Alexander Hill Research Articles

‘Comandante Honorofico das FAPLA’ Alexei Ivanovich Dubenko

ABSTRACT 1 1 ‘Honorary Comandante of FAPLA’: FAPLA was the Forças Armadas Populares de Libertação de Angola — the armed forces of an independent Angola during the period up to 1993. In 1993, FAPLA became the FAA (Forças Armadas Angolanas). This 2 2 Edited by Professor Alexander Hill. short research note provides an outline of and some details on the military service of Soviet naval officer Alexei Ivanovich Dubenko from the perspective of his colleague Vladimir Shubin. For much of his career, Dubenko served in Africa liaising with African national liberation movements and governments friendly toward the Soviet Union. It pays particular attention to his service in Angola, during which Angola’s MPLA government awarded him the title of ‘Honourary Comandante of FAPLA’ — the highest rank in the armed forces of Angola.

Non-Science Fiction on Stalin and Norway

ABSTRACT From the Editors: Due to an administrative error during the transition from the editorship of Alexander Hill to Martijn Lak, Mikhail Suprun’s article ‘The Liberation of Northern Norway in Stalin’s Post-War Strategy’ was published in The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 33, Number 2 (2020) as sent to peer reviewers and therefore without having fully cleared the peer review process. The author of the article should have been asked to address at least the most significant of the reviewers’ concerns. The resultant exchange that follows is between one of the peer reviewers and the author of that article. Alexander Hill and Martijn Lak

Just Business Book Review and Reflection

In the field of marketing and business in general, many ideas of what it means to exemplify acceptable ethical behavior inform practice. In his book Just Business, Alexander Hill (2008) describes the three elements of the Christian faith (holiness, justice, and love) and relates them to business ethics in the secular world. Is it plausible and acceptable to combine Christian morality and business ethics, or should the two entities exist and function separately? Should there be a “dual morality” or should one’s Christian faith override or replace business ethics? Is the answer situationally driven? How are ethical decisions made when the law and one’s personal faith are in conflict? Should the positivism approach be selected, which says that the law is always right, regardless of whether or not personal conviction opposes it? Narrowing these ethical issues down to the field of marketing, how might the practice of deceptive advertising be viewed in light of these considerations?

The Red Army in the Second World War by Alexander Hill

Reviewed by: The Red Army in the Second World War by Alexander Hill Brandon Schechter (bio) Alexander Hill. The Red Army in the Second World War. 754 pp. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-02079-5 (hardback); 978-1-68815-5 (paperback). Part of a multivolume history of armies in the Second World War, this book offers an up-to-date treatment of the Red Army from an operational, economic, and political standpoint. It is a very useful reference book for military historians, and anyone writing on Stalinism during the war should probably take a look at it. Building on classics by authors such as John Erickson and David Glantz and more recent works by Mark Edele and Roger Reese, this book offers a state-of-the-field view of the Red Army during the war for military historians. The author takes a long view of the army's development, starting just before the First Five-Year Plan and ending with Victory Day. This is a solid work of old-school military history, very different from much of the current work on the war (including this reviewer's), which approaches the war primarily as a cultural and political event. Hill provides a very good overview and some new interpretations. The book is not shockingly novel; it traces a more-or-less familiar story of how the Red Army became more adept in the course of the war while continuing to suffer staggering losses. However, it is convincingly argued and makes use of sources only recently made available and Hill's prolonged engagement with the subject. Whatever it may lack in novelty, it more than makes up for in thoroughness and nuance. Hill shows mastery of his material and excels at showing how factors at multiple levels—from the most basic small-unit communication to the political culture of Stalinism—impacted the effectiveness of the army. Continuities are just as striking as changes. A shortage of qualified cadres was a chronic problem, whether the result of expansion of the army, purges, or high losses in combat. The Red Army's inability to establish effective communication and coordination of its activities emerges as a major theme of the book, from prewar training until the end of the war. His discussion of Stalin's role as ultimate arbiter and his effect on the general culture of the army is thorough and nuanced. Hill takes us from the rise of politically connected generals before and during the "Great Terror" to the more variegated interactions between Stalin and his subordinates as he came to respect expertise. Nonetheless, Hill joins the chorus of authors in underlining the ruthlessness of Stalin as setting an example and tone that would lead commanders to push forward at all costs from the war's beginning to end. Here as elsewhere, we see not so much a new interpretation of the Red Army and its place in the war as a well-researched and convincingly argued reiteration of where the field has arrived, making use of new sources. [End Page 113] Where Hill's work is perhaps most novel is in his impressive ability to find the devil in the details. He shows a number of instances in which intimate knowledge of Red Army infrastructure make its strengths and weaknesses clear. The reader is frequently privy to how both top-level decision making and on-the-ground details such as the lethality of anti-tank guns and how reliance on telephones and lack of skilled radio operators crippled communication. His discussion of Red Army weapons, threaded throughout the volume, is thorough and accessible to laymen. He does an admirable job elucidating the politics behind the adoption or rejection of different arms for an English-language audience. Finally, Hill allows for cultural factors to play a significant role without resorting to essentialism. For example, he pays heed to issues of patronage and a sort of gung-ho culture of action over careful planning (he refers to it as "nu ladno" and "na avos´") in a thoughtful manner. This book is a major resource for military historians interested in the Red Army and scholars of Russia who need a...

