Alien Territory Research Articles

Banditry or Peasant Insurgency? Contextualizing and Analysing the Chuar Rebellion of Midnapore Under East India Company (1770s–1800)

Midnapore was one among the first three districts ceded to the East India Company in 1760 by Mir Qasim, the other two being Burdwan and Chittagong. Following this, the acquisition of the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765 launched the East India Company into a complex administrative role related to revenue in an alien territory with complex, multi-tiered, customary land rights that were beyond their knowledge. Their attempts at revenue collection and the accompanying imposition of a legal, rational state on a customary framework led to tragedies like the Bengal famine of 1770. It served as the impetus for the initial uprisings against colonial rule, which mainstream accounts on resistances in the early colonial period tend to omit. The study here aims to shed light on the nature of rule transition and complexities regarding land ownership that the Company encountered, the special nature of Midnapore frontier, and phases of the chuar rebellion pre- and post Permanent Settlement. Special attention has been placed on conceptual clarification of chuars, paiks, their status overlaps and subalternity and on analysing the nature of the rebellion in the light of Eric Hobsbawm’s concept of banditry and Ranajit Guha’s analysis on features of peasant insurgency in colonial India.

TERRORISM AS A FORM OF ALIENATION OF MAN FROM MAN

The paper gives an overview of the phenomenon of terrorism as a form of man from man alienation starting from the ancient philosophical schools and ending with Hegel, Marx and Fromm. In the paper is used the method of analysis of the philosophical (ethical) aspects of human alienation from man with special reference to Hegel, Marx and Fromm theory of alienation as a general phenomenon in interpersonal relations and terrorism as a special form of human alienation of man from man. According to philosophers, especially to Hegel, Marx, and finally Fromm, modern man is a slave to objects, be they immovable and movable objects, and above all, a slave to money, as objects. As a slave to objects, running after them and grabbing them in order to have as many, as possible and as modern, better, bigger, etc. man forgets himself. He is alienated from himself, from his generic being and instead of enjoying life, he is enslaved to it. By alienating oneself, the man alienates himself from other people, as well. Alienated people do not live emotionally with their fellow citizens. They live next to them. They are lonely in the crowd around them. Individually or organized in social groups: associations of citizens, parties or states, understood as human organizations, ie national societies, they, in the struggle to have, strive to have alien: alien power, alien space, alien territory, alien natural wealth, oil, gas etc. Loaded with that aspiration, they work to conquer alien. Striving for alien, they often reach for it. People who own alien, strive to preserve their ownership. There is a conflict between those who strive to take the ownership of other and those who want to keep it as their own. The conflict evolves to unintended proportions. The fruit of the evolution of the conflict, among other things, is terrorism, as the highest form of man from man alienation in peace time. Contemporary forms of terrorism, as a form of man from man alienation, have their own historical evolution. The philosophical-historical approach to them will contribute to a deeper understanding of terrorism as a form of alienation of man from man, which is very important for its prevention in the present and the future.

BEYOND DICHOTOMY WITH TAOIST VISIONIN LE GUIN’S THE LEFT HAND OF DARKNESS

The research set out to shed light on balancing awareness, a key Taoist concept that forms the basis of American science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin's creative works. The balance in Le Guin's work represented the peaceful coexistence of conflicting forces. Le Guin applied Taoist ideas, such as the interdependence of two opposites and non-interference, to convey her concept of balance. The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin, published in 1969, served as the primary text for this qualitative study. In The Left Hand of Darkness, the concept of balance was built on transcending the binary split and forging peaceful connections between I and the Other. To reflect her Taoist understanding of the relationship between I and the Other, Le Guin created an androgynous universe in The Left Hand of Darkness and employed the concept of a journey to the alien territory. The results demonstrated that in Le Guin's make-believe world, the protagonists from two different cultural backgrounds completed their trip by bridging the mental division and acquiring Taoist wisdom. The Yin-Yang emblem and the reading of the ancient poem served as metaphors for the peaceful coexistence of dualistic opposites. By transcending dualistic opposites and recognizing a connection between I and the other, Le Guin's worldview, which drew inspiration from Taoism, achieved holistic success.

