Pipeline Alignment Research Articles

Bioinformatics Tools Assist in The Screening of Potential Porcine-Specific Peptide Biomarkers of Gelatin and Collagen For Halal Authentication

Gelatin and collagen are two animal-derived ingredients that are widely used in various industries. Both have distinctive physico-chemical characteristic that made them ingredients of interest for many industrial players to be applied as there are vast arrays of usage in the food, cosmetic and biomedical fields. However, the origin of gelatin and collagen poses ethical and religious concerns, especially for Muslims and Jews who have restrictions on food consumption. Porcine by-products are of concern for religious and health reasons, and there is a demand for precise and reliable detection techniques. The limitation of DNA detection is due to extreme environment in food processing which results in low extractability of DNA. Therefore, peptide-based detection using mass spectrometry is required. However, identify the suitable marker is like searching needle in haystacks. Hence, combination of bioinformatics and mass spectrometry is proposed. This study aims to identify the specific peptide biomarkers by employing bioinformatics technique which can be applied to identify gelatin and collagen sources with the aid of mass spectrometry. In these approach, combination of Petunia Trans-Proteomic Pipeline (TPP, version 5.2.0) and sequence alignment ClustalW were applied to facilitate the MS data (LC-QTOF-MS) and peptide identification. As a result, 69 fasta file of protein sequence from both UniProtKB and NCBInr have been collected, 81 collagen peptides sequence and 118 gelatine peptides has been attainable that have the potential to distinguish different species. In conclusion, in silico protein sequence approaches helps to enable rapid screening of proteotypic peptides that can serve as species biomarkers proficiently.

Urban Flood Mitigation Strategies with Coupled Gray–Green Measures: A Case Study in Guangzhou City, China

The integration of gray and green infrastructure has proven to be a feasible approach for managing stormwater in established urban areas. However, evaluating the specific contributions of such coupled strategies is challenging. This study introduced a novel integrated hydrological-hydrodynamic model that takes into account the layout of low-impact development (LID) facilities along with pipeline alignment and rehabilitation. Reliable results from modeling were used to assess the individual contribution of LID and improved drainage facilities to urban flooding mitigation. We selected a natural island in Guangzhou City, China, as the study site. The results indicate that combining three LID measures, namely green roofs, sunken green spaces, and permeable pavements, can reduce total runoff by 41.7% to 25.89% for rainfall recurrence periods ranging from 1 year to 100 years, and decrease the volume of nodal overflow by nearly half during rainfall events of less than 10-year return period. By integrating LID measures with the upgraded gray infrastructure, the regional pipeline overloading condition is substantially alleviated, resulting in a significant improvement in pipeline system resilience. For urban flooding control, it is recommended to integrate sufficient green space and avoid pipe-laying structural issues during urban planning and construction. The findings may assist stakeholders in developing strategies to best utilize gray and green infrastructure in mitigating the negative effects of urban flooding.

Speed of metal deformation of welded pipe sections in the process of natural tests

It is clear that testing on Menage Charpey samples and other materials, which may not match the durability of pipe walls, does not reflect the real picture of visco-plastic failures, which does not allow the development of a methodology or model for predicting the residual life (failure-free) gas pipelines have a three-year term of operation. At the same time, theoretical and laboratory studies do not always provide sufficient evidence for nutrition, directly related to the reliability and trouble-free operation of pipelines. It is likely that in the laboratory minds of enterprises and scientific foundations, it is important to create and identify all the factors that characterize the growing and widespread use of metal in gas pipelines to represent nature. and testing of cutting gas pipelines with a length of 150-250 m. However, due to the technical complexity of their implementation, in the field Our minds will never again be faced with the need to identify a new set of registration parameters. In addition, the testing of highly labor-intensive procedures, including ensuring the safety of their implementation, requires large material and hourly costs. Serial testing of enclosed pipes in the drains of a specially lined landfill and cutting on this basis is quite consistent with the results of field testing of gas pipelines. Field testing of pipes allows for consistently inexpensive research when testing new types of steel and pipe designs. Therefore, laboratory data need to be verified and necessarily clarified based on the results of pneumatic testing of long-life pipe sections, so that at the present time there is an urgent need to combine laboratory and field tests pipes of the gas pipeline. Such testing is not widespread, but as a result of their experimentation, important information is taken away from the behavior and power of metal in the minds of vantagement and exploitation, those closest to exploitation. Full-scale testing was carried out at a specially trained test site for cutting pipes intended for the construction of main gas pipelines, which made it possible to determine the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the alignment of the model gas pipeline under operating conditions. importance and in minds as close as possible to the operational ones. Analysis of the results of the field (natural) tests is to confirm that from the moment of initiation of the collapse in the central pipe, the fluidity of the main crack (on both sides of the initiator) increases and increases distance approximately 2-3 diameters from the cut, reaching a maximum. Changing the fluidity after tightening the central pipe can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical to the cut in the middle pipe. This is due to the technique of carrying out the experiment and the formation of cracks, including displacements of the cutting edge in the middle of the pipe and various influences on the metal of the pipes in the zone of local tearing. The underlying regularity is that the maximum fluidity is not evident at the crack acceleration stage. It is necessary to note that in order to carry out the experiment, so that the achieved high fluidity of the structure is preserved when the top of the crack enters the final plot. This is ensured by consistent selection of the viscosity of the metal of the central pipe.