“‘Courtship-by-Correspondence’: Seduction through Mentoring”

Seduction through mentoring has a long history within Western rhetoric. Plato's Socrates, for instance, can be seen as attempting simultaneously to educate and seduce Phaedrus. In considering this topic, this essay analyzes the mid-nineteenth century correspondence of Louise Clappe and Alexander Hill Everett. Clappe was a young New England woman who later authored The Shirley Letters from the California Mines, 1851-1852. Everett was a prominent diplomat, orator, and writer. The study examines the explicit lessons conveyed, the ways the correspondence enhanced Clappe's civic understanding as well as her social and literary skills. In addition, it explores the implicit lessons Clappe learned through navigating constraints associated with seduction, including the ability to challenge gendered expectations and the capacity to negotiate power and even benefit from it.

Stalin's Police: Public Order and Mass Repression in the USSR, 1926-1941 (review)

Reviewed by: Stalin's Police: Public Order and Mass Repression in the USSR, 1926-1941 Alexander Hill Stalin's Police: Public Order and Mass Repression in the USSR, 1926-1941. By Paul Hagenloh. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 480 pp. $45.00 (cloth). It is a pleasure to review a work such as this. On a basic level this book provides a history of Soviet policing from Stalin's rise to power to the start of the Great Patriotic War, preceded by a brief consideration of policing during the tsarist era and early Soviet period to provide context. This is not a social history, nor can it be classified as part of the wave of supposedly and self-consciously "bottom-up" histories [End Page 204] that have dominated writing on the Soviet Union in the last couple of decades, but it represents a highly sophisticated political history that is aware of and considers the activities of actors at all levels. Hagenloh starts by identifying the belated centralization and modernization of the regular police during the Tsarist era, including moves toward a wider European model of a regular police force concerned not only with reacting to crime but prevention through surveillance and other methods. He goes on to describe the weak, decentralized, and poorly staffed regular police system in the early Soviet period and conflict between political and civilian policing. Moving through the period on which this book focuses chronologically, Hagenloh then describes and analyzes in the subsequent seven chapters the expansion and politicization of Soviet policing from the late 1920s, a process facilitated by the fact that in 1930 the OGPU was able to take over responsibility for civilian policing. The politicization of policing ran alongside modernization in the sense of both centralization and attempts to prevent rather than simply react to crime, but involved a focus on prevention aimed increasingly at whole groups of the Soviet population and a shift away from consideration of "individual and psychological influences on crime" toward seeing the bulk of criminal activity in political terms. Hence, for example, during the period of mass collectivization in the early 1930s "political meaning" might have been found in violent crime in the countryside committed by "kulak elements" (p. 81). Hagenloh argues that from the early to mid 1930s, during which period the OGPU, as the GUGB, increased its hold on policing through its domination of the new NKVD of July 1934, campaigns for public order against such crimes as hooliganism took on an increasingly political tone while at the same time providing a model that could be applied in a particularly large-scale and brutal form later on in the decade. As the 1930s progressed, the militsiia or regular police within the NKVD were provided with and increasingly applied conceptual tools to interpret what had previously been considered civilian crimes of individuals in terms of a new social discipline to go with the new Stalinist order, that saw the Stalinist police system focus "almost exclusively on identifying, cataloging, and controlling population 'contingents' in pursuit of social order" and the protection of the state (p. 224), where such hostile groups were defined for instance on the basis of past criminal activity and sweeping sociological categorization. As part of this pursuit of social order, extrajudicial forms of repression became more commonplace, culminating in the troikas of the "Great Purges" with the extrajudicial powers to sentence to capital punishment, with [End Page 205] less extreme forms of extrajudicial punishment having been meted out against particular "contingents" from an earlier point through the 1932 internal passport system. The internal passport system, initially primarily concerned with the prevention of migration of peasants to cities, was increasingly used as a tool for the broader regulation of the population and in particular "socially dangerous elements." For Hagenloh, the mass operations of 1937-1938, part of the so-called Great Purges, were a logical result of this process of "abstract categorization" of groups that was gradually transformed into particularly brutal "concrete repressive action" (p. 326). The infamous Order Number 00447 of July 1937 that saw the establishment of quotas for repression of specific groups, for instance, provides...

