Alien Workers Research Articles

Migrant youth identities as performances: dress codes and styling in Thai multi-ethnic education

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on clothing policy in schools as a means to understand the Thai state’s management of diversity as well as the ways in which young migrants navigate their belongingness within the state discourse of nationalism. Because of its diverse migrant student population, a Thai state school proclaims itself a multicultural institution and instructs its students to wear ‘national clothes’ (chut pracam chat) every Tuesday. This policy enables migrant children to enter a cultural sphere where Burmese migrants are excluded, but, ironically, the very same clothes simultaneously stamp them as raeng-ngan tangdao, literally translated as ‘alien workers’. Young migrants devise strategies to downplay their alterity in public spaces and question the idea of belongingness and authenticity. Their dress practices reveal theatrical and fleeting performances of identity. But they neither fully assimilate to national standards nor assert completely distinct identities.

A Comparative Analysis of the Denizen Space Seorae Village and Margizen Space in the World City of Seoul and the Life Space of Seoul

It works change Urban Systems and Spatial Structure of Big City with changing in Transnationalism moving with emigration’s stream depend on Development of Imformation and Communication and Mobility, transfer of Capital and Surplus labor. With inflow an alien worker as a biginning after 1990’s In Korea, there is transsnational social space building alien town and street by the increasing alien with diversing objective In Seoul. Transsnational social space build up through upper circuits and survival circuits as distinguished migration circuit. This Study is “founding Differences with the process and the regional characteristics of Urban Space Formation and relationship of a local resident and a local policy to analyze Seorae town and Korean-Chinese’s town through concepts of Social Space Theory and World City Theory with a focuss on residence formation and residence selection.

Improvement Plans for Deportation of Illegal Stay Alien Workers

국내 체류 외국인의 수는 2019년 9월 말 기준 245만 명을 넘어섰으며 그중 전체 외국인 체류자의 약 15.5%인 38만여 명이 불법체류자이다. 국내 불법체류 외국인 수는 매년 증가하고 있으며 그에 따라 강제퇴거외국인의 단속도 강화될 수밖에 없다. 하지만 그로 인하여 불법체류외국인의 강제퇴거절차에 있어서 크고 작은 문제들이 발생하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 출입국관리법상의 강제퇴거절차를 검토하고, 대한민국에 거주하고 있는 외국인의 법적지위를 살펴본 후 불법체류외국인 강제퇴거 절차의 문제점들에 대한 개선방안을 제시한다. 첫째, 법적 전문자격을 갖춘 독립된 보호명령서 발급기관을 창설하여야 한다. 둘째, 현재 무기한 보호제도에서 보호기간을 30일로 한정하여야 한다. 셋째, 장기 보호되는 강제퇴거 대상자에 대한 송환비용 마련 방안으로 “귀국보장 수수료”제도를 도입하여야 한다. 넷째, 외국인의 인권보호를 위해 출입국관리공무원에게 정기적인 인권교육을 실시하여야 한다.The number of foreign residents in Korea had exceeded 2.45 million by the end of September 2019, while about 15.5% of the residents, 380,000 people, are counted as illegal aliens. The number of foreigners staying illegally in Korea is increasing every year, and accordingly, the crackdown on the illegal aliens is bound to intensify. At the same time, however, the current situation causes various problems in the execution of the deportation process. In this paper, the current deportation procedure under the Immigration Control Law and the legal status of foreign residents in South Korea were examined. Based on these findings, this study suggested four following improvement plans for deportation of illegal stay alien workers in South Korea. First of all, an independent protection order issuing agency with legal qualifications needed to be established. Secondly, the current indefinite protection system needed to be modified into 30 days. Thirdly, the Return Guarantee Fee System is suggested to finance the cost for long-term protected deportees. Lastly, regular human right education of public officials is needed to ensure the human rights of foreigners.

Facing death: How does the subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) deal with corpses?