Transfer Learning for P300 Brain-Computer Interfaces by Joint Alignment of Feature Vectors.

This article presents a new transfer learning method named group learning, that jointly aligns multiple domains (many-to-many) and an extension named fast alignment that aligns any further domain to previously aligned group of domains (many-to-one). The proposed group alignment algorithm (GALIA) is evaluated on brain-computer interface (BCI) data and optimal hyper-parameter values of the algorithm are studied for classification performance and computational cost. Six publicly available P300 databases comprising 333 sessions from 177 subjects are used. As compared to the conventional subject-specific train/test pipeline, both group learning and fast alignment significantly improve the classification accuracy except for the database with clinical subjects (average improvement: 2.12±1.88%). GALIA utilizes cyclic approximate joint diagonalization (AJD) to find a set of linear transformations, one for each domain, jointly aligning the feature vectors of all domains. Group learning achieves a many-to-many transfer learning without compromising the classification performance on non-clinical BCI data. Fast alignment further extends the group learning for any unseen domains, allowing a many-to-one transfer learning with the same properties. The former method creates a single machine learning model using data from previous subjects and/or sessions, whereas the latter exploits the trained model for an unseen domain requiring no further training of the classifier.

Experimental and numerical investigation on hydrodynamic behavior of a long curved pipeline system with multiple floating bodies in immersion construction

In practice, underwater pipeline needs to be designed into an irregular shape with multiple floating bodies due to special design and construction requirements. The pipeline alignment further increases the difficulty and risk of its immersion construction. With an aim to reduce the potential risk and cost, an in-depth experimental and numerical investigation is carried out using a large-scale wave-current flume and the OrcaFlex software, respectively, for examining the hydrodynamic behavior of a long curved river crossing pipeline system with multiple floating bodies. The results from numerical simulation, site construction, and model experiment are compared to assess the effectiveness of modeling, with an error of less than 5% between different approaches. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to understand the effect of deflate ways of gasbags, flow speed and coordination of hanger ropes. Results show that the irregular structure shape of the pipeline can induce the taut-slack phenomenon of hanger ropes. If the consistency in control of hanger ropes cannot be ensured, large tension could occur in different ropes. The present study provides important theoretical and technical guidance for construction of large-scale immersion systems of irregular shaped pipeline with multiple floating bodies.

Developing a Liquefaction-Related Protocol for the FEED Design Phase of a Pipeline RoW Corridor

Soil liquefaction in the free field usually results in the generation of sand craters and volcanoes, as well as in surface ground cracks due to subsidence and lateral displacements. Technical constructions built on or within liquefiable soils may exhibit liquefaction-induced structural damages due to differential settlements, displacements and/or tilting that may lead to their loss of integrity or operational functionality. Oil and gas steel pipelines are typical examples of infrastructures for which appropriate mitigation measures against liquefaction-induced failures are required. For this reason, it is crucial to assess the soil liquefaction susceptibility along the pipeline Right-of-Way (RoW) and evaluate the deformations that may arise due to the occurrence of liquefaction. Since failure prevention and geohazard area avoidance is always preferable in comparison to the design of demanding mitigation measures of the application of post-failure retrofitting, the present study attempts to formulate a protocol that could: (a) be adopted for assessing the liquefaction potential of the various geological formations crossed by a pipeline RoW and, (b) be employed to assess the likelihood of the expected permanent ground displacement (PGD) along or across the proposed pipeline alignment. The proposed approach has been adopted for the studies performed regarding the Front-End-Engineering Design FEED phase of the onshore part of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which crosses the area of Greece and Albania. It is highlighted that this protocol offers a preliminary combined working approach that mainly integrates desktop study and field surveys that should be used for optimizing the pipeline route and define the distribution of the in-situ measurements.