『기록실로의 여행』에 나타난 대체역사 연구

This paper aims to clarify the ways of rewriting another American history(alternative America) in Travels in the Scriptorium by Paul Auster. In Travels in the Scriptorium, readers see an old man in a room sitting on the narrow bed. The reason why I focus on the old man in this work is that he seems like a man having false memory caused by the brain’s flaws which we could see are manipulated by brain surgery. As a result of the surgery, his mind is elsewhere, stranded among the figments in his head as he searches for an answer to the question that haunts him. He cannot memorize anything about himself or things that he did in the past due to the brain’s flaws. He is just confined in the room and forced to finish the story of a report on the desk. The report tells an imaginative story of relation between Confederation and Alien Territories in 1830s which could be replaced by the history of American Indian War. In this kind of situation, Auster shows us the potential aspects of replacing(rewriting) factual history with another one by way of manipulating human memories in terms of brain surgery. In addition, the writer Auster may give warning that we could live in the course of manipulated history, as well as be forced to rewrite alternative history ourselves.

Strategi Pengasuhan PT. Pupuk Indonesia (Persero)

As a large business entity that already has many subsidiaries, PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) is required to carry out a professional corporate governance system based on strong commercial principles, in the sense that it is able to provide added value, benefits and maximum profit levels to shareholders and existing stakeholders. Therefore, PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) needs to carry out an in-depth analysis of the implementation of the management strategy of its subsidiaries to determine the level of compatibility between the characteristics of the parent and its subsidiaries. Thus the company can develop a parenting strategy that is appropriate, effective and will further increase the value and competitiveness of the company as a whole. This research is an applied research with a qualitative descriptive approach using the Corporate Parenting Framework from Campbell et al. (1995). Data obtained through interviews, observation, and study of relevant documents. The study shows that the subsidiaries engaged in the main business of the fertilizer and chemical industry are in the Heartland Business category. Subsidiaries engaged in supporting businesses in the industry, trade and energy services sector, shipping and sea transportation and agricultural industry and trade are in the Edge of Heartland category. For subsidiaries engaged in EPC services and trading and general services the position is is in the area of the Alien Territory. So the parenting style of a parent company that is suitable for parenting for a subsidiary that falls into the Heartland Business category is a combination of corporate development and linkage influence; for a subsidiary that is part of the Edge of Heartland area, is stand alone influence. Meanwhile, for subsidiaries that are included in the Alien Territory area, the parenting style is linkage influence.

Дорожные ритуалы и запреты в русской и калмыцкой культуре в аспекте благополучия

Introduction. The road as a metatext accumulates variable forms of mobility which are determined by different ways of mastering alien territories. The article deals with departure in a broad sense — as pilgrimage and development of new lands. The relevance of the work is determined by the comparative approach to the study of the road tradition in Russian and Kalmyk linguocultures. Goals. The article seeks to identify and systematize protective road rituals and taboos in the Russian and Kalmyk traditions in the aspect of well-being. Materials and Methods. The study focuses on works by T. Shchepanskaya, A. Bayburin, V. Korshunkov, and N. Zhukovskaya. The main research methods employed are the comparative-historical and retrospective ones which make it possible to distinguish general and particular road safety rituals and prohibitions in Russian and Kalmyk cultures. Chronologically, the study covers the period between the late 18th and early 20th centuries. Results. The mastering of new territories is associated with overcoming boundaries of ‘own-alien’ space, which results in that departure both in Russian and in Kalmyk cultures is characterized by increased semiotics reflected in protective rituals and certain related actions to be avoided thereto. In Russian culture, protective rituals of safety include as follows: crying/gulba, feasts, the ‘sit-down-on-the-path’ custom, farewell blessings when leaving the house. The road ritual taboos comprise any repeat of already accomplished actions, resumption of household cares, verbal prohibitions dealing with the direction. In the Kalmyk cultural tradition, the ritual of departure is accompanied by uttering good wishes and the ritual of development of new territories. It was prohibited to settle near the roads. Conclusions. Russian protective road rituals are aimed at overcoming the border of the ‘own-alien’, which can be explained by the sedentary self-consciousness of Russians. In the Kalmyk linguistic and cultural tradition, the road ritual and its ceremonial part are associated with the spatial development of the surrounding world which is manifested not only in movement but also in stops.

