Alignment Phase Research Articles

Bird flock effect-based dynamic community detection: Unravelling network patterns over time

Community structure is essential for topological analysis, function study, and pattern detection in complex networks. As establishing community structure in a dynamic network is difficult, it gives a unique perspective in many interdisciplinary fields. Many researchers have explored the challenging technique that requires parameter specification and optimization for quality result. This study proposed an eco-system conceptual framework based on bird flock effect. Relying on the natural law of rule, we designed a dynamic community detection named DCDBFE. The design of algorithm was based on the three basic rules of bird flock: separation, alignment, and cohesion phase. Then, we provide an explanation of similarity measure used between vertices to identify the modules attraction. DCDBFE employs an incremental community detection approach to repeatedly detect communities in each network snapshot or time step. The contributions are obtained for high quality community detected, free-parameter and well stability. To test its performance, extensive experiments were conducted on both synthetic and real-world networks. The outcomes demonstrate that our approach can effectively find satisfaction from each time step by comparison with the other well-known algorithms.

Inner-Core Humidification and Prelandfall Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Mekkhala (2020) in Strong Vertical Wind Shear

Abstract A numerical simulation was conducted in this study to investigate the physical processes governing the unusual rapid intensification (RI) of Typhoon Mekkhala (2020) under strong vertical wind shear. The vortex tilt exhibited a gradual decrease from approximately 70 km to below 10 km over a period of six hours prior to and following the onset of the RI. Nevertheless, due to substantial midlevel ventilation, the storm intensity exhibited only slight variations in the early phase of the vortex alignment, six hours prior to the RI onset. The RI occurred subsequent to the precipitation within the inner core becoming increasingly axisymmetric as the stratiform clouds developed cyclonically. The precipitation axisymmetrization was found to be closely associated with inner-core humidification in the left-of-shear and upshear quadrants, occurring three hours before the RI onset. As previously documented, horizontal vapor advection greatly influenced the moistening process. A new finding of this study was that the “showerhead effect”, namely, moistening due to sublimation from stratiform clouds and evaporation from stratiform rain, could be predominantly conducive to the humidification of the inner core compared to horizontal vapor advection. Another noteworthy finding in the tangential wind budget was that the eddy radial vorticity flux contributed negatively and positively during the pre-RI and RI of Mekkhala, respectively, in conjunction with the dominant positive contribution resulting from the mean radial vorticity flux.

Locking Alignment of Liquid Crystal Actuators Using Hydrogen Bonds to Enable Room‐Temperature Shape Programmability and Enhanced Work Capacity

AbstractSoft actuators that mimic the softness and deformability of living organisms have great potential for use in various fields. For most soft actuators, achieving both reprogrammable shape and high work capacity is crucial but challenging. These properties are mutually exclusive for liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), an important type of soft actuators. Herein, a room‐temperature shape‐programmable LCE capable of high‐energy actuation is developed. Our approach utilizes hydrogen bonds to stabilize the aligned liquid crystal phases. The slow recovery of H‐bonds at room temperature provides a specific processing window, during which the sample shape can be programmed after the thermal treatment. The temperature‐dependent rearrangement of hydrogen bonds allows for fabrication of actuators with customized shapes in a facile do‐it‐yourself manner. Additionally, the integration of strong covalent cross‐links is vital for holding structural integrity. The combination of non‐covalent and covalent cross‐linking significantly improves the mechanical properties, enabling the actuators to perform reversible actuation with a work capacity (440 kJ m−3) higher than that of traditional LCEs (<100 kJ m−3). This study provides a turnkey strategy to address the conflict between shape reprogrammability and work capacity, advancing the development of soft actuators.