Social insects display a range of sophisticated behaviors to deal with cadavers, which together act to guarantee the health and social homeostasis of their colonies. In termites, cadaver management involves an entire repertoire of activities, such as antennation, grooming, retreat, alarm and agonistic behaviors. We performed different bioassays to evaluate whether postmortem-age, origin and caste of a cadaver influence the behavior of Coptotermes gestroi. Quantitative analyses of corpse management behaviors indicated that C. gestroi is able to discriminate the origin and caste of cadavers. Cadavers of worker nestmates were preferentially cannibalized while corpses of alien workers were buried. In addition, soldiers that had been dead for 24hours were buried while freshly dead soldiers were either buried, consumed or ignored, indicating a plastic behavioral response that depends on postmortem age. Corpse consumption is an important component of corpse management repertoire because this process eliminates contaminant and enables nutrient recycling. The physical isolation of the termite corpse through burial after grooming also helps to prevent other colony members from contacting the cadaver, further mitigating against the potential spread of disease.

Tuberculosis among migrant workers in Taiwan

BackgroundAlthough the worldwide incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been slowly decreasing, the migrant workers remains an important gap for regional TB control. In Taiwan, the numbers of the migrant workers from countries with high TB incidence increase significantly in past decades and the impact on public health remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the difference of TB incidence between Taiwanese and the migrant workers.MethodsThe migrant workers are obligated to receive pre-arrival, post-arrival and regular chest X-ray screening during their stay in Taiwan. We retrospectively collected these data extracted from the Alien Workers Health Database in Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan from Jan. 1, 2004 to Dec. 31, 2013. Poisson regression models were used to compare the hazard ratios of TB between Taiwanese and the migrant workers after adjusting gender and age groups.ResultsThe total migrant workers in Taiwan reached 314,034 persons in 2004 and 489,134 persons in 2013, accounting for 2% of Taiwan population. The TB incidence of migrant workers was similar to Taiwanese (53–73.7 per 105 vs 45.5–76.8 per 105). Comparing with Taiwanese, the TB risk was significantly lower in male migrant workers (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.70–0.83, P < 0.001), but higher in female migrant workers (HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.35–1.46, P < 0.001). Besides, we found that the TB risk in migrant workers was 5.30-fold (95% CI: 4.83–5.83, P < 0.001) in youngest group (≤24 year-old) comparing with Taiwanese.ConclusionsMigrant workers in Taiwan have higher TB incidence than Taiwanese in young groups, especially in females. The mainstay young laborers with latent tuberculosis infection risk is an important vulnerability for public health. Further investigation and health screening are warranted.

”Urfolk” og ”mangfold” i skolens læreplaner

Since 1974, the curriculum for the Norwegian school has had a overarching part that puts the school and its content into a bigger social and political context. As such, this part of the curriculum is a highly political and ideological text that expresses the state's purpose and interest related to the school. This article looks into how indigenous people, minorities and diversity is represented in the general part of the curriculum from 1974 to 2017. The changing curricula show changes in the official politics and views on diversity. Through an analysis of the curricula we explore which terms and concepts that are used in the description of people and groups in Norwegian society. We focus primarily on the representation of the Sami, who move from being people in "mixed language districts" with limited rights, via being an "ethnic minority", to being an indigenous people with a set of rights. Further, we look into how the diverse society is represented, from the use of "alien workers", via "immigrants", to just "diversity". We argue that the concepts or strategies of politics of recognition and politics of integration respectively can be used to describe the curricula. Norway's educational policy towards minorities and indigenous people seems to exist between these two. In the end, this leave diversity competence as an important concept in the future Norwegian school.

Extranjeros en España en 1991

Extranjeros en España en 1991. En 1991 coinciden dos fuentes de singular importancia para el conocimiento del fenómeno inmigratorio en España: un censo de población y los datos estadísticos de la Regularización de trabajadores extranjeros y de sus familiares, llevada a cabo ese mismo año. En este trabajo se analizan los contrastes entre los extranjeros censados y los que acudieron a la Regularización y se realiza una estimación del volumen y características de la población de nacionalidad extranjera presente en España en esa fecha.&#x0D; &#x0D; [fr] Étrangers en Espagne en 1991. A 1991 il y a una coïncidence de deux sources de particulière importance pour la connaissance du phénomène inmigratoire en Espagne: le Recensement de Population et les données statistiques de la Régularisation des Travailleurs étrangers et de ses familles qui eut lieu la même année. Dans ce travail on analyse les contrastes entre les étrangers recensés et ceux qui ont eu recours à la Régularisation. On a fait aussi une estimation du volume de population de nationalité étrangère en Espagne à cette date-là.