Challenges in Teaching Organic Chemistry Remotely

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has changed not only people’s daily lives but also the education system. The rise of e-learning all across the world has challenged both students and teachers to adapt to digital technologies and a novel learning experience on both sides. As if COVID-19 was not enough, many students were facing the alien territory of organic chemistry for the first time. There is no denying that organic chemistry is a tough subject, and several students may also have preconceived misconceptions. In addition, organic chemistry can be challenging to teach remotely. It is very abstract in nature; it involves many concepts, and the teacher typically uses molecular models of one kind or another to depict molecules in three dimensions. Nonetheless, challenges provide an opportunity to implement new strategies to increase students’ interest, motivation, and understanding. However, most educators only had a few days to put everything they do in class onto an online platform. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these changes in the teaching and learning of organic chemistry at a first year undergraduate level. Our results show that student success depends on the digital resources used for the different subjects. Students that received weekly quizzes performed better than those who did not, and a positive correlation exists between quiz score and final exam marks. Based on the students’ feedback, the implementation of quizzes was a successful didactic tool that helped them review the topics. In addition, the incorporation of open-access web-based tools led to a dynamic online classroom experience.

Dynamics Of Indian Diaspora Literature: A Panoramic View

Diaspora Theory has affected the literature of every language of the globe with its multiple characteristics. This literature is commonly referred to as Diasporic or Expatriate Literature. Diasporic Literature is a very broad idea and a paragliding term that involves all those literary works published by writers outside their home nation, but these works are linked to indigenous culture and background. All those authors can be considered as diasporic authors in this broad context, who write outside their nation but through their work stayed linked to their homeland. Diasporic literature has its origins in the sense of loss and alienation resulting from migration and expatriation. Diasporic literature generally deals with alienation, displacement, existential rootlessness, nostalgia, identity quest. Migrants suffer from the pain of being away from their homes, their motherland memories, the anguish of leaving behind everything familiar agonizes migrants ' minds. The diasporic Indians, too, are not breaking their ancestral land connection. There is a search for continuity and an astral impulse, an attempt to search for their origins. Settlement in alien territory leads to dislocation for them. Dislocation can be seen as a rupture with the ancient identity. By debating characteristics of expatriate or diasporic literature, the article tried to examine the reflection of Diaspora Theory and its multiple aspects in literature. The Indian contribution to diasporic literature was also evaluated in English.

Alien Enemy Civilians in the War Austrian, Hungarian, and American Citizens Living in Alien Territories from 1917 to 1918

This article discusses the issue of enemy aliens, United States citizens and Austrian and Hungarian citizens residing in enemy territory. It analyzes the policy of both governments with regard to this issue and also presents examples of the fates of selected individuals. The author mainly focuses on the issue of the internment of enemy aliens and their inclusion in the armies of both countries.

A Not Quite Robust Enough Political Economy

ABSTRACTMark Pennington’s Robust Political Economy cogently defends a “classical liberal” position that frankly acknowledges market imperfections and failures. However, Pennington’s preoccupation with the comparative advantage of markets over states, in terms of epistemics and incentives, leads him into a cul-de-sac. The comparison rests on a sharp dichotomy between state and market that overlooks the fact that the state is itself a “spontaneous order” that evolved alongside, and codependent with, the market. Thus, Pennington’s argument is incoherently conservative in defending whatever exists, which must have evolved—but in excluding the state from this Panglossian vision. Consequently, Pennington continues the unfortunately antipolitical tendencies of modern-day classical liberals, who treat politics as alien territory rather than as the ground on which the form of state and market alike are shaped.

Baby Boom (excerpts)

Japanese art comics icon Yūichi Yokoyama pushes the basic codes of manga so far that his work enters alien territory. In books like Travel, geometrically rendered speedlines take center stage. In Baby Boom, first published in Japan by Īsuto Puresu in 2009, his abstraction yields, instead, casual full-color marker drawings that express gently humorous vignettes about a vaguely parental relationship. Please read all images in sequence from right to left. Artwork courtesy of Éditions Matière.