Orthodontic treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate from birth through maturity

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital anomalies, requiring lifelong care by a team of craniofacial specialists. A key member of that team is the craniofacial orthodontist, who provides treatment for these patients throughout the lifetime. This care actually begins prenatally, when families first meet with a craniofacial team. The family is provided with resources to prepare for their child's arrival and counseled about future treatment. Presurgical infant orthopedics (PSIO) will usually begin within a week of birth and continues for 3–5 months. PSIO helps approximate the lip and alveolar segments and reshapes the nostrils to facilitate primary surgical repairs. This is followed by a phase of monitoring growth and dental development throughout childhood, as patients with CLP are at increased risk for dental anomalies. Once the maxillary canine roots are one-third developed, the patient will be prepared for secondary alveolar bone grafting. This may include expansion, alignment, and/or maxillary protraction via facemask therapy. A short phase of maxillary dental alignment might follow if functional or esthetic concerns arise. Comprehensive orthodontic treatment is then performed at skeletal maturity, and coordinated with orthognathic surgery when indicated. The orthodontist and surgeon will collaborate closely in planning and managing the surgical correction. It is crucial that each stage of orthodontics is followed by an appropriate retention protocol. Finally, surgical and esthetic finishing procedures take place after surgical orthodontics is complete. This may include surgery to address lip, nose, speech, and breathing concerns, as well as definitive dental restorations.

Surprising Dynamics Phenomena in the Diels-Alder Reaction of C60 Uncovered with AI.

We performed an extensive artificial intelligence-accelerated quasi-classical molecular dynamics investigation of the time-resolved mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction of fullerene C60 with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene. In a substantial fraction (10%) of reactive trajectories, the larger C60 noncovalently attracts the 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene long before the barrier so that the diene undergoes the series of complex motions including roaming, somersaults, twisting, and twisting somersaults around the fullerene until it aligns itself to pass over the barrier. These complicated processes could be easily missed in typically performed quantum chemical simulations with shorter and fewer trajectories. After the barrier is passed, the bonds take longer to form compared to the simplest prototypical Diels-Alder reaction of ethene with 1,3-butadiene despite high similarities in transition states and barrier widths evaluated with intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations. C60 is mainly responsible for these differences as its reaction with 1,3-butadiene is similar to the reaction with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene: the only substantial difference being that the extra methyl groups double the probability of the prolonged alignment phase in dynamics. These additional calculations of C60 with 1,3-butadiene could be performed via active learning more easily by reusing the data generated for the other two reactions, showing the potential for larger-scale exploration of the effects of different substrates in the same types of reactions.

Optimized magnetic properties of a Terfenol-D alloy in an extended temperature range using a high magnetic field

Tb–Dy–Fe alloys are among the most suitable magnetostrictive materials for high-power transducers. Optimizing magnetic properties in an extended temperature range could ensure the stable operation of transducers. In this work, a high magnetic field is applied to the directional solidification of Tb–Dy–Fe alloys. We study the microstructure, crystallographic orientation, magnetic susceptibility, crystal structure, and magnetic domain of samples. When the content and alignment of the magnetic phase along with crystallographic orientation remain basically invariant, the magnetic susceptibility of samples increases with the magnetic flux density of the high magnetic field throughout the temperature range from 273 K to Curie temperature (T C). At 4 T, the maximum magnetic susceptibility is increased by ∼ 40% compared with the sample without a high magnetic field applied, and the advantage is maintained in the range ∼ 300 K. Analysis shows that the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility is not due to the change in crystal structure, as commonly believed, but to the highly ordered alignment of magnetic domains. This research provides a new method for improving the temperature properties of magnetic materials using a high magnetic field.

Assessment of Various Archwire Materials and Their Impact on Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes.