A Middle–Late Byzantine Pottery Assemblage from Sagalassos: Typo-Chronology and Sociocultural Interpretation

A 12th-13th-century a.d. ceramic assemblage from Alexander's Hill at Sagalassos in southwestern Turkey provides new evidence for the typochronological study of Byzantine pottery. A functional analysis of the assemblage, along with textual and iconographic evidence, archaeozoological and palynological analyses, and chemical analysis of cooking-pot residues, contributes to the reconstruction of diet and cooking practices in Anatolia. While baked fish, vegetables, pulses, and bread are usually regarded as the staples of Byzantine peasant cuisine, diners at Sagalassos were enjoying beef stews before the Fourth Crusade, when the technique of stewing meat was allegedly introduced to the eastern Mediterranean from the West.

Soviet Culture and Power: A History in Documents, 1917–1953. Annals of Communism by K. Clark , E. Dobrenko , A. Artizov , O. Naumov (review)

764 SEER, 88, 4, OCTOBER 2OIO a milestone fortheRussianarmy'on thepathtorevolution' givenitsmassive casualtiesand contribution to the 'destruction of the "old Russian army"' (p. 176).Whilsthis own conclusions are onlyverybriefly presented at the veryend ofthebook,Dowlingdoes,however, offer a good overview ofthe conclusions ofotherauthors on thesignificance oftheoffensive. Dowling'sincorporation ofbiographical materialon Brusilovand indeed thetitling ofthebook withthesubsequent unofficial Russianname forthe offensive might be takenas indication thatTheBrusilov Offensive at leastdeals withtheRussianand Austro-Hungarian sidesequallyor perhapsfocuseson theRussianside. However,despitethepresenceof some Russian-language secondary sourcesand memoirs in thebibliography ofthisbook,theoperationalhistory that dominatesmuch of it is based primarily on Germanlanguagematerials from theAustrian StateArchive and theEnglish-language secondary literature. I wasa little surprised nottoseeanyreference torelevant articles from theRussian Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal forexample. Despite a slightly misleadingtitlegiven a source base heavilyskewed towardstheAustro-Hungarian side Dowlingoffers a usefuladditionto the literature on themilitary history oftheEasternFrontduring theFirstWorld War thatshouldproveofvalue not onlyto military historians but also to others interested infleshing outan often overlooked military historical context fortherevolutionary upheavalsof1917. Department ofHistory University ofCalgary Alexander Hill Clark,K., Dobrenko,E., Artizov, A. and Naumov,O. Soviet Culture andPower: A History inDocuments, igiy-igjj. AnnalsofCommunism. Yale University Press,New Haven, CT and London, 2007. xxx + 545 pp. Notes. Glossary. Listofdocuments. Index.£35.00. Yale UniversityPress's 'AnnalsofCommunism'serieshas takenthelead internationally in publishing collections oftranslated documents on topicsin revolutionary and Soviethistory. This book,whichis drawnfroma much largervolumeofdocuments compiledbyAndreiArtizov and Oleg Naumov (yiast' i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia: Dokument? TsK RKP(b)-VKP(b), VChKOGPU -NKVD 0 kuVturnoi politike, 19ly-1953gg.,Moscow, 1999), focuses on the relationship betweenSovietculture, especially literature, and theSovietstate. Presuming thatspecialists can consulttheoriginal Russianvolume,Katerina Clark and EvgenyDobrenkoframedthisvolumeto appeal to a broader readership ofnon-specialists and advancedstudents. Consequently, they chose documents thatillustrate Stalin'ssignificant roleinculture as wellas thosethat concernwell-known culturalevents,influential culturalbureaucrats,and prominent intellectuals (especiallyMaksim Gor'kii but also many others, including MikhailBulgakov,MikhailZoshchenko,MikhailSholokhovand