Russian-Ukrainian War: current analysis, 2014-2015

The paper covers potential military and political consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian War of 2014-2015. The main causes of the outbreak of this military conflict are reviewed from March 2014. The strength and reliability of the factors produced in respect of the involvement of regular military units of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in the hostilities in the territory of Ukraine are ensured by references to Russian and foreign sources. Short-term conclusions are drawn for both belligerent parties and practical guidelines offered for improvement of the national security system of the independent Ukraine. For illustration purposes there are some historical examples of Ukrainian-Russian wars in the past given. The paper briefly reviews some federal legislative documents which stipulate the use of the Russian Armed Forces in an alien territory and points out that it is only one person - the RF Chief of Defense, the President of Russia - who makes decision on their deployment overseas. The author brings to notice the development of a new type of wars, so-called 'hybrid wars', by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which involve no declaration of war and assign the main part to information and psychological operations.

Jangle Katai (Clearing of Forest) Movement of Kolhan-1978–82 : A Discourse on Political and Ecological Perspective

By Jungle Katai movement is meant in this paper, cutting/felling of trees from the forest by the tribal communities in the Kolhan and the Porahat areas of Jharkhand, for reclaiming land for cultivation; because Forest Acts and development programmes have not only expelled them from their villages, situated inside the deep forests, but also restricted their entry into the forest, which was their ‘oikos’, their house, which provided them livelihood, food and medicines in the form of forest products, and it also included spiritual belief in the sacred grove Jahara, and eternal relation with their ancestors in sasandiri. The genesis of the present forest struggle goes back to the colonial period, when forest Acts and rules were made on colonial considerations. They have continued into the post independent period also. The conflict for forest in Kolhan began to restore their old rights in the forest by indulging in intensive tree-felling activities, and when the government adopted repressive methods, they ventilated their grievance by a passive resistance, as several groups of tribal men and women set fire to substantial piles of Sal (shorea robusta) wood. They behaved in this manner to stop the government from getting any benefit from the timber, which belonged to them. In fact the tribal people felt alienated from the forest and forest resources, on which they depended for their physical and spiritual sustenance. They felt the forest as alien territories and therefore responded accordingly.

Dramaturgy of Sound in the Avant-Garde and Postdramatic Theatre by Mladen Ovadija (review)