Aim Orthodontic treatment relies heavily on the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of archwire materials to achieve optimal outcomes. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity, as well as the surface characteristics, such as surface roughness and frictional properties, of different archwire materials. Methods Four types of archwire materials, stainless steel, nickel-titanium (NiTi), beta-titanium, and esthetic archwires, were subjected to mechanical testing and surface analysis, with 31 in each group. Tensile testing was conducted to determine the maximum tensile strength, yield strength, and elastic modulus of each material. Surface roughness analysis was performed using profilometry techniques, and frictional properties were evaluated using an orthodontic friction testing apparatus. Results Stainless steel exhibited the highest tensile strength (900 N), followed by beta-titanium (850 N), NiTi (800 N), and esthetic archwire (750 N). Stainless steel also demonstrated the highest yield strength (780 N), followed by beta-titanium (740 N), NiTi (710 N), and esthetic archwire (650 N). The modulus of elasticity was the highest for stainless steel (200 GPa), followed by beta-titanium (170 GPa), NiTi (150 GPa), and esthetic archwires (120 GPa). Surface roughness was lowest in stainless steel archwires (mean Ra value of 0.25 µm), leading to reduced frictional resistance, whereas esthetic archwires exhibited the highest surface roughness (mean Ra value of 0.40 µm) and frictional forces. Significant differences in the mechanical properties and surface characteristics were observed among the materials (p < 0.05). Conclusions The choice of archwire material significantly influences orthodontic treatment outcomes by affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of tooth movement. Stainless steel and beta-titanium wires are ideal for high-stress applications, providing the robust mechanical strength necessary for complex movements. In contrast, NiTi wires, with their superelasticity, offer consistent and gentle forces, enhancing patient comfort and accelerating the alignment phase. Esthetic archwires, while visually appealing, often compromise mechanical performance, potentially prolonging treatment duration.

Generalized zero-shot learning for classifying unseen wafer map patterns

A data-driven approach for classifying defect patterns in wafer maps is crucial for automating the quality assurance process during semiconductor fabrication. Existing works have proposed machine learning-based methods to accomplish this important problem. However, many of these approaches assume model training from a supervised learning perspective, in which a substantial number of annotated wafer maps, each with its actual defect pattern, need to be available. Due to the cost and time required to generate such an annotated dataset, recently a few works started to explore the problem of identifying previously unseen defect patterns. However, the methods proposed in those works are able to only detect the presence of unseen defect patterns without identifying what those defect patterns are. To address this issue, this paper introduces a generalized zero-shot learning (GZSL)-based framework capable of classifying and identifying both seen and unseen defect patterns. It consists of a visual feature extraction phase based on semi-supervised contrastive learning (CL), a clustering phase using distance-based initialization, and an alignment phase based on the Wasserstein-Distance-based Visual Structure Constraint method. Our framework further reduces the need for expensive annotated datasets previously required to train supervised learning-based models, thereby improving the practicality of the data-driven approach for wafer map pattern classification. Furthermore, our framework introduces an effective way of incorporating additional semantic information in wafer map pattern classification that traditionally relied on training models solely from wafer maps. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, our work is the first work to adopt GZSL in wafer map pattern classification.

Off-axis telescope misalignment correction based on defocus spot moment features

Optical mirror misalignments, which are caused by assembly mistakes and changes in the surrounding environment (such as gravity, temperature, and atmosphere), degrade the system’s imaging performance. Therefore, active misalignment correction is essential for ensuring the image quality of the off-axis telescope. In this paper, a novel misalignment correction method without wavefront sensors is proposed. The point spread functions (PSFs) of the system are analytically related to the optical mirror misalignments. On this basis, a fully connected neural network (FCNN) is used to establish the mapping relationship between the misalignments and the discrete orthogonal unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) moment features, which can effectively characterize changes of intensity and geometric of the spot image. The simulation and experimental results in this paper justify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method. This approach offers a low-cost and straightforward technical method for achieving high imaging quality throughout the alignment and observation phases. This approach can prevent the accumulation of errors caused by wavefront detection and the high delay of multiple iterations.

Changes in the alveolar bone morphology among different patterns of incisor inclination during the alignment phase in orthodontic treatment without premolar extraction.