Aleksandr Fadeev).Mostofthedocuments comefrom archival collections that remainclosedor highly restricted, and theyincludea widerangeofgenres: REVIEWS 765 decisions and discussions within keypolitical forums, including thePolitburo, the Secretariat and variousCentralCommitteedepartments; secretpolice reports on theattitudes and opinionsofSovietintellectuals, and petitions and letters sentto Stalinand otherleadersfromcultural figures and bureaucrats as well as Stalin'sresponses.The resultis a fascinating excursusintothe politics ofSovietculture. The volumeisdividedintothree chronological sections, eachprefaced with a usefulintroduction that outlinesthe key developments of the period: 'The Bolshevization ofCulture,1917-1932'; 'The CultureofHigh Stalinism, 19321941 ';and 'The CultureofLate Stalinism, 19411953 '.The twenty-four chapters, whichare largely thematic, are thencomposedoftranslated documentsinterspersed withcommentary to forma coherent narrative. The first sectionon the1920shas chapters designedto illuminate thedevelopment of politicalcontrols (e.g. materials on intellectuals' rightto travelabroad),the competingcurrentsand approaches among both intellectuals and party figures, the role of Gor'kii,and the culturalrevolution. The heartof the volume is its second sectionon High Stalinism, which includeschapters on suchwell-known topicsas the 1934Writers Congress,theanti-formalist campaigns, theMoscowArtTheatre,and theriseof(Russian)nationalism. Equallyinteresting arethechapters on particular genresofsources, including letters and petitions to Stalinas wellas NKVD reports on writers. The final section, whichis theleastsatisfying, includessubstantive chapters on thewar (focusing on theperiodafter 1943,whenstatecontrols werebeingtightened), thezhdanovshchina, and film (especially thecontroversy overEizenshtein's Ivan theTerrible). The book ends witha shortchapter(presenting two sources on 'anti-cosmopolitanism' - a letterto StalinfromMikhailRomm and a report byFadeev),whichis prefaced bya one-pageintroduction uncritically advancing NicholasTimashefFs notionofthe'GreatRetreat'as a paradigm forcultural development in the1930sand reaching itsapex withthevictory ofGreatRussiannationalism and xenophobiaafter theWar.Such a concludingassessment oversimplifies themultifaceted pictureoftheStalinist culture system provided bythevolumeas a whole. Scholarsinterested in particular writers or cultural figures willfindmuch ofinterest inthisvolume, foritfills inmanyblanksregarding their interaction withthecultural bureaucracy and political leaders.It thusrevealsan intricate tapestry of both resistance and collusion,independenceand servility, that undermines anysimplegeneralizations. Yet thevolumeis mostusefulin its illumination ofSovietcultureas an integral partofa complexculturaland political system. Key motifs running through thedocuments are thepowerof patronageand supplication, hierarchy and status,rewardand punishment, whichare all closelyintertwined withpersonalinterests and institutional developments, whetherthe practicesof censorship or the evolutionof the Writers' Union. Indeed,Stalin'shands-onrole as readerand criticis truly fascinating. Not onlywas he thesymbolic centreofthepoliticalsystem, he wasalso itsfunctional pivot, thesourceofauthority and an arbiter ofbureaucraticdecisions and individual fates alike.Nevertheless, thestory thatemerges islessthatStalin(ortheleadership) setpolicyand createda system from some 766 SEER, 88, 4, OCTOBER 2OIO omnipotent, external position; insteadhe becomesan historical actor,shaped bythesystem overwhichhepresided. One minorcaveatshouldbe appended: theeditors excludedfromthiscollection thosedocuments and controversies inwhichStalin'srolewas minor, thereby increasing hisrelative prominence. In conclusion...