A Study on Effect Analysis for Ecological Social Welfare Factors for Psychological Well-being of Foreign Workers in Korea

This study investigated ecosystem having influence upon psychological wellbeing of alien workers invited by employment permit system who left work not to adapt them to not only life in Korea but also industry, and helped labor workers to realize them and to be good engineer and/or technician in their home countries. The study has problems of small number of samples to investigate at 8 places having educational institutions that could not represent all of foreign labor workers in Korea. Investigation into foreign labor workers at other places having no educational institutions was needed. Various kinds of networks of foreign labor workers were expanded to show their desire of activity in Korea. The foreign labor workers should be supported to work during limited time and to settle in Korea.

Ontogenesis of visual and olfactory kin recognition, in the ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

SummaryIn the present work, firstly, ant emergence was observed: it is a long, stereotyped, precarious event which may require the help of congeners. Then, our experiments on Myrmica sabuleti Meinert 1861 callow ants emerging apart from or inside their colony showed the following points. 1. Newly emerged workers, even if having never olfactorily perceived nestmates, are attracted by congeners’ odor. They can distinguish such an odor from that of another species of Myrmica as well as somewhat from that of alien workers of the same species. So, they might have acquired, at least partly, the knowledge of their congeners’ odor during their larval life. 2. Callow ants having visually perceived congeners at their emergence move towards a presented congener’s washed corpse. Callow ants having emerged without seeing any congeners do not move towards such a corpse. Callow ants having emerged beside a piece of thyme moved towards a non-odorous (solvent-washed) piece of thyme. So, ants may acquire, at least partly, the knowledge of the visual aspect of their species just at their emergence, probably by imprinting. 3. Very young workers confronted with their congeners’ odor on one hand and their congeners’ visual aspect on the other hand, somewhat prefer the odor, even if these young ants belong to a species which exclusively uses its vision for navigating. So, for very young ants, whatever the species, odors are more important and better known than visual characters.

Mandibular and postpharyngeal gland secretions of &lt;i&gt;Acromyrmex landolti&lt;/i&gt; (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as chemical cues for nestmate recognition

Nestmate recognition is fundamental for the cohesiveness of the colony in social insects. Acromyrmex landolti is a higher Attini, a leaf-cutter ant with largest nest and morphological castes. We studied the location of the recognition signal of A. landolti on the whole ant body, the isolation effect on the capacity of nestmate recognition, and the role of the mandibular (MG) and post-pharyngeal glands (PPG) as putative sources for chemical recognition signals in this species. We performed behavioral bioassays and chemical analyses of MG and PPG glands; MG volatiles in different castes were also characterized. In order to determine the occurrence of nestmate recognition signals, behavioral tests were performed for which the whole body, body parts or gland extracts from a nestmate and an alien worker ant, were placed on the central axis of an active field trail. Besides, the isolation effect of the nestmate chemical signal persistence was evaluated by repeating the experiments with whole ant bodies after 12 h, 24 h and 48 h of isolation. The agonistic behavior of the ants on the trail was classified as inspection, threatening and biting. Gland volatiles were obtained by headspace solid phase microextraction, and PPG by solid sample analyses; and chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Workers performed agonistic behaviors more frequently towards non-nestmate whole bodies, body parts and gland extracts, primarily those from the post-pharyngeal glands. Nestmate thoraces odorized with alien extracts were also recognized from aliens. Nestmate recognition ability persists for 12 h and 24 h after isolation, but decreases after 48 h, suggesting that the chemical signal changes over time. Inter-colonial chemical analyses showed no differences in the PPG hydrocarbon profiles, while the relative proportions of MG compounds showed significant differences between colonies. These results showed that nestmate recognition was achieved by MG volatiles. Possibly, the PPG secretion works as a matrix that absorbs MG volatiles. We report, for the first time, some mandibular gland compounds for the genus Acromyrmex and for the tribe Attini group.