The present study investigated bone remodelling in the upper and lower incisor regions depending on the inclination pattern during the alignment phase of orthodontic treatment (OT). This prospective clinical study included 71 patients undergoing OT without premolar extraction. Cone beam computed tomography scans were taken before and after the alignment phase and the changes in the inclination, alveolar bone height (ABH) and bone thickness (BT) at levels 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 mm starting from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) were determined. Teeth were divided into 'Retroinclination' (lingual crown inclination <0°), 'Proclination-low' (buccal crown inclination between 0° and 5°), or 'Proclination-high' (buccal crown inclination >5°). The alignment phase of OT resulted in ABH loss. The highest ABH loss in the maxilla was observed on the buccal side in the 'Proclination-high' and was 0.71 mm. ABH loss by 1.1 mm was observed in the mandible on the lingual side in the 'Retroinclination' group. The most significant changes in BT by up to 2 mm were observed at levels 6, 8 and 9 mm and these changes exhibited a moderate to strong correlation with the alterations in the inclination of individual incisors. At levels 2, 3 and 4 mm, the highest decrease in BT by up to 0.83 mm was observed on the palatal side of upper incisors in the 'Proclination-high' group. The direction and amount of tooth inclination partially determine changes in the bone parameters during the alignment phase.

Mechanical properties of minerals in lunar and HED meteorites from nanoindentation testing: Implications for space mining

AbstractThis study analyzes the mechanical and elemental properties of lunar meteorites DHOFAR 1084, JAH 838, NWA 11444, and HED meteorite NWA 6013. Utilizing microscale rock mechanics experiments, that is, nanoindentation testing, this research reveals significant heterogeneity in both mechanical and elemental attributes across the mineral samples. Olivines, pyroxene, feldspar, and spinel demonstrate similar compositional and mechanical characteristics. Conversely, other silicate and oxide minerals display variations in their mechanical properties. Terrestrial olivines subjected to nanoindentation tests exhibit increased hardness and a higher Young's modulus than their lunar counterparts. A linear correlation is observed between the H/Er ratio and both plastic and elastic energies. Additionally, the alignment of mineral phases along a constant H/Er ratio suggests variations in local porosity. This study also highlights the need for further research focusing on porosity, phase insertions within the matrix, and structural orientations to refine our understanding of these mechanical characteristics. The findings have direct implications for in situ resource utilization strategies and future state‐of‐the‐art impact models. This comprehensive characterization serves as a foundational resource for future research efforts in space science and mining.

Unusual Structural Insights Revealed by Rheo-SAXS Studies of Nonaqueous Crystalline Gels.

Glycerol is a nonaqueous polar solvent and is of interest in many industrial areas due to its beneficial properties, such as green production and biocompatibility. Our previous works have shown the presence of a fibrillar phase on the microscale that consists of lamellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) crystals containing interstitial glycerol on the nanoscale. The phase is gel-like at room temperature and demonstrates shear-thinning behavior upon application of a shear. Initially, small-angle X-ray scattering coupled with rheology (rheo-SAXS) measurements were performed to elucidate the structural transition of the gel phase under an applied shear, but it became clear that the aging process of the gel has a profound impact on both the gel nanostructure and also the mechanical properties. For younger gels, both the dissolution of SDS crystallites and the alignment of the fibrillar phase were seen. However, in the aged gels, an unexpected foam was formed at shear rates > 700 s-1. The microscopic structure of the foam phase was imaged using polarizing light microscopy and brightfield and darkfield optical microscopy. The nanostructure of the foam phase was investigated using rheo-SAXS. The foam phase was shown to be stabilized by the presence of SDS crystallites at the air-liquid interface, and the stability of the foam is high with foam persisting even t = 3 months after formation. These results highlight the importance of investigating green nonaqueous media and the gel aging process, both of which are interesting not only on a fundamental level but also for a range of industrial applications, from personal care products and cosmetics to food science.