The Brusilov Offensive. Twentieth-Century Battles by Timothy C. Dowling (review)

REVIEWS 763 population.We see and read materialpertaining to child-rearing, hygiene, concernsofwomenand naturalsciences.Women werefrequently a target audiencein theseareas whichwas notthecase fortheYiddishpress.Stein acknowledges thatmuchofthisinstructional material was drawnfrom French and Englishsources(one cannothelp but be curiousabout the natureof similareducationalmaterialsin the earlyYiddishpress).Stein'sselections providegreatinsight intothecultural patterns and affiliations enlisted forand bytheOttoman Jews. Making Jews Modern is a majorcontribution toan understanding ofmodern Jewish history. It asksnumerous historiographical questions and in so doing, traverses traditionally sealedterrains withregards toplaceand cultural groupings .Italsoexpandsan understanding ofthe Jewish pressanditspotential use inJewishscholarship. The detailedand wide-ranging notesto each chapter are inspiring. This is a complexand thought-provoking book. Department ofHebrew and Jewish Studies UCL Helen Beer Dowling, Timothy C. TheBrusilov Offensive. Twentieth-Century Battles. Indiana University Press,Bloomington, IN, 2008. xxv + 208 pp. Chronology. Maps. Illustrations. Tables. Notes.Bibliography. Index.$24.95. There is verylittlescholarly literature in Englishdealingwiththemilitary history oftheEasternFrontduring theFirstWorldWar,and Dowling' s The Brusilov Offensive is a welcomeadditionto theliterature. After a brief overview ofthehistoriography ofthewaron theEasternFront during theFirst WorldWar Dowlingintroduces GeneralAlekseiAlekseevich Brusilov, architect oftheRussianoffensive on thesouth-western front in the summerof 1916 thatwas undertaken primarily againstAustro-Hungarian forces andintended torelieve pressure onItalianforces andindeedtheFrench at Verdun,as well as facilitating Russian operationsto the northagainst Germanforces. What follows in theremainder of thebook is essentially a straightforward military history oftheoffensive, precededas onewouldexpect by an overview of thewar in the East to the springof 1916 and followed by an assessment of theramifications of the offensive forbothRussia and Austria-Hungary. Dowling'sadditionof biographicalmaterialon Brusilov seemsa little incongruous and to servelittle purpose. TheBrusilov Offensive certainly providesa readableaccountoftheoffensive alongwithanalysis, supported by a numberofclearfull-page maps. In his conclusion Dowlingdeemstheoffensive tohavebeena significant victory and goes as faras describing it as 'a decisiveturning pointin thewar' and 'the heightofRussianwartime achievement' - 'destroying once and forall the military capacityof the HabsburgEmpire',even ifthe offensive failedto achieve'precisely whatBrusilovsetout to accomplishin theshortrun'. In additionto precipitating Romanianentry intothewar,whichwouldprove so 'hurtful to theRussiancause', theoffensive is,however, also identified as 764 SEER, 88, 4, OCTOBER 2OIO a milestone fortheRussianarmy'on thepathtorevolution' givenitsmassive casualtiesand contribution to the 'destruction of the "old Russian army"' (p. 176).Whilsthis own conclusions are onlyverybriefly presented at the veryend ofthebook,Dowlingdoes,however, offer a good overview ofthe conclusions ofotherauthors on thesignificance oftheoffensive. Dowling'sincorporation ofbiographical materialon Brusilovand indeed thetitling ofthebook withthesubsequent unofficial Russianname forthe offensive might be takenas indication thatTheBrusilov Offensive at leastdeals withtheRussianand Austro-Hungarian sidesequallyor perhapsfocuseson theRussianside. However,despitethepresenceof some Russian-language secondary sourcesand memoirs in thebibliography ofthisbook,theoperationalhistory that dominatesmuch of it is based primarily on Germanlanguagematerials from theAustrian StateArchive and theEnglish-language secondary literature. I wasa little surprised nottoseeanyreference torelevant articles from theRussian Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal forexample. Despite a slightly misleadingtitlegiven a source base heavilyskewed towardstheAustro-Hungarian side Dowlingoffers a usefuladditionto the literature on themilitary history oftheEasternFrontduring theFirstWorld War thatshouldproveofvalue not onlyto military historians but also to others interested infleshing outan often overlooked military historical context fortherevolutionary upheavalsof1917. Department ofHistory University ofCalgary Alexander Hill Clark,K., Dobrenko,E., Artizov, A. and Naumov,O. Soviet Culture andPower: A History inDocuments, igiy-igjj. AnnalsofCommunism. Yale University Press,New Haven, CT and London, 2007. xxx + 545 pp. Notes. Glossary. Listofdocuments. Index.£35.00. Yale UniversityPress's 'AnnalsofCommunism'serieshas takenthelead internationally in publishing collections oftranslated documents on topicsin revolutionary and Soviethistory. This book,whichis drawnfroma much largervolumeofdocuments compiledbyAndreiArtizov and Oleg Naumov (yiast' i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia: Dokument? TsK RKP(b)-VKP(b), VChKOGPU -NKVD 0 kuVturnoi politike, 19ly-1953gg.,Moscow, 1999), focuses on the relationship betweenSovietculture, especially literature, and theSovietstate. Presuming thatspecialists can consulttheoriginal Russianvolume,Katerina Clark and EvgenyDobrenkoframedthisvolumeto appeal to a broader readership ofnon-specialists and advancedstudents. Consequently, they chose documents thatillustrate Stalin'ssignificant roleinculture as wellas thosethat concernwell-known culturalevents,influential culturalbureaucrats,and prominent intellectuals (especiallyMaksim Gor'kii but also many others, including MikhailBulgakov,MikhailZoshchenko,MikhailSholokhovand Aleksandr Fadeev).Mostofthedocuments comefrom archival collections that remainclosedor highly restricted, and theyincludea widerangeofgenres: ...