Cultural Resources Intensive Pedestrian Survey within the Dayton Loop Pipeline Project, Harris and Liberty Counties, Texas

Gray & Pape, Inc., of Houston, Texas, conducted an intensive pedestrian cultural resources survey of jurisdictional portions of survey corridor within a proposed pipeline alignment measuring a total of approximately 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) located in Harris and Liberty Counties, Texas. The pipeline route is on privately-owned property; therefore, a Texas Antiquities Permit was not required prior to survey. In total, the surveyed property totals approximately 2.8 hectares (7 acres) which defines the Area of Potential Effects. The goals of the survey were to establish whether or not previously unidentified archaeological resources were located within the project area, also defined as the project’s Area of Potential Effects, and whether the pipeline alignment would affect any previously identified cultural resources. The lead agency for the project has been identified as the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District. The procedures to be followed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to fulfill the requirements set forth in the National Historic Preservation Act, other applicable historic preservation laws, and Presidential directives as they relate to the regulatory program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (33 CFR Parts 320-334) are articulated in the Regulatory Program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Part 325 -Processing of Department of the Army Permits, Appendix C -Procedures for the Protection of Historic Properties. All fieldwork and reporting activities were completed following accepted standards set forth by the Texas Historical Commission and the Council of Texas Archeologists and in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Fieldwork took place in March 2019 and required 32 work hours to complete. Field investigation consisted of intensive pedestrian inspection, subsurface shovel testing, photographic documentation, and mapping. A total of 20 shovel tests were excavated, of which none were positive for buried cultural materials. No historic structures were identified as a result of survey. Based on the results of the survey, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that no further cultural resources work be required and that the project be cleared to proceed as currently planned.

Quantitative-mechanistic model for assessing landslide probability and pipeline failure probability due to landslides

This paper presents a quantitative-mechanistic model for assessing the probability of failure along pipelines due to their interaction with landslides. The model input parameters include elevation, soil thickness, soil mechanical and hydraulic properties, rainfall and evapotranspiration series, pipeline alignment, and pipe properties. Given that a high level of uncertainty characterizes some of these properties, they can be defined as probability density functions. The landslide occurrence and pipeline failure probabilities in each point are thus estimated by means of Monte Carlo simulations, and these probabilities are mapped to hazard exposure levels using a linguistic scale. Finally, in order to illustrate the capabilities of the model, a pipeline in central Colombia is used as a case study. The model is characterized by its simplicity, its computational efficiency, and its independence from calibration procedures at the slope scale. In this sense, it can be seen as a valuable tool that complements existing methodologies and can provide useful information to support decision-making processes.

Pipe technology and installation equipment for frontier deep water projects

Project perspectives in new offshore districts are targeting water depths of 3000–4500m in open ocean. Field development is often located in the proximity, not far from the toe of the continental slopes. In many circumstances the preferred option for exporting the products is the subsea pipeline, routed across the complex features of the continental slopes. Export pipelines from such fields are therefore large diameter pipes with thick walls to meet deep water strength criteria. Current projects show that material and linepipe technology are at the upper bound of what can be produced within the stringent criteria imposed by the application. Installation implies heavy lay spans that require large vessels as well as high capacity handling and pipe lay equipment. Specific upgrading of existing lay vessels cannot exceed certain limits and proven technology as high strength steel wire cables cannot implicitly provide adequate answers to the needs. Further, in case of huge fields, the development is progressive and the early pipelines include In-Line Structures that allow to accomodate future links to adjacent fields. The challenge is to lay along routes where features and bottom roughness require careful procedures to meet the established targets e.g. specific location of subsea structures in relation to pipeline alignment and their verticality.In this paper new solutions backed by advanced engineering tools are presented and discussed. Attention is paid to the installation of pipelines and heavy structures in ultra-deep water.