Mladen Ovadija. Dramaturgy of Sound in the Avant-Garde and Postdramatic Theatre. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013. Pp. x + 252. $95.00. Dramaturgy of Sound in the Avant-Garde and Postdramatic Theatre is published amid an interdisciplinary ferment in the human sciences that takes sound as its analytical point of departure or arrival (as Jonathan Sterne, one of the leading figures of Sound Studies, has called the recent surge of interest in sound, noise, auditory culture, and associated histories). Longstanding sound scholars such as this reviewer, once accustomed to interjecting as disciplinary mavericks from the fringes of our arts, social science, and humanities discourse, must now be more cautious about claims that modernity is characterized by a visual bias--an ocularcentrism as Jay has termed it, or a hypertrophy of the eye and eye-thinking as Berendt more figuratively put it. It has been suggested that a new postmodern aural paradigm is discernible in the tropes of resonance, rhizomatic networks, fields, ecosystems, and noise that litter contemporary intellectual discourse, particularly in the cultural fetishization of immersive experience. There is talk of a new age of aurality--a term whose sudden, prolific adoption precedes any clearly established definition, but which seems to indicate a field of interaction between the acoustic world, its inhabitants, and their cultural activities. This may be premature. Theater, whose remit it has been to think the modern condition by staging it, is in its institutions of practice and scholarship only now starting to conceive of sound as anything other than a technical practice (of acoustics, voice, effect production, or amplification) or a specialist meta-discourse. The consideration of sound in more ontological terms takes it into modally alien territory. While dramas conceptual subservience to the word may have been broken, theater studies has tended to approach sensual materiality though phenomenological tropes of spectatorship and kinesthetic object-theater, or biomechanically or viscerally physical performance, rather than audience, aural bodies, and their space. If theater once enquired about visuality and physicality, it now seems to ask about immersion and resonance, about what atmosphere and noise mean when they are no longer in the background, and about the energized materiality between theater's objects. So attention turns to the Sound Studies ferment for a conceptual framework with which to make sense of theaters under-theorized aurality. Ovadija's interest here is primarily in how sonic meaning might be achieved independently of the semiology of words or other indexically read sign-systems--how, as he quotes Steve McAfferty, sound need not be a this standing for that but immediately be a that ... free of the implications of the metaphysics of linguistic absence (56). The book identifies this enquiry in the works and manifestos of twentieth century avant-garde art and Lehmann's concept (broadly interpreted) of theater. The book mainly focuses on Dada, Futurism, Expressionism, and the Bauhaus as they appear through the rear view (8) of this postdramatic theater. This conceit initially struck me as a crafty way of making a genealogical connection between theater's current interest in sound and some iconic sonic art that (so I had thought) had little to do with theater history, other than in that theaters were occasionally used for its poetry performances or noise concerts. The book makes big claims about the seminality of these movements: that Marinetti, Russolo, and their cohorts liberated the material performativity of sound and noise from its subservience to semantic systems and musical morphology; and that because of this breakthrough, today's theater aurality became possible. In my view this is unnecessarily overstated. It would have been enough simply to use his rear-view mirror conceit to present his new take on the avant-garde experiments with sonic performativity, and allow it to resonate in his accounts of recent developments in theater sound. …

Front and Back Covers, Volume 30, Number 6. December 2014

Front and back cover caption, volume 30 issue 6Front coverTHE HOUSE GUNThe world was watching when Paralympic gold medallist Oscar Pistorius and Reeva Steenkamp's parents stepped into the magisterial Palace of Justice in Pretoria. At that moment they entered alien territory beyond the ken of the insular white upper class Afrikaner community, many of whom live as if poor blacks were not the very foundation and backbone of the nation. Little had changed for them except their increased fears of criminal assault by black ‘intruders’ washed up from the surrounding townships. The only defence for their beleaguered class was a latter‐day version of the Afrikaaner laager: the gated community, motion sensors, armed guards, and a private arsenal of guns – from high powered rifles to the trusty little ‘weekend special’, the house gun. Face to face with a stern and stoical Zulu judge, Thokozile Masipa, the defendant sobbed, retched, and begged for mercy from ‘My Lady’. He admitted killing his live‐in girlfriend by shooting wildly through the door of a tiny toilet cubicle, arguing that it was a mistake.As Nancy Scheper‐Hughes argues in this issue, one way of understanding the Pistorius case is through the powerful writings of white South African authors such as Nobel Prize laureate Nadine Gordimer's anticipatory post‐apartheid novel, The house gun, in which she imagined a scenario similar to the one played out in the Pistorius trial where white fears and black justice met in the courtroom. South Africa is not unique. The mobilization of white peoples' fear of black or brown ‘intruders’ has infected other divided nations, like the United States and Israel. Here the social and architectural construction of ‘white’ settler or settler‐like special enclosures fortified by the legal right to self‐defence with private weapons has reproduced a colonial ‘paranoid ethos’ and a dangerous denial of the violence that is nested like a coiled rattlesnake from within their own segregated and hypervigilant enclosures.Back coverEATING PETS?An eating place offering dog meat for sale at a market; a common sight in South Korea.Seoul's largest cat and dog meat market opens on calendar days ending with 4 and 9 of each month. Here, on these days, ready‐cooked dog meat is also widely served all year round. One row of market stalls is entirely dedicated to shops selling mainly live dogs and chickens, animals consumed as part of a belief system that maintains that their consumption helps to regulate body temperature especially during the summer.As evidenced in the recent horsemeat controversy, British food anxieties revolve especially around maintaining a clear separation between companion animals and livestock. The Korean case, however, shows vernacular sensibilities running along different lines, principally based on local ideas about medicine and cosmology.Korean activists are presently taking a moral stance against dog meat consumers capable of tenderizing live animals for their meat. Yet even these activists voice their stance largely through emic interpretations of trans‐species relations rooted in Korean cosmology and ontology.In this issue, Julien Dugnoille looks at how Korean activists bring the issue of animal welfare to the attention of Korean society. He explores the ways in which activists deploy rescue narratives in order to attract families willing to adopt rescued animals, thus transforming people's perception of livestock animals into that of potential lifetime companions. Combined here are the Confucian virtue of impartial benevolence and 18th‐century Western moral philosophy.