The War behind the Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement in North-West Russia, 1941-1944. By Alexander Hill. Cass Series on the Soviet (Russian) Study of War. London: Frank Cass, 2005. xxvi, 195 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Photographs. Figures. $65.00, hard bound.

The War behind the Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement in North-West Russia, 1941-1944. By Alexander Hill. Cass Series on the Soviet (Russian) Study of War. London: Frank Cass, 2005. xxvi, 195 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Photographs. Figures. $65.00, hard bound. - Volume 65 Issue 1

Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front (review)

Reviewed by: Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front Alexander Hill Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front. Edited by Keith E. Bonn. Bedford, Pa: Aberjona Press, 2005. ISBN 0-9717650-9-X. Maps. Photographs. Tables. Charts. Notes. Selected bibliography. Pp. 512. $29.95. Whilst there are many accessible English-language reference works of reasonable quality concerned with the Wehrmacht during World War II, there is still very little such material on the Red Army. Slaughterhouse attempts to cover both the Wehrmacht and the Red Army, in addition to providing more limited material for other participants in the fighting on the Eastern Front, namely Finland, Hungary, Italy, and Romania. The absence of scholarly apparatus for almost the entire book means that this work is clearly intended primarily for a popular rather than academic audience, although many wargamers and enthusiasts would no doubt have preferred to have key sources for particular sections more clearly identified rather than just having a select bibliography for the whole book. The introduction, annotated chronology, and essay on forgotten battles of the Eastern Front take up almost 20 percent of the book and have been written by David Glantz. These provide useful introductory material for those who have read little on the Eastern Front. The remainder of the book is taken up with biographies of key figures, brief unit histories down to divisional level, unit organization charts for divisions and in some instances brigades, and brief details of principal weapons and weapon systems used on the Eastern Front. There is much useful information in Slaughterhouse, and it will no doubt prove a handy single-volume reference work for many enthusiasts of one sort or another. The authors have been able to draw on the many works of David Glantz listed in the select bibliography to give credibility to materials on the Red Army, along with a few other works available in English. They also acknowledge the [End Page 264] assistance of a range of individuals in the provision of materials about Soviet and other participants. However, if the select bibliography is taken as a guide, little direct use of Russian language materials has apparently been made in those sections not written by David Glantz. This is perhaps a partial explanation for the failure to tidy up and fine tune some of the material presented, a particular necessity in a reference work such as this. There are only six Russian language works listed in the select bibliography, all of which have minor errors or inconsistencies either in their transliteration or translation, which does not inspire confidence. In the end product the inclusion or omission of information at times seems almost arbitrary. This is no more apparent than in the weakest section, that on equipment, which should have either been omitted or made considerably more comprehensive. Whether specific items have been included seems somewhat hit and miss, with Hungarian tanks and British "Lend-Lease" armour included, but not Hawker Hurricane fighters and indeed much prewar equipment in use during the early stages of the war in the East. One can only conclude that the final product could have been a little more polished, even when making allowances for constraints of space. Alexander Hill University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada Copyright © 2006 Society for Military History

Transamerican Literary Relations and the Nineteenth-Century Public Sphere (review)