Geohazard assessment lifecycle for a natural gas pipeline project

This paper is a walkthrough of the geohazard risk assessment performed for the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) of a planned large-diameter natural gas pipeline, extending from Eastern Europe to Western Asia for a total length of approximately 1,850 km. The geohazards discussed herein include liquefaction-induced pipe buoyancy, cyclic softening, lateral spreading, slope instability, groundwater rise-induced pipe buoyancy, and karst. The geohazard risk assessment lifecycle was comprised of 4 stages: initially a desktop study was carried out to describe the geologic setting along the alignment and to conduct a preliminary assessment of the geohazards. The development of a comprehensive Digital Terrain Model topography and aerial photography data were fundamental in this process. Subsequently, field geohazard mapping was conducted with the deployment of 8 teams of geoprofessionals, to investigate the proposed major reroutes and delve into areas of poor or questionable data. During the third stage, a geotechnical subsurface site investigation was then executed based on the results of the above study and mapping efforts in order to obtain sufficient data tailored for risk quantification. Lastly, all gathered and processed information was overlain into a Geographical Information database towards a final determination of the critical reaches of the pipeline alignment. Input from Subject Matter Experts (SME) in the fields of landslides, karst and fluvial geomorphology was incorporated during the second and fourth stages of the assessment. Their experience in that particular geographical region was key to making appropriate decisions based on engineering judgment. As the design evolved through the above stages, the pipeline corridor was narrowed from a 2-km wide corridor, to a 500-m corridor and finally to a fixed alignment. Where the geohazard risk was high, rerouting of the pipeline was generally selected as a mitigation measure. In some cases of high uncertainty in the assessment, further exploration was proposed. In cases where rerouting was constrained, mitigation via structural measures was proposed. This paper further discusses the cost, schedule and resource challenges of planning and executing such a large-scale geotechnical investigation, the interfaces between the various disciplines involved during the assessment, the innovative tools employed for the field mapping, the classifications developed for mapping landslides, karst geology, and trench excavatability, determining liquefaction stretches and the process for the site localization of the Above Ground Installations (AGI). It finally discusses the objectives of the FEED study in terms of providing a route, a ± 20% project cost estimate and a schedule, and the additional engineering work foreseen to take place in the detailed engineering phase of the project.

Demarcation of Right of Way (ROW) and Re-Installation of Damaged Markers of Transmission Pipeline in Balochistan, Pakistan through Geomatics Technologies: A Case Study of Zarghun to Quetta High Pressure Natural Gas Supply

The alignment of gas pipelines in a rugged terrain has always been a serious challenge around the globe but they can be perfectly aligned with the help of Geo-Spatial technologies. When South Zarghun gas fields were discovered in Pakistan, gas transmission pipeline laying process between gas fields and Quetta city was as challenging task for the Government of Pakistan. Very rough terrain and extreme weather conditions especially in winter season were the two major constraints for the alignment of pipeline. Geomatics survey was essential before transmission pipeline construction work, done twice by private consultant in Pakistan’s local geographic coordinate system. SSGC took decision in 2006 for the construction of pipeline but unfortunately it could not be executed due to law & order situation in Pakistan especially in Balochistan province and later all bench marks of pipeline alignment route were vanished by the locals. In 2012, SSGC again started pipeline construction work on war steps. Previous pipeline alignment survey was converted into existing SSGC’s GIS coordinate system i.e. UTM Zone 42 WGS84 using ESRI ArcGIS software. Identification & re-installation of all bench marks and re-routing of pipeline were done by SSGC GIS survey team with the help of global positioning system (GPS) and satellite data. Finally, right of way (ROW) of transmission pipeline from Zarghun gas fields to Quetta city was designed and produced in the form of GIS map for pipeline construction activities.

줌카메라를 활용한 빗물받이 연결관의 도로함몰 리스크 분석

It is known that sewer problems are the major causes of road cave-in. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk of road cave-in due to storm sewer laterals. We investigated 174 storm sewer laterals using a zoom camera at O-dong area in Seoul. The causes of road cave-in were classified into five cases: breakage of rigid pipe, deformation of flexible pipe, out of pipeline alignment, changing pipe material or changing pipe diameter, and a poor linkage between lateral and sewer. In addition, all defects were sorted into five grades based on the severity rating at storm sewer laterals. In this study, the most fragile pipe materials were found to be concrete pipe and polyethylene pipe, which recorded 2.3 and 1.69 defect rates. With regard to the causes of road cave-in, deformation of flexible pipe has a large influence on road cave-in at present. On a long-term basis, the two causes, out of pipeline alignment and a poor linkage between lateral and sewer, could have more influence on road cave-in.