The Immigration Paradox: Alien Workers and Distributive Justice

The of relatively unskilled workers poses a fundamental problem for liberals. While from the perspective of the economic welfare of natives, the optimal policy would be to admit these aliens as guest workers, this policy would violate liberal ideals. These ideals would treat these workers as equals, entitled to access to citizenship and to the full set of public benefits provided to citizens. If the welfare of incumbent residents determines admissions policies, however, and we anticipate the fiscal burden that the of the poor would impose, then our welfare criterion would preclude the admission of relatively unskilled workers in the first place. Thus, our commitment to treat these workers as equals once admitted would cut against their admission and make them worse off than they would be if we agreed never to treat them as equals. A liberal can avoid this immigration paradox by adopting a cosmopolitan perspective that extends equal concern to all individuals, including prospective immigrants and other aliens, which suggests liberal policies for relatively unskilled workers. I argue that liberal ideals require a global view of distributive justice and that attempts to defend more limited conceptions of distributive justice that apply only within nations are ultimately question-begging. The problem with policy prescriptions based on global justice is the failure of most citizens to adopt such a cosmopolitan perspective. As long as citizens are reluctant to bear the fiscal burdens that cosmopolitan liberalism would impose, constraints of political feasibility may imply that guest-worker programs are the best policies that cosmopolitan liberals can obtain with respect to many aliens.

Immigration Restrictions as Employment Discrimination

In this paper, I analyze restrictions on immigration to the United States as a form of government-mandated employment discrimination against aliens. Through our immigration laws, we deny aliens access to valuable employment opportunities that are open to natives. Under our immigration and nationality laws, we base this discrimination explicitly on circumstances of birth beyond the control of the alien. I argue that immigration restrictions thereby violate our liberal ideals of equality, which require a cosmopolitan perspective that extends equal concern to all individuals. Furthermore, even if we assume a less demanding moral theory that allows us to give the interests of natives priority over the interests of aliens, it remains difficult to justify the employment discrimination required by our laws as ideal policies unless we consider the satisfaction of segregationist preferences to be a justification. The role of intolerance in supporting the adoption of immigration restrictions underscores a second sense in which the discrimination they embody violates our liberal ideals. We may promote the interests of natives, however, by restricting the access of unskilled alien workers to public benefits and to citizenship, which suggests liberalized guest-worker programs as a component of immigration reform. From the cosmopolitan liberal perspective, such programs would represent only a second-best improvement over the status quo, but worth supporting given constraints that make more ideal policies politically infeasible.

Categorisation and Significance of the Problems Affecting the Possibilities in the Formulation of the Policy on the Establishment of Special Administrative Organisation of "Nakhon Mae Sot"

This research has an objective to study the significance of the problems, a total of 28, occurred in the formulation of the policy to establish a special administrative organisation of Nakhon Mae Sot, Tak, and recategorise the problems, in order to test whether and how each category of the problems affects the formulation of the policy to establish Nakhon Mae Sot special administrative organisation, by means of quantitative methodologies; collecting data through questionnaires circulated amongst the sample group of 70 attending the public seminars on approaches to drive the special administrative organisation of “Nakhon Mae Sot”, and analysing the data using statistics of mean to determine the order of significance of the problems, multiple regression analysis to examine the relationships between the problems and the possibilities in the establishment and factor analysis to reduce and recategorise the problem factors according to the findings, with the level of statistical significance defined at .05. The result has revealed that the problem category to which the sample group gave highest significance in the formulation of the policy to establish the special administrative organisation of Nakhon Mae Sot was the issue of frequent changes in government impacting the establishment of “Nakhon Mae Sot”; followed by the formulation of principles that would be used in the policy to establish “Nakhon Mae Sot”, that is, border trade and alien worker management, both of which requiring great delicateness to the execution thereof, so precautions should be taken if the local are to be allowed to self-administrate. Additionally, the recategorisation of the problems has resulted in 7 categories of problems; 1) issues of participation of the people within the zone, 2) issues from advocacy groups and supports from other parties, 3) issues from objectives, values, and principles of the policy formulation, 4) issues from the primary target group in the formulation of the policy, 5) issues originated from political feasibility, 6) issues from policy advocates, and 7) issues from the publication of news and information, status and city planning of Mae Sot, and it has been found that each of the aforesaid categories also affects the possibilities in the formulation of the policy to establish the special administrative organisation of Nakhon Mae Sot, Tak, in respective order of various degrees, 1-7, as seen above. Hence, the government, local administrative organisations, and relevant agencies should give a serious consideration to the issues of participation of the people in special local administration, so as to correspond to the visions of modern social trends, such as the emphasis on building educational opportunities and learning about proper participation, instillation through encouragement of creative gatherings of the local people to conduct various aspects of developmental activities, and formation of learning exchange networks in a serious manner, which would lead to reinforcement of power of the people, so as to achieve sustainable development trends.