120Reviews the importance of race and ethnicity to the anti-Catholic literary tradition with which Griffin is interested. Written while the young Evans lived in San Antonio, Texas during the Mexican American War, Inezdepicts an earlier struggle for independence—the Republic of Texas' struggle for independence against Mexico and Santa Anna, whom Evans identifies as "the tyrant who had subverted the liberties of [their] country" (154). The arch villain, Father Mazzolin, thus comes to represent the despotism not only of Catholic, but of Mexican, rule. Because Griffin is interested in U.S./British anti-Catholic interactions, the ways in which U.S. anti-Catholicism might be in dialogue with French Canadian and South American catholic traditions are beyond the scope of her project. Yet such influences at times intrude into her project, raising questions that will no doubt generate further studies on anti-Catholicism. Griffin's closing reading of Disraeli, James, and Howells shows how anti-Catholic discourse, by late century, became widely dispersed throughout non-polemical Anglo-American writing. This ambitious and suggestive account of Disraeli's Lothair(1870), Howells' A Foregone Conclusion (1874), and James's The American (1877) shows the important part that anti-Catholicism plays in these writers' efforts to shape their professional writerly identities in the 1870s. Such a reading suggests that anti-Catholicism continued to exert a generative influence on prose that was not overtly engaged with religious debates, and thus that it infiltrated writing that seems at first reading to be entirely secular. We see one example of this influence in Griffin's final commentary on American women's regional writing. Harkening often nostalgically back to an earlier era, Mary Ward's Helbeck (1898), Mary Wilkins Freeman's "A New England Nun" (1891), and Alice Dunbar Nelson's "Sister Josepha" (1899), for example, illustrate how religious fiction becomes secularized at the end of the Victorian era. Yet as Griffin has made clear, this seeming secularization suggests the enduring , important influence that earlier anti-Catholic narratives have exerted , and continue to exert, on U.S. and British writing. Rice UniversityCaroline Levander Brickhouse, Anna. Transamerican LiteraryRelations and the Nineteenth -Century Public Sphere. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004. xii + 329 pp. Cloth: $70.00. It is increasingly impossible, or at least irresponsible, to consider U.S. literary production in isolation from the global context in which the nation has always been enmeshed. Anna Brickhouse's lavishly detailed new study joins the growing shelf of a more amply defined Americas Studies, going deep into the archives to identify "the seeds ofa largely untold story Studies in American Fiction121 about a period that was crucially formative ofthe literatures ofthe United States" (8). Incorporating both Spanish and French textual examples, Transamerican Literary Relations and the Nineteenth-Century Public Sphere aims at nothing less than "a reconsideration of nineteenth-century U.S. literary history from vantage points within the wider Americas" (30). Although the title suggests the centrality of the public-sphere concept, it is really the question of literary relations that occupies this study, as it elaborates moments of "overlap and simultaneity" (7) among writers who had uncannily similar rhetorical responses to similar historical circumstances despite the linguistic and cultural boundaries separating them. Brickhouse limits her focus to the three decades between the 1826 Congress of Panama and the height of William Walker's filibustering activities in 1856; her examples demonstrate that within this short span of time, "the Spanish Americas . . . devolved from putative members of 'the great family ofnations' in the hemisphere into passive objects" (81). While some of the earlier transamerican literary relations she catalogues indicate fraternal respect and mutual influence—the fascinating correspondence between Alexander Hill Everett and Cuban reformer Domingo del Monte, for example—most ofher examples speak to more indirect mediations of shared hemispheric reality. Brickhouse argues that the American Renaissance was "inherently dependent upon and sustained not only by nationalist discourses but by the underlying transnational desires and anxieties that such discourses seek to mask" (33). Those anxieties, she suggests, cluster most powerfully around representations ofthe long-ago indigenous past and the more recent Haitian Revolution, which raised the ominous threat of widespread slave rebellion violent end in the U...