Ann Starrs: enabling women to fulfil their potential

Ann Starrs: enabling women to fulfil their potential

Ethnicity, Cultural Identity and Bordering: A Tornedalian Negro

This article examines how experiences of internal colonialism may be expressed in literary writing, through an analysis of Bengt Pohjanen's poem Rat- tipaat (Ragheads). The article discusses the poem and its embedding in a Meankie- li (Tornedalian Finnish) grammar book, Meankielen kramatiikki (Pohjanen & Kentta 1996). The theme explored is the tensions arising between homogenising modernity in a Swedish nation-building context and the particular situation of the Tornedalian Finnish minority in northern Sweden. Colonial complicity and vernacular cosmopolitanism are key concepts used in describing these tensions. The article proposes that the poem represents a remapping of the 'national' and the 'international' as allegiances are established between the Swedish national minority of the Tornedalians and migrants in European metropolitan centres. Hence the Tornedalians in the northern borderlands are presented as symbolic citizens in new migrant cartographies. This implies that a new myth of belong- ing is created, which unifies national minorities with metropolitan migrants. From the vantage point of the political and administrative centre of the Swed- ish nation-state located in the area of Stockholm, the Tornedalian borderlands up in the north have always been regarded as a marginal and culturally alien territory inhabited by the Sami people and Tornedalian Finns. The idea of a northern fringe of the nation-state was enhanced after Sweden lost Finland at the conclusion of the 1808-09 war with Russia. The peace treaty resulted in the border of 1809, which separates Sweden and Finland in the Torne Valley. The Tornedalian Finns on both sides of the border rivers consequently became citizens of different states. During the period that followed, there was a fear amongst the Swedish elite of Russian expansionism. Finland, which had become a Russian Grand Duchy, was seen as a space from where potential threats to Swedish sovereignty might emerge (Aselius 1994; Rodell 2009). From a perspec- tive based on the notion of the geographical centre of the Malardal region as a norm for national culture, the Finno-Ugric peoples of the sparsely populated north constituted a strange element in the national imagined community (cf. Anderson 2006).

Ann-Shyn Chiang

Ann-Shyn Chiang

New directions in business history: Themes, approaches and opportunities

I come to this conference as an outsider, grateful for the opportunity to make his voice heard in what has sometimes felt like alien territory, although I have to admit that I am the sort of histor...

Yoruba Traders in Cote D’Ivoire: A Study of the Role Migrant Settlers in the Process of Economic Relations in West Africa

The bid to relocate into an alien territory is usually anchored on the migrant’s hope for better fortunes or prospects. The independence government in several West African countries could not meet the high expectations of their citizens. There were also political and economic problems which made members of the commercial class to feel not secured in their own states. The tales of better economic fortunes in neighbouring countries provided attraction to those in this category, including Yoruba traders, who were naturally desirous of migration. The Yoruba traders of Southwestern Nigeria present an important alien commercial class in Cote d’Ivoire, and some other west African states. This study evaluates some of the major economic activities such as agriculture, trade, commerce and industrial activities that have for some decades engaged the services of Yoruba traders in Ivory Coast. It assesses the various pull and push factors in the migration, the social and political situation in both countries, government economic policies at specific periods, and the aspirations of Yoruba migrants’ settlers. It also reflects on how the current political crisis in Ivory Coast has affected Yoruba traders especially as the conflict has forced many of them back to Nigeria. The study concludes that the enterprising nature of Yoruba migrant traders had made them influence positively the Ivorian economy.