 0.07 μmol/g dry weight in the small intestine and 0.11 μmol/g dry weight in the large intestine. Mono- and disialosylhemosides were the major gangliosides, on a molar basis 68% of the total found in the stomach and 44% of the total in the small and large intestine. Considerable amounts of more complex gangliosides were found, especially in the small and large intestine, in which the molar content of tri- and tetraglycosylgangliosides containing galactosamine made up 38% of the total. Two glucosamine-containing gangliosides were also found, the probable structures of which were mono- and disialotetraglycosylceramide. The presence of the latter is reported for the first time.

Epithelial Cell Migration in the Alimentary Mucosa of the Suckling Pig

SummaryThe small intestinal villus epithelium in day-old pigs was replaced in 7-10 days, while that in 3-week-old pigs was replaced in 2-4 days. Decreased replacement time with age was associated with an increase in crypt depth and a decrease in villus length. Epithelia in the large intestine were also replaced more slowly in day-old than in 3-week-old pigs. Squamous epithelia in esophagus and stomach were replaced at similar rates in both age groups.

Occurrence of Choline-Esterase in Swine

SummaryThe choline-esterase activities of various swine organs and tissues were measured, and particularly high activities were observed in the cases of the lachrymal and salivary glands, the fallopian tubes, alimentary mucosa, and the medulla oblongata.The authors wish to thank E. S. Ring, D. V. M., and Mr. A. Jaejer of Swift and Co., Kearny, N. J., for their cooperation in supplying the animal material used in this investigation.