Potential increase in mating frequency of queens in feral colonies of Bombus terrestris introduced into Japan

With the exception of several species, bumblebees are monandrous. We examined mating frequency in feral colonies of the introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris in Japan. Using microsatellite markers, genotyping of sperm DNA stored in the spermatheca of nine queens detected multiple insemination paternities in one queen; the others were singly mated. The average effective paternity frequency estimated from the genotypes of queens and workers was 1.23; that estimated from the workers' genotype alone was 2.12. These values were greater than those of laboratory-reared colonies in the native ranges of B. terrestris. The genotypes of one or two workers did not match those of their queens or showed paternities different from those of their nestmates; this may have arisen from either queen takeover or drifting of workers. These alien workers were responsible for the heterogeneous genotype distribution within each B. terrestris colony, resulting in higher estimates of paternity frequency than of insemination frequency. The high mating frequency of introduced B. terrestris may have occurred by artificial selection through mass breeding for commercialization. Moreover, polyandrous queens may be selectively advantageous, because reproduction by such queens is less likely to be disturbed by interspecific mating than that by monandrous queens.

Workers select mates for queens: a possible mechanism of gene flow restriction between supercolonies of the invasive Argentine ant

Some invasive ants form large networks of mutually non-aggressive nests, i.e., supercolonies. The Argentine ant Linepithema humile forms much larger supercolonies in introduced ranges than in its native range. In both cases, it has been shown that little gene flow occurs between supercolonies of this species, though the mechanism of gene flow restriction is unknown. In this species, queens do not undertake nuptial flight, and males have to travel to foreign nests and cope with workers before gaining access to alien queens. In this study, we hypothesized that male Argentine ants receive interference from workers of alien supercolonies. To test this hypothesis, we conducted behavioral and chemical experiments using ants from two supercolonies in Japan. Workers attacked males from alien supercolonies but not those from their own supercolonies. The level of aggression against alien males was similar to that against alien workers. The frequency of severe aggression against alien males increased as the number of recipient workers increased. Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, which serve as cues for nestmate recognition, of workers and males from the same supercolony were very similar. Workers are likely to distinguish alien males from males of their own supercolony using the profiles. It is predicted that males are subject to considerable aggression from workers when they intrude into the nests of alien supercolonies. This may be a mechanism underlying the restricted gene flow between supercolonies of Argentine ants. The Argentine ant may possess a distinctive reproductive system, where workers participate in selecting mates for their queens. We argue that the aggression of workers against alien males is a novel form of reproductive interference.

The Ethics of Seasonal Labour Migration

Seasonal labour migration and ‘guest worker’ schemes are a common and growing phenomenon around the world. In 2008, the Australian government introduced the Pacific Seasonal Worker pilot scheme for workers from select Pacific Island nations to work in the horticultural industry in Australia. The scheme is the first guest worker scheme in the history of the Commonwealth. The visas entitle workers to reside in Australia for a maximum of seven months, with no provision for secondary visas for family members and no prospect of upgrading the visas to permanent residency. The introduction of the pilot scheme is indicative of a growing trend in the use of temporary labour migration in Australia, and raises the fundamental question of just what are the ethical limits of such schemes. The article addresses this question by considering whether it is consistent with liberal political values to deny long-term seasonal workers the opportunity to join the Australian community. It introduces Michael Walzer’s influential work on this question, and then proposes the liberal criteria of ‘freedom’ as the principle underpinning the state’s obligation to seasonal workers. The article draws on a distinction between freedom as non-interference and freedom as non-domination in Philip Pettit’s theory of republicanism, and uses the distinction to pose the question of whether the freedom of the migrant labourer can be assured through regulation of the employment relationship, or whether it can only be assured through removing the unequal status between alien workers and citizen employers. The article also considers the nature of work, and the vulnerability of migrant workers within the employment relationship. It argues that the problems which arise in the employment relationship between migrant workers and their employers, as they invariably do, are symptomatic of the exclusion of migrant workers from participation in the political life of the receiving state. The article concludes that there are problems with dissociating work in a state from membership of that state in the long term, and makes the case for providing the opportunity for guest workers to apply for permanent residence.