DIFFERENCE IN FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN LIGATURE WIRE AND ELASTIC MODULE” (AN IN VITRO STUDY)

Introduction: The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare the frictional resistance forces generated by slid low friction elastomeric ligatures and stainless steel ligatures wire during leveling and alignment phase. Methods: The testing metal plates consisted of three stainless steel 0.022-in slot size preadjusted brackets of lateral incisor, canine and first premolar. First comparison were the bracket position vertically adhered to the plates. The second one were the canine bracket was adhered as a high canine in 2 mm. The forces generated by wires (0.014-in superelastic nickel-titanium) with the 2 types of ligatures at different bracket position were recorded. Results and Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the frictional force between group A and group B with a p-value of 0.047 which is less than 0.05 level of significance, while there was no statistically significant difference in the frictional force between group C and group D with a p-value of 0.56 which is greater than 0.05 level of significance.

Effortless canine up-righting with super elastic round wire

Addressing dental irregularities and discrepancies in tooth size and arch length often involves intricate decision-making in planning orthodontic treatment for permanent teeth. Ensuring precise alignment of the dental crown's longitudinal axis is crucial for stability and achieving a balanced bite. In the past, orthodontists had to incorporate specific bends in the arch wire to achieve accurate tooth movements. However, with the introduction of the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance (PEA) it was thought to reduce the need for these complex wire manipulations, saving valuable time for clinicians. Rectangular NiTi and stainless-steel wires, along with specific auxiliaries, are commonly employed by orthodontists to correct tilted canines during the levelling and alignment phase, particularly when dealing with issues related to tip and torque using the built-in features of the PEA. Nonetheless, there are instances where these inherent features may prove insufficient due to mechanical inefficiency, prompting the utilization of auxiliary methods to rectify such issues. This article proposes a novel approach - the insertion of super elastic NiTi wire in the ribbon arch mode - to effectively rectify a tilted canine.

Internet Technology-Driven Innovative Research on the Synergistic Development of Helo Culture Communication and Intelligent Tourism

Abstract This study explores the synergistic development between smart tourism and the dissemination of He Luo culture, employing a coupling model to elucidate their interrelation. Through a theoretical analysis, it establishes a connection between He Luo culture and intelligent tourism, utilizing the entropy weight method to ascertain the significance of various evaluation indicators. An assessment framework is constructed based on selected indicators to gauge the progress of He Luo culture and intelligent tourism. The research develops a coupling degree model to examine their collaborative growth, revealing a transition in the integration of the river Luo culture sector and the tourism industry from a phase of minimal alignment to primarily coordinated development from 2014 to 2020. The coupling and integration degree between tourism and culture industries within a city has seen a significant increase, from a low of 0.41736 to a high of 0.61014, marking an improvement of 0.19278. This investigation provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing Chinas economic development through the joint advancement of He Luo culture and intelligent tourism.

Topo-Geometric Analysis of Variability in Point Clouds using Persistence Landscapes.

Topological data analysis provides a set of tools to uncover low-dimensional structure in noisy point clouds. Prominent amongst the tools is persistence homology, which summarizes birth-death times of homological features using data objects known as persistence diagrams. To better aid statistical analysis, a functional representation of the diagrams, known as persistence landscapes, enable use of functional data analysis and machine learning tools. Topological and geometric variabilities inherent in point clouds are confounded in both persistence diagrams and landscapes, and it is important to distinguish topological signal from noise to draw reliable conclusions on the structure of the point clouds when using persistence homology. We develop a framework for decomposing variability in persistence diagrams into topological signal and topological noise through alignment of persistence landscapes using an elastic Riemannian metric. Aligned landscapes (amplitude) isolate the topological signal. Reparameterizations used for landscape alignment (phase) are linked to a resolution parameter used to generate persistence diagrams, and capture topological noise in the form of geometric, global scaling and sampling variabilities. We illustrate the importance of decoupling topological signal and topological noise in persistence diagrams (landscapes) using several simulated examples. We also demonstrate that our approach provides novel insights in two real data studies.

RNA-Seq Data Analysis.