Ring cleavage rearrangements of 2-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptyl and related Grignard reagents

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRing cleavage rearrangements of 2-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptyl and related Grignard reagentsE. Alexander Hill, Robert J. Theissen, Charles E. Cannon, Richard Miller, Richard B. Guthrie, and Augustin T. ChenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 7, 1191–1199Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00869a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views129Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace by Alexander Hill

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Stability of ferrocenylcarbonium ions

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStability of ferrocenylcarbonium ionsE. Alexander Hill and Russell WiesnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 2, 509–510Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1969https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01030a057RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views99Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (265 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Carbonium Ion Stabilization by Metallocene Nuclei. II. α-Metallocenylcarbonium Ions

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbonium Ion Stabilization by Metallocene Nuclei. II. α-Metallocenylcarbonium IonsE. Alexander Hill and John H. RichardsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 18, 3840–3846Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01479a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (850 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

C. A. Hill

CHARLES ALEXANDER HILL, founder of the British Drug Houses, Ltd., was born in London on August 18, 1874. He was educated at Winchester, King‘s College, London, and the Pharmaceutical Society‘s School of Pharmacy. His death occurred on October 23.

British Drug Houses: Mr. C. A. Hill

MR. CHARLES ALEXANDER HILL has retired from his position as chairman and managing director of the British Drug Houses, Ltd. He has been succeeded by Dr. F. H. Carr, who becomes chairman of the company, and Mr. F. C. Oscar Shaw, who becomes managing director. Mr. Hill represents the third generation of a family of wholesale druggists, his grandfather's firm dating back to the reign of George II ; he has done perhaps more than anyone else to establish a sound and progressive fine chemical industry in Great Britain and can look back on a business life of outstanding achievement. He was the moving spirit in an amalgamation of drug firms some thirty-five years ago, thus forming an organization large enough to undertake scientific research which led to the development of the manufacture of fine chemicals in a state of high purity for use in medicine. Hill actively encouraged this development on its scientific side, and among other things introduced during the War of 1914-18 the manufacture of pure reagents for use in analysis, microscopic stains, etc., and went on to supply chemicals of high quality for research purposes, displacing Kahlbaums from the position they had hitherto occupied. For this alone British science owes him a debt of gratitude. Later, the progress in medical science led to the introduction of pure hormones, vitamins and chemotherapeutic products. The production of these by British Drug Houses, Ltd., and the spirit of adventure shown by the firm, have won for it as the leading firm in the fine chemical industry a world-wide reputation.

Frederick Howard Marsh (1839–1915)

HOWARD MABSH, an eminent London surgeon and master of Downing College, Cambridge, was born on March 7, 1839, at Homersfield, near Bungay, Suffolk, the son of a gentleman farmer. He received his medical education at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he was a contemporary of Alfred Willett (see NATURE, 139, 61; 1937) and qualified L.S.A. and M.R.C.S. in 1861. Five years later he became F.R.C.S. and was appointed surgeon to the Queen Square House of Relief for Children with Chronic Disease of the Joints. In 1868, he was elected assistant surgeon to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, where he afterwards became full surgeon and consulting surgeon. Between 1865 and 1870 he acted twice as private assistant to Sir James Paget, several of whose works he afterwards edited. From 1873 until 1891, when he became full surgeon, he served as assistant surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he lectured on anatomy, practical surgery and orthopaedics. In 1903 he was appointed professor of surgery at Cambridge in succession to Sir George Murray Humphry, who had died in 1896, and in 1907 succeeded Dr. Alexander Hill as master of Downing College. He was the author of “Diseases of the Joints”(1886), which went through three editions and was translated into German, “Clinical Lectures and Essays” (1902) and numerous contributions to St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports. Besides the distinctions already mentioned, Marsh was an honorary fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, president of the Clinical Society of London and a corresponding member of the Orthopaedic Society of New York. He died on June 24, 1915. A sympathetic obituary notice by Sir D'Arcy Power, accompanied by his portrait, appeared in St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports (51, 1; 1915).

Alexander Hill Everett Early American Opponent of Malthus

JT happens, at times, that the thoughts and opinions of some one individual embody and reflect the attitudes of an entire group. Alexander Hill Everett was such an individual.' In his works is to be found the best expression of the opposition to Malthus which developed in America during the first half of the nineteenth century. To make this statement is not to imply that any one of Everett's opinions is sound, or that he developed any special point better than other writers. Other men marshalled more data and conjecture in support of the case against Malthus than he did. Certain of Everett's contemporaries published telling criticisms of Malthusianism; and one writer, Henry Carey, marshalled all the presumptive evidence against that system of thought on a broader front than any other writer of the time. No one, however, more effectively forged philosophical and religious postulates, alleged historical facts, and narrow economic propositions into a complete doctrine than did Everett. No one presented this doctrine in a prose so fluid and persuasive as his.