Initial Alignment of SINS in the Measurement System of Pipeline Position Based on SUKF

Aiming at the large dimensions of state vector and attitude angle periodical change of SINS in initial alignment, The alignment algorithm was presented in initial alignment of pipeline inspect gauge system (PIGs) for pipeline fault location and geometry measurement. The state and observation equation with the attitude angle, the position of the reference point and the velocity as observed vectors is established. Combined with the UKF algorithm, variable scale UKF algorithm (SUKF) is proposed to realize the initial alignment during the pipelines detector working. Comparing with UKF, experiment results showed that the steady-state misalignment of pitch, yaw and roll were 17.5’, 6’and 5’. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective for practical applications.

Design and Implementation of the Airborne Laser Effector for Autonomous Pipeline Alignment

Abstract. High-accuracy beam pointing is one of the key problems in the airborne laser remote sensing of natural gas pipeline leak. In response to the domestic demand for the long-distance natural pipeline leak detection, this study proposes an airborne laser effector for autonomous pipeline alignment based on CH4/H2S detector. Mainly structured on 2DOF serial mechanism, the device under discussion is designed with a control system operated on IPC and PMAC, followed by the design of hierarchical modular software. Once completed, the device is placed for indoors pointing experiments as well as simulated airborne test. The results show the effector can conduct full-angle scan of the pod area, achieve a static measuring precision of less than 0.4m as an alignment point is about 100 meters from the laser and detect leakage in dynamic simulated experiment, which meets with the design requirements. In other words, both the design and control algorithm are proved to be feasible. The effector holds an important engineering value for solving the problem of remote detection of the natural gas pipeline leakage.

원심력철근콘크리트관의 결함에 따른 심각도 평가 -이음부 사례를 중심으로-

Sewer joint-related defect is one of the most common domestic sewer defects along with the lateral pipe problem. However, there are currently no criteria that precisely assess the joint-related sewer defects. Therefore, this study examined the joint-related sewer defects found in domestic circumstances, classified them according to the suggested defect code, and presented the examples of defect pictures. Each defect code was organized as the process of out of pipeline alignment (OPA) which shows the progress in deterioration. Each defect was classified into 5 grades depending on appropriate repair and rehabilitation method. The result of this study is expected to be useful for domestic CCTV inspectors to assess the sewer condition and helpful for managers to make a decision of repair and rehabilitation.

Assessing the presence of hard rock along a gas pipeline alignment with airborne EM

Over the past decades, airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys have mostly been used in connection with mineral exploration and a variety of issues in hydrogeophysical mapping. However, increasingly, AEM is used for a wide range of geotechnical purposes: pollution mapping, geotechnical assessment on road and freeway alignments, bathymetry, and depth to bedrock. We present an investigation using a helicopter-borne transient electromagnetic system along the planned trace of a gas pipeline. Oil and gas pipelines are often buried at a depth of a few meters and the cost of construction depends critically on whether the subsurface is composed of soft sediments that can be easily excavated or hard rock formations that require much heavier equipment and possibly have to be blasted. The aim of the AEM survey was to distinguish between the soft, relatively conductive sediments and the hard, relatively resistive bedrock in the upper few meters of the subsurface. Data were collected with a rather small transmitter moment, but a high repetition frequency that simultaneously allowed high acquisition speed, and reliable data quality. Measurements were inverted with 1D models with both vertical and lateral constraints to produce model sections along flight lines. A novel method of statistical analysis of the set of equivalent models for each inverted model, calibrated against boreholes, improved the estimates of the presence of hard rock along the flight lines.