A Theological Research on The Poor in Contemporary Korea (Focus on the Alien Worker and The Multicultural Family)

A Theological Research on The Poor in Contemporary Korea (Focus on the Alien Worker and The Multicultural Family)

Colony fusion and worker reproduction after queen loss in army ants

Theory predicts that altruism is only evolutionarily stable if it is preferentially directed towards relatives, so that any such behaviour towards seemingly unrelated individuals requires scrutiny. Queenless army ant colonies, which have anecdotally been reported to fuse with queenright foreign colonies, are such an enigmatic case. Here we combine experimental queen removal with population genetics and cuticular chemistry analyses to show that colonies of the African army ant Dorylus molestus frequently merge with neighbouring colonies after queen loss. Merging colonies often have no direct co-ancestry, but are on average probably distantly related because of overall population viscosity. The alternative of male production by orphaned workers appears to be so inefficient that residual inclusive fitness of orphaned workers might be maximized by indiscriminately merging with neighbouring colonies to increase their reproductive success. We show that worker chemical recognition profiles remain similar after queen loss, but rapidly change into a mixed colony Gestalt odour after fusion, consistent with indiscriminate acceptance of alien workers that are no longer aggressive. We hypothesize that colony fusion after queen loss might be more widespread, especially in spatially structured populations of social insects where worker reproduction is not profitable.

Policing and dominance behaviour in the parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata

In the parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata policing behaviour is not expected on relatedness grounds as workers are normally clonemates and thus equally related to all offspring in the colony. Nevertheless, colonies usually contain only a single reproductive and other workers that begin to lay eggs are attacked by their nestmates (‘policing’). We found that those individuals that most actively engaged in policing later themselves had activated ovaries when the old reproductive was removed from the colonies. This suggests that police workers, through attacking and eliminating others, increase their own chances of becoming reproductive themselves. Because regular parthenogenesis leads to a clonal colony structure, individuals are not expected to invest energy in dominance and policing. On the assumption that physical dominance reflects an individual's reproductive potential, aggression among workers might ensure that the most fecund individual becomes the next reproductive, which would benefit the colony as a whole. Furthermore, aggression among nestmates may be maintained in this species despite predominant clonality, because infrequent sex, recombination or the adoption of alien workers may introduce genetic heterogeneity into the colony.

Complex sociogenetic organization and the origin of unrelated workers in a eusocial sweat bee, Lasioglossum malachurum

Sweat bees (Halictidae) exhibit great interspecific and intraspecific diversity in their social organisation, yet there is remarkably little information on the sociogenetic organisation of any species. Lasioglossum malachurum is a eusocial sweat bee with an annual lifecycle that exhibits considerable variation in its social organisation across its wide geographic range from northern to southern Europe. We collected all adults from 31 L. malachurum nests at Eichkogl, Austria, near the latitudinal centre of its distribution, and genotyped 148 workers using 5 highly variable microsatellite loci developed for this species. Nests were often queenless (48% of nests) during the second phase of worker activity, when colonies were provisioning the sexual brood. Pedigree reconstruction and estimates of nestmate genetic relatedness demonstrated that nests often (32% of nests) contained alien workers, probably as a result of worker drifting from their natal to a foreign nest. Queen effective mating frequency was variable (harmonic mean me = 1.24), but sometimes high (maximum 2.7). These data demonstrate that nests of L. malachurum do not have a classical eusocial sociogenetic organisation (monogyny, monandry) and thereby pose a challenge to exclusively relatedness based arguments for the evolution of eusociality in the taxon.