RNA-Seq data analysis stands as a vital part of genomics research, turning vast and complex datasets into meaningful biological insights. It is a field marked by rapid evolution and ongoing innovation, necessitating a thorough understanding for anyone seeking to unlock the potential of RNA-Seq data. In this chapter, we describe the intricate landscape of RNA-seq data analysis, elucidating a comprehensive pipeline that navigates through the entirety of this complex process. Beginning with quality control, the chapter underscores the paramount importance of ensuring the integrity of RNA-seq data, as it lays the groundwork for subsequent analyses. Preprocessing is then addressed, where the raw sequence data undergoes necessary modifications and enhancements, setting the stage for the alignment phase. This phase involves mapping the processed sequences to a reference genome, a step pivotal for decoding the origins and functions of these sequences.Venturing into the heart of RNA-seq analysis, the chapter then explores differential expression analysis-the process of identifying genes that exhibit varying expression levels across different conditions or sample groups. Recognizing the biological context of these differentially expressed genes is pivotal; hence, the chapter transitions into functional analysis. Here, methods andtools like Gene Ontology and pathway analyses help contextualize the roles and interactions of the identified genes within broader biological frameworks. However, the chapter does not stop at conventional analysis methods. Embracing the evolving paradigms of data science, it delves into machine learning applications for RNA-seq data, introducing advanced techniques in dimension reduction and both unsupervised and supervised learning. These approaches allow for patterns and relationships to be discerned in the data that might be imperceptible through traditional methods.

Evaluation of Apical Root Resorption during Alignment Phase of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Prospective Study

Purpose: External apical root resorption (EARR) is a permanent shortening of the root apex, often detected through radiographic imaging, characterized by the loss of the protective outer layer.To evaluate the apical root resorption during alignment phase of fixed orthodontic treatment Method: Prospective Study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontic, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, and Multan from 6th October 2020 to 5th April 2021. The study included a 110 patients aged between 18 and 25 years. The evaluation of External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) was conducted prior to and following the therapy. In order to carry out this assessment, a group of 110 patients underwent periapical radiographs utilizing the paralleling approach. The radiographs were taken at the beginning of the treatment and then again at the conclusion of a three-month research period. Afterwards, the length from the incisal edge to the apex of all incisors was carefully measured using a vernier caliper. The difference in root length, measured in millimeters, between the pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) stages was measured and expressed as a percentage of the initial root length.

Invisible Orthodontics: Ceramic appliance vs Lingual appliance -A patient perception survey

The aim of the study was to analyse variations in patients’ perception on oral health, aesthetic acceptance, pain perceptions and comfort levels in patients who has undergone/undergoing orthodontic treatment by means of two types of invisible orthodontic appliances: fixed lingual metal brackets and fixed buccal aesthetic/ceramic brackets. A comparative survey to assess the patient perception after their initial levelling alignment phase was created via Google form and sent to 25 ceramic labially treated and 25 lingually treated patient. Comfort level, pain perception, speech impediment ,quality of life in patients was significantly better in Ceramic brackets as compared to lingual (p=0.001),Aesthetic perception was significantly higher impact on ceramic (p=0.001) as 72% reported no impact on aesthetics with lingual brackets as compared to 4% in the ceramic brackets. Oral hygiene maintenance: The difference on impact of Oral hygiene maintenance was statistically non- significant between ceramic brackets and lingual brackets (p=0.238).Difficulty while having food was statistically non- significantly between ceramic brackets and lingual brackets.(p=0.448). Patients prefer lingual treatment cause of their esthetic nature and their expectations are higher with lingual treatment which itself is not favorable from a clinicians perspective and it is worth noting that speech disturbances may lead to greater social embarrassment than more or less invisible ceramic brackets.

Effectiveness of olive oil local application in decreasing the period of alignment phase in non extraction orthodontic patients. A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Effectiveness of olive oil local application in decreasing the period of alignment phase in non extraction orthodontic patients. A randomized controlled clinical trial.