Estuarine Habitat Assessment for Construction of a Submarine Transmission Line

The present paper describes a submarine survey using the acoustic discrimination system QTC VIEW (Series V) as an exploratory tool to adjust final route alignment of a new pipeline. By using acoustic sound survey as an exploratory tool described in this paper to adjust final route alignment of a new pipeline to minimize the environmental impact caused and ultimately to avoid any mitigation measures. The transmission pipeline extended from the shore line of Abu-Qir Bay, on the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt, out to 70 nautical miles at sea (60 m water depth). Four main surface sediment types were defined in the study area, namely fine sand, silty sand, silt and clay. Results of the acoustic classification revealed four acoustic classes. The first acoustic class corresponded to fine sand, absence of shell debris and very poor habitats characteristics. The second acoustic class is predominant in the study area and corresponds to the region occupied by silt. It is also characterized by intermediate diversity of macrobenthic invertebrate community which is mainly characterized by polychaeta. The third acoustic class is characterized by silt to silty clay. It is characterized by a high diversity of macrobenthic invertebrate community which is mainly polychaeta with an intermediate diversity of gastropoda and bivalvia. The final acoustic class is characterized by clay and high occurrence of shell debris of gastropoda, bivalvia and polychaeta.

Pipeline Alignment Optimization: Automated GIS-Based Approach

The shortest route from home to work may not be the best alternative, and a longer route may be fastest or safest. Hence, the best route reflective of one factor may not be the ultimate best alternative. This paper discusses a geographic information system (GIS)–based application to analyze and rank a number of potential pipeline routes based on accumulated weights of individual segments composing the route. The goal of this application was to automate the process of defining more than one potential route. Designers and stakeholders determine project-specific criteria and assign weighting factors to each. Additionally, individual scores are assigned to each segment in the so-called decision matrix which is a project-specific spreadsheet. The weights and costs are extracted from the decision matrix and imported as attributes for each segment in the GIS pipe network layer based on the unique segment ID. A network analyst routine was programmatically used to identify a number of potential pipeline routes that were then stored in an output feature class and eventually exported to Microsoft Excel, where a summary chart was generated to summarize the findings. The application was used on a test case in the western United States. The application was developed using Visual Basic for Application and ArcObjects and was intended for use in ESRI’s ArcGIS Desktop 9.3.

A Low Power and High Throughput Self Synchronous FPGA Using 65 nm CMOS with Throughput Optimization by Pipeline Alignment

We detail a self synchronous field programmable gate array (SSFPGA) with dual-pipeline (DP) architecture to conceal pre-charge time for dynamic logic, and its throughput optimization by using pipeline alignment implemented on benchmark circuits. A self synchronous LUT (SSLUT) consists of a three input tree-type structure with 8bits of SRAM for programming. A self synchronous switch box (SSSB) consists of both pass transistors and buffers to route signals, with 12bits of SRAM. One common block with one SSLUT and one SSSB occupies 2.2Mλ2 area with 35bits of SRAM, and the prototype SSFPGA with 34 × 30 (1020) blocks is designed and fabricated using 65nm CMOS. Measured results show at 1.2V 430MHz and 647MHz operation for a 3bit ripple carry adder, without and with throughput optimization, respectively. We find that using the proposed pipeline alignment techniques we can perform at maximum throughput of 647MHz in various benchmarks on the SSFPGA. We demonstrate up to 56.1 times throughput improvement with our pipeline alignment techniques. The pipeline alignment is carried out within the number of logic elements in the array and pipeline buffers in the switching matrix.

Factors affecting the use of applied geomorphology maps to communicate with different end-users

Please click here to download the map associated with this article. Geomorphological maps have found widespread application in the hydrocarbons industry, civil engineering, environmental consultancy, and planning. However, a geomorphological map created by academic geomorphologists for applied purposes can be a complex document that requires interpretation and simplification if it is to meet the requirements of the end-user. End-user requirements are variable in scale and detail, being a function primarily of the type of project under consideration. Hence, a large scale geomorphological map for an engineering construction project might contain an inappropriate level of detail for alternative applications such as regional planning or establishing the alignment of an oil pipeline. A methodology for the preparation of geomorphological maps, therefore, has to be sufficiently flexible to meet differing client needs and, whilst each map might be considered ‘bespoke’, general guidelines do need to be established. Aspects of these issues are explored through the process of preparing a geomorphological map for landslide hazard assessment on the coast of Dorset in England. The original field mapping scale was 1:1,000 and a suite of maps showing morphology, geomorphology and landslide hazard is presented at this scale. The paper discusses symbol choice and differentiation for monochrome output and compares the use of colour symbols and fills, giving the geomorphologist the option of presenting the mapping results in greater detail and the cartographer